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Korean vocabulary โ€” Qualities & Traits 4

300 words from the "Qualities & Traits 4" theme, with romanization, meaning, and example sentences where available.

์ „์œ„์ 

jeonwijeok
avant-garde; vanguard-like
๊ตฐ์ค‘๋“ค์€ ์ „์œ„์  ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋ฆฌ๋”๋กœ ์„ธ์› ๋‹ค.
The crowd made the person who acted like a vanguard leader their leader.

์ „ํ†ต์ 

jeontongjeok
traditional
ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์‹์Šต๊ด€์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ค€์ด๋Š” ์•„์นจ์„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฐฐ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค.
Minjun, who follows traditional Korean eating habits, eats his biggest meal at breakfast.

์ „ํญ์ 

jeonpokjjeok
full; wholehearted
ํ•™๊ต ์ถ•์ œ๋ฅผ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋ฅด์ง€ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ „ํญ์  ํ˜‘์กฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
The students' full cooperation is needed to hold a successful school festival.

์ „ํ–ฅ์ 

jeonhyangjeok
forward-looking; progressive
์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ „ํ–ฅ์  ์ž์„ธ๋กœ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
To resolve a long-standing conflict, one needs to face the other side with a forward-looking attitude.

์ „ํ˜•์ 

jeonhyeongjeok
typical; classic
์œ ๋ฏผ์ด๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์ด ๋ฐ˜๋“ฏํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณต๋ถ€๋„ ์ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „ํ˜•์  ๋ชจ๋ฒ”์ƒ์ด๋‹ค.
Yumin is a typical model student, well-behaved and good at studying.

์ ˆ๋Œ€์ 

jeoldaejeok
absolute
์ง€๋‚œ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋ถ„์ด ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The person who received absolute support from the people in the last election became president.

์ ์ง„์ 

jeomjinjeok
gradual
์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ์ ์ง„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The government decided to implement the new system gradually.

์ •๊ทœ์ 

jeonggyujeok
regular; formal
์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ป˜์„œ๋Š” ์ •๊ทœ์  ๊ฒ€์ง„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ ๋‹ค.
My mother manages her health through regular check-ups.

์ •๊ธฐ์ 

jeonggijeok
periodic; regular
๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๊ฒ€์ง„์€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ •๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹๋‹ค.
It's best to get regular health check-ups while you're healthy.

์ •๋žต์ 

jeongnyakjjeok
politically calculated; strategic
๊น€ ๋Œ€๊ฐ์€ ๋”ธ์„ ์„ธ๋„๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์‹œ์ผœ ์ •๋žต์ ์ธ ์ด๋“์„ ์–ป๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Lord Kim wanted to gain political advantage by marrying his daughter to a powerful family.

์ •๋ ฅ์ 

jeongnyeokjjeok
energetic; vigorous
๊น€ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ์œก์‹ญ์ด ๋„˜์€ ๋‚˜์ด์—๋„ ํ•™๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ •๋ ฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค.
Professor Kim is still energetically active in academia even past the age of sixty.

์ •์ƒ์ 

jeongsangjeok
normal
ํ–‰์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ ˆ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ •์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
All the procedures of the event are proceeding normally.

์ •์ 

jeongjeok
political opponent, rival
์ง€์ง€์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ๊น€ ์˜์›์€ ๊ทธ๋งŒํผ ์ •์ ๋„ ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค.
Representative Kim, who had many supporters, also had just as many political opponents.
์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด๋Š” ์ •์  ๊ท ํ˜•๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋™์  ๊ท ํ˜•๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
For the human body, dynamic balance is just as important as static balance.

์ •ํ†ต์ 

jeongtongjeok
conventional, orthodox, authentic
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ •ํ†ต์  ํ•ด์„์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ „ ์—ฐ๊ทน์„ ๊ณต์—ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
We performed the classical play using a conventional interpretation.

์ œํ•œ์ 

jehanjeok
limited, restricted
์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋‹จ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋‚™ํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œํ•œ์  ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
The women's organization argued for the limited legalization of abortion.

์กฐ์ง์ 

jojikjjeok
structural, systematic; a structure/system
์ฒญ๋ฐ”์ง€๋Š” ์˜ท๊ฐ์˜ ์กฐ์ง์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ๋ฐ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์งˆ๊ธฐ๋‹ค.
Jeans are very durable because the structural weave of the fabric is dense.

์ข…๊ต์ 

jonggyojeok
religious; being religious
์„ธ๋ก€๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต์—์„œ ํ–‰ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ข…๊ต์  ์˜์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Baptism is an important religious ritual practiced in Christianity.

์ข…์†์ 

jongsokjjeok
subordinate; being subordinate
๊ฐ€๋ถ€์žฅ์ œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์•„์ด๋Š” ์ข…์†์  ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค.
In a patriarchal society, women and children have a subordinate status.

์ข…ํ•ฉ์ 

jonghapjjeok
comprehensive, all-encompassing
ํ˜„์žฌ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ตญํ†  ์ „๋ฐ˜์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฅธ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ข…ํ•ฉ์  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
The government is currently considering comprehensive development for the balanced growth of the whole country.

์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ 

jugijeok
periodic, regular
์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณตํ†ต์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์„œ ๋ณ‘์›์„ ์ฐพ์•˜๋‹ค.
Jisu went to the hospital because she was getting periodic stomachaches.

์ฃผ๋„์ 

judojeok
leading
์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์žฅ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ฃผ๋„์  ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ ์ด๋ฒˆ ๋ด‰์‚ฌ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
As class president, Jisu drove this volunteer activity from a leading position.

์ฃผ์ˆ ์ 

jusuljeok
shamanistic, magical
์›์‹œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ˆ ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ‘์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
In primitive societies, people tried to treat illnesses through shamanistic methods.

์ฃผ์ฒด์ 

juchejeok
independent, self-directed
๋‚˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด์  ์ธ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
As an independent person, I can think and choose for myself.

์ค‘๊ฐ„์ 

jungganjeok
in-between, middle
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ณ ์žฅ์€ ๋ถ๋ถ€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๋‚จ๋ถ€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์  ์œ„์น˜์— ์ž๋ฆฌ ์žก๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Our region is located in a spot between the northern and southern areas.

์ค‘๋„์ 

jungdojeok
centrist
์–ธ๋ก  ๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ์ค‘๋„์  ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๋‚ ์นด๋กœ์šด ๋น„ํŒ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋ก ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
The press should make sharp criticism from a centrist standpoint to form healthy public opinion.

์ค‘๋ฆฝ์ 

jungnipjjeok
neutral
์ •์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๋ฆฝ์  ์„ฑํ–ฅ์„ ๋ ๋Š” ์‹ ๋ฌธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‚ด ๊ฟˆ์ด๋‹ค.
My dream is to create a newspaper company that is politically neutral.

์ค‘์„ฑ์ 

jungseongjeok
neutral, androgynous
๊ทธ ์†Œ์„ค์€ ๊ฐ์ • ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ์ค‘์„ฑ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค.
That novel is popular for its distinctively neutral expression of emotion.

์ค‘์‹ฌ์ 

jungsimjeok
central, main
์†Œ์„ค์„ ์ฝ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์  ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
When reading a novel, you need to grasp what the central conflict between the characters is.

์ค‘์ ์ 

jungjeomjeok
focused, with emphasis
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฒˆ ํšŒ์˜์—์„œ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ€์กฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
We will focus on the food shortage problem at this meeting.

์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ 

jeukkkakjjeok
immediate
๊ฑด๋ฌผ ๋ถ•๊ดด ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ํ•œ ๊ตฌ๊ธ‰ ๋Œ€์›์˜ ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์ธ ๋Œ€์‘์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๋ช… ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.
Thanks to a paramedic's immediate response at the site of the building collapse, there weren't many casualties.

์ฆ‰ํฅ์ 

jeukeungjeok
impromptu, improvised
๊ด€๊ฐ๋“ค์€ ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€์˜ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์ฆ‰ํฅ์  ์—ฐ์ฃผ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฆฝ ๋ฐ•์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค.
The audience gave a standing ovation for the musician's excellent impromptu performance.

์ง€๊ตฌ์ 

jigujeok
global
๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์ง€๊ตฌ์  ์ฐจ์›์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
Climate change has now become a global-level problem.

์ง€๋Šฅ์ 

jineungjeok
intelligent, intellectual
๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ์กฐ์ง์ด ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์˜ ๋ˆˆ์„ ํ”ผํ•ด ์ง€๋Šฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
A huge criminal organization was operating intelligently, evading the police's watch.

์ง€๋ฆฌ์ 

jirijeok
geographic
์Šน๊ทœ๋„ค ์ง‘์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ง‘์—์„œ ๊ฑธ์–ด์„œ ์‹ญ ๋ถ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊น๋‹ค.
Seunggyu's house is geographically close, a ten-minute walk from my house.

์ง€๋ฐฐ์ 

jibaejeok
dominant, ruling
๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ท€์กฑ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์  ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์† ์ง€ํ‚ค๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The nobles who were at the center of power tried to keep their dominant position.

์ง€์„ฑ์ 

jiseongjeok
intellectual
๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์•ž์—์„œ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ์–ต์ œํ•  ์ค„ ์•„๋Š” ์ง€์„ฑ์  ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
He said that when giving a presentation in front of others, one should have an intellectual attitude that knows how to control one's emotions.

์ง€์†์ 

jisokjjeok
continuous, lasting
๊ณผ์ผ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์˜ ์ง€์†์  ํ•˜๋ฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜์ž…์ด ๊ณ„์† ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Due to the continuous decline in fruit prices, farmers' income keeps decreasing.

์ง€์—ฝ์ 

jiyeopjjeok
minor, secondary
์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ง€์—ฝ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์— ์ง‘์ฐฉํ•˜๋‹ค ๋ณด๋ฉด ํฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋†“์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If you obsess over minor things while working, you can miss the bigger picture.

์ง€์ 

jijeok
indication; pointing out
์Šน๊ทœ๋Š” ๋ฐœํ‘œ์ž๋กœ ์ง€์ ์„ ๋‹นํ•œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ๋‹นํ™ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ผ๊ตด์ด ๋ถ‰์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค.
The moment Seunggyu was singled out as the presenter, he was flustered and his face turned red.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„์ดํ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง€์  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
We can measure intellectual ability through an IQ test.

์ง€์ •ํ•™์ 

jijeonghakjjeok
geopolitical
ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„์˜ ์ง€์ •ํ•™์ ์ธ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋œ๋‹ค.
Understanding the geopolitical position of the Korean Peninsula helps in understanding Korean history.

์ง๊ฐ„์ ‘์ 

jikkkanjeopjjeok
direct or indirect
๋ฌด๋ถ„๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ง๊ฐ„์ ‘์  ์ž์—ฐ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Reckless construction caused direct or indirect destruction of nature.

์ง๊ฐ์ 

jikkkamjeok
intuitive
๋‚˜์˜ ์ง๊ฐ์  ํŒ๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ”์ธ์ธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.
Based on my intuitive judgment, he seems to be the culprit.

์ง๊ด€์ 

jikkkwanjeok
intuitive
๋ฐ• ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง๊ด€์  ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ง์”€ํ•˜์…จ๋‹ค.
Professor Park stated his intuitive view on this case.

์ง์„ ์ 

jiksseonjeok
straight
์ด๋ฒˆ ๊ฒจ์šธ์—๋Š” ๋”ฑ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ผ์ž์˜ ์ง์„ ์ ์ธ ์‹ค๋ฃจ์—ฃ์˜ ์ฝ”ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์œ ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
This winter, coats with a clean, straight silhouette are in fashion.

์ง์„ค์ 

jiksseoljeok
straight-talking; blunt
์Šน๊ทœ๋Š” ๋งํˆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง์„ค์ ์ด์–ด์„œ ๋…์„ค๊ฐ€๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค.
Seunggyu is famous for being a sharp-tongued person because his way of speaking is so blunt.

์ง์—…์ 

jigeopjjeok
professional
์‚ฌ์ดŒ ์˜ค๋น ๋Š” ์ง์—…์  ์šด๋™ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋งค์ผ ๊ณ ๋œ ์‹ ์ฒด ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
My cousin, a professional athlete, undergoes tough physical training every day.

์ง์ ‘์ 

jikjjeopjjeok
direct
์‚ฌ๊ฑด ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ง€๋ฌธ์€ ๋ฒ”ํ–‰์˜ ์ง์ ‘์  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์˜€๋‹ค.
His fingerprint found at the crime scene was direct evidence of the crime.

์ง„๋ณด์ 

jinbojeok
progressive
์ง„๋ณด์  ์ •๋‹น์ด ๊ธฐ์กด ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ˆ˜์ •์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The progressive party demanded a revision of existing policies.

์ง„์ทจ์ 

jinchwijeok
progressive; enterprising
์œ ๋ฏผ์ด๋Š” ๊ฟˆ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋“  ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง„์ทจ์ ์ธ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค.
Yumin has an enterprising disposition, working hard at anything for the sake of her dream.

์งˆ์ 

jiljeok
qualitative
์ด ์ƒํ’ˆ์€ ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ๋„ ์ €๋ ดํ•˜๋‹ค.
This product is qualitatively excellent and also inexpensive.

์ง‘๋‹จ์ 

jipttanjeok
collective
์ฒ ์ƒˆ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์–ด์„œ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Migratory birds form flocks and move collectively.

์ง‘๋‹จ์ฃผ์˜์ 

jipttanjuuijeok
collectivistic
๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ์ฃผ์˜์  ์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ทผ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
The military is founded on a collectivistic system.

์ง‘์•ฝ์ 

jibyakjjeok
integrating; intensive
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ํ•œ๊ตญ์€ ๋…ธ๋™ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ง‘์•ฝ์  ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๊ณต์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค.
In the past, Korea achieved effective economic development through labor- and technology-intensive machinery industries.

์ง‘์ค‘์ 

jipjjungjeok
intensive
์Šคํƒ€ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์˜ ์Šค์บ”๋“ค์ด ํ„ฐ์ง€์ž ๊ธฐ์ž๋“ค์€ ์•ž์„ ๋‹คํ‰ˆ ์Šค์บ”๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ง‘์ค‘์  ์ทจ์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฒŒ์˜€๋‹ค.
When the star actor's scandal broke, reporters rushed to intensively cover the other party in the scandal.

์ง•๋ฒŒ์ 

jingbeoljeok
punitive
์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ถ€๋™์‚ฐ ํˆฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ง•๋ฒŒ์  ๊ณผ์„ธ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The government imposed punitive taxation on people who speculated in real estate.

์ฐจ๋ณ„์ 

chabyeoljeok
discriminatory
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—๋Š” ์‹ ๋ถ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์  ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ๋‹ค.
In the past there was a discriminatory system based on social status, but it has now disappeared.

์ฐฝ์˜์ 

changuijeok
creative (able to devise something new that did not exist before)
๋ฏผ์ค€์ด๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์˜์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Minjun solved the difficult problem in a creative way.

์ฐฝ์กฐ์ 

changjojeok
creative (creating or achieving something new and original for the first time)
ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์„ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ ์ธ ์‹œ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณธ๋‹ค.
A great artist looks at everything with a creative eye.

์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์ 

cheonmunhakjjeok
astronomical (based on astronomy)
์œ ๋ฏผ์ด๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋งŽ์•„ ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์  ์ง€์‹์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฑ…์„ ์ฝ๋Š”๋‹ค.
Yumin is very interested in space and reads books to gain astronomical knowledge.

์ฒœ๋ถ€์ 

cheonbujeok
innate; inherent (existing from birth)
์ง€์ˆ˜์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ ์‹ค๋ ฅ์€ ๋‚จ๋ณด๋‹ค ์›”๋“ฑํ•œ ์ฒœ๋ถ€์  ์†Œ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Jisu's singing ability comes from an innate talent far superior to others'.

์ฒœํŽธ์ผ๋ฅ ์ 

cheonpyeonillyuljeok
monotonous; uniform (many things being almost identical with no unique characteristics)
์—ฐํ•˜์žฅ์—๋Š” ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ์ฒœํŽธ์ผ๋ฅ ์  ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ ํ˜€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The New Year's card had a monotonous message with the exact same content.

์ฒ ํ•™์ 

cheolhakjjeok
philosophical (based on or related to philosophy)
๊ฐ๋…์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฒ ํ•™์ ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The director made a film that dealt with our society's problems from a philosophical perspective.

์ฒญ๋Ÿ‰ํ•˜๋‹ค

cheongnyanghada
clear (of a sound, being clear and bright)
ํ•˜ํ”„์˜ ์ฒญ๋Ÿ‰ํ•œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค์ผ€์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ์™€ ์ž˜ ์–ด์šธ๋ ธ๋‹ค.
The harp's clear sound blended well with the orchestra.
์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ณ„๊ณก์˜ ์ฒญ๋Ÿ‰ํ•œ ๋ฌผ์— ๋ฐœ์„ ๋‹ด๊ทธ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์žฅ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ณค๋‹ค.
The children dipped their feet in the refreshing valley water and splashed around.

์ฒด๊ณ„์ 

chegyejeok
systematic (organized in stages according to certain principles)
๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ•™์„ ์•Œ์ฐจ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์› ๋‹ค.
I made a systematic plan to spend my vacation productively.

์ฒด๋ ฅ์ 

cheryeokjjeok
physical (relating to the body's strength or energy to perform physical activities)
์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์—์„œ ๊ธˆ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์„ ๋”ด ์ˆ˜์˜์„ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ฒด๋ ฅ์  ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์€ํ‡ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The swimmer who won an Olympic gold medal retired due to physical limitations.

์ดˆ์›”์ 

chowoljeok
transcendental (surpassing realistic and normal limits)
ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜๋…€์˜ ์ดˆ์›”์  ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์„ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ฐ์ƒ๋ฌธ์„ ์ผ๋‹ค.
The students watched a movie about a nun's transcendental love and wrote a reflection.

์ดˆ์ธ๊ฐ„์ 

choinganjeok
superhuman (an ability far excelling that of an ordinary person)
๋ฐ• ํšŒ์žฅ์€ ๋ณดํ†ต์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ดˆ์ธ๊ฐ„์  ์นด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์กฐ์ง์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด ๊ฐ„๋‹ค.
Chairman Park leads the organization with a superhuman charisma unlike an ordinary person's.

์ดˆ์ธ์ 

choinjeok
superhuman (an ability far excelling that of an ordinary person)
๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์˜ค๋Š” ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ดˆ์ธ์  ํž˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•ธ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ๋ ค ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์•˜๋‹ค.
Seeing the oncoming car, she turned the wheel with superhuman strength to avoid the accident.

์ดˆ์ž์—ฐ์ 

chojayeonjeok
supernatural (caused by a mysterious being or power that natural science cannot explain)
์Šน๊ทœ๋Š” UFO๋‚˜ ์™ธ๊ณ„์ธ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ดˆ์ž์—ฐ์ ์ธ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๋Š”๋‹ค.
Seunggyu believes that supernatural beings like UFOs and aliens exist.

์ดˆํ˜„๋Œ€์ 

chohyeondaejeok
ultra-modern (exceeding the ordinary level of the present)
์œ ํ•™์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ดˆํ˜„๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์„ ์ตํžŒ ๊ฑด์ถ•๊ฐ€๋Š” ํš๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The architect who developed an ultra-modern sense while studying abroad created a groundbreaking building.

์ด๊ด„์ 

chonggwaljeok
general; comprehensive (gathering and connecting things scattered here and there)
๋ฐ• ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„œ๋ฅ˜ ์ž‘์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฌผํ’ˆ ๊ตฌ์ž…์˜ ์ด๊ด„์  ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งก๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Assistant Manager Park is in charge of the comprehensive management of document preparation and purchasing supplies.

์ด์ฒด์ 

chongchejeok
general; overall (adding or binding everything into one whole)
๊ธˆ์œต ์œ„๊ธฐ์™€ ์™ธ๊ต์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ด์ฒด์  ๋‚œ๊ตญ์— ๋น ์กŒ๋‹ค.
Due to the financial crisis and diplomatic issues, the government fell into an overall predicament.

์ด์ดํ•˜๋‹ค

chongchonghada
bright and starry (a sky being clear and bright with dense stars)
๋‹ฌ์ด ํ™˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐคํ•˜๋Š˜์„ ๋น„์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ณ„๋“ค์€ ์ด์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋น›๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The moon shone brightly over the night sky, and the stars twinkled brilliantly.
๊ธฐ์ฐจ์˜ ์ถœ๋ฐœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ค์ž ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์˜ ์Šน๊ฐ๋“ค์€ ์ด์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๊ฑธ์Œ์„ ์˜ฎ๊ฒผ๋‹ค.
As the train's departure time approached, the passengers on the platform hurried along.

์ตœ์ข…์ 

choejongjeok
final; last (coming at the very end)
์˜ค๋Š˜ ํšŒ์˜์—์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ƒํ’ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐํš์ด ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ต๊ณผ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
At today's meeting, the plan for the next product was finally approved.

์ถ”์ƒ์ 

chusangjeok
abstract (not taking a fixed form or characteristic)
์ถ”์ƒ์  ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ํ•ด์„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ๋ถ„๋ถ„ํ•˜๋‹ค.
The more abstract a work is, the more divided opinions about its interpretation become.

์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ 

chunggyeokjjeok
shocking (causing a mental shock)
์ด ์˜ํ™”๋Š” ๊ด€๊ฐ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ณผ๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์  ๊ฒฐ๋ง๋กœ ํ™”์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
This movie became a topic of conversation for its shocking ending, completely different from what audiences expected.

์ถฉ๋™์ 

chungdongjeok
impulsive (wanting to do a certain thing suddenly)
๋‚˜๋Š” ํ‰์†Œ์— ์ถฉ๋™์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ผ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค.
I often ruin things because of my usually impulsive personality.

์น˜๋ช…์ 

chimyeongjeok
fatal; lethal
๊ทธ ์ค‘ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ์น˜๋ช…์  ์ƒ์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ์ž…์–ด์„œ ๋„์ €ํžˆ ์†Œ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค.
The critical patient had suffered a fatal wound and seemed unable to be revived.

์น˜์š•์ 

chiyokjjeok
humiliating; disgraceful
๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ํฌ๋กฑ์„ ๋‹นํ•œ ์น˜์š•์  ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ์žŠ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
I still haven't forgotten the humiliating past when he harassed me.

์นœํ™”์ 

chinhwajeok
friendly
๋‘ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์นœํ™”์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ด ์™”๋‹ค.
The two countries have maintained a friendly relationship for a long time.

์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ 

chinhwangyeongjeok
eco-friendly
๋ฏผ์ค€์ด๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ ์ธ ์„ธ์ œ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋นจ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Minjun does laundry only with eco-friendly detergent to protect the environment.

ํฌ๋‹ค

keuda
grow
๋ฌผ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ์ฃผ๋ฉด ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋‚˜๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ํฌ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.
They say that giving too much water actually stunts a tree's growth.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ˜•์€ ๋†๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋‹ค.
My older brother is as tall as a basketball player.

ํƒ€์‚ฐ์ 

tasanjeok
calculating; selfish
์š”์ฆ˜ ์ Š์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์˜ˆ์ „์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํƒ€์‚ฐ์  ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ๊ด€์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Young people these days have a more calculating view of marriage compared to before.

ํƒ€์„ฑ์ 

taseongjeok
habitual; inert
์‚ถ์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋ ค๋ฉด ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ํƒ€์„ฑ์  ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๋–จ์ณ ๋ฒ„๋ ค์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
If you want to bring change to your life, you must shake off your current habitual attitude.

ํƒ€์œจ์ 

tayuljeok
heteronomous; other-directed
ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ํƒ€์œจ์  ์‹ค์ฒœ์ด ๋” ๋‚ซ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค.
I think heteronomous action is better than not acting at all.

ํƒ„๋ ฅ์ 

tallyeokjjeok
tensible; flexible
ํƒ„๋ ฅ์  ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ์‹ ๋ฐœ์„ ์‹ ์œผ๋ฉด ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๊ฑธ์–ด๋„ ๋ฐœ์ด ์•„ํ”„์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค.
If you wear shoes made of flexible material, your feet won't hurt even after walking a long time.

ํƒ์š•์ 

tamyokjjeok
greedy; covetous
์ตœ๊ทผ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ํƒ์š•์  ์‚ฌ์—… ํ™•์žฅ์€ ์„œ๋ฏผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ”๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
The large corporation's recent greedy business expansion is shaking the ordinary people's economy.

ํ†ต๊ณ„์ 

tonggyejeok
statistical
์ด ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ™”ํ•ด์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
In the case of this data, it needs to be quantified and examined using statistical methods.

ํ†ต์ƒ์ 

tongsangjeok
usual; general
๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ์ด๋ฒˆ ์ ˆ๋„ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ๊ทธ์ € ํ†ต์ƒ์  ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The police took the position that this theft incident was nothing more than a usual case.

ํ†ต์†์ 

tongsokjjeok
conventional
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ†ต์†์  ๋„๋•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋„์ €ํžˆ ์šฉ์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋…”๋‹ค.
They went around doing things that could never be tolerated by conventional morals.

ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ 

tonghapjjeok
integrating; consolidating
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์  ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ด๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋†“์•˜๋‹ค.
We put forward a new theory through an integrated analysis of the results.

ํ‡ดํ์ 

toepyejeok
decadent; declining
๋ฏผ์ค€์ด์™€ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ํ‡ดํ์  ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ์ˆ ์ง‘์—์„œ ์ˆ ์„ ๋งˆ์…จ๋‹ค.
Minjun and his friends drank at a bar with a decadent atmosphere.

ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋‹ค

teukssuhada
unusual; unique; special
ํ™”ํ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•  ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋ฒ• ๋ณต์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ž‰ํฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค.
When making currency, special ink is used to prevent illegal copying.
๋ฏผ์ค€์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์ž˜ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Minjun has an extraordinary ability to read people well.

ํŠน์ง•์ 

teukjjingjeok
distinct; peculiar
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ณ„ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ํŠน์ง•์  ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค.
We focused on grasping the distinct trends of each era's culture.

ํŒŒ๊ฒฉ์ 

pagyeokjjeok
shocking; unconventional
๊ทธ๋Š” ํŒŒ๊ฒฉ์  ์‹œ๋„๋ฅผ ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ต‰์žฅํ•œ ์„ ํ’์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๋‹ค.
He caused a great sensation in the art world by presenting an unconventional attempt.

ํŒŒ๊ดด์ 

pagoejeok
destructive; devastating
์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ฐธ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ๋ถ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ํŒŒ๊ดด์  ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์„œ ๊ฑฑ์ •์Šค๋Ÿฝ๋‹ค.
I'm worried because the child couldn't control his anger and showed destructive behavior, breaking things.

ํŒŒ๊ตญ์ 

pagukjjeok
catastrophic
๊ธˆ์œต ์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ๊ตญ์  ์ƒํ™ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค.
The financial crisis developed into a catastrophic situation and led to an economic crisis.

ํŒŒ์ƒ์ 

pasangjeok
wavy; wavelike; repeated
์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ์•ž์„ธ์šด ์ ์˜ ํŒŒ์ƒ์  ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์—๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋๋‚ด ํ•ญ๋ณตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.
Even under the enemy's repeated waves of attack with countless soldiers, we never surrendered.

ํŒŒํ–‰์ 

pahaengjeok
crippled; not working smoothly
๊ตฌ๋‹จ์ฃผ์˜ ๋…๋‹จ์ ์ธ ์ผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํŒ€์˜ ํŒŒํ–‰์  ์šด์˜์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค.
The team owner's high-handed handling of affairs led to the team's crippled operation.

ํŽธํŒŒ์ 

pyeonpajeok
partial; biased
๋ฐ• ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊น€ ๊ต์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฃผ๊ด€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํŽธํŒŒ์  ๊ฐ•์˜๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Professor Park attacked Professor Kim for giving biased lectures based on his own subjective views.

ํŽธํ–ฅ์ 

pyeonhyangjeok
inclining; tending
์ด๋ฒˆ ๊ฒฐ์ •์€ ํ•œ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์น˜์šฐ์นœ ๊ทธ์˜ ํŽธํ–ฅ์  ์‹œ๊ฐ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค.
This decision revealed his biased perspective, leaning to one side.

ํ‰๊ท ์ 

pyeonggyunjeok
average; mean
์ด๋ฒˆ ์‹œํ—˜ ํ•ฉ๊ฒฉ์ž๋“ค์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์  ๊ณต๋ถ€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ ์‚ฌ ๋…„์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The average study period for those who passed this exam was four years.

ํ‰๋ฉด์ 

pyeongmyeonjeok
flat; two-dimensional
์„ฑํ˜•์™ธ๊ณผ์—์„œ ํ‰๋ฉด์  ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ์ž…์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ด๋ ค์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
The plastic surgery clinic advertised that it could make a flat face look three-dimensional.

ํ‰ํ–‰ํ•˜๋‹ค

pyeonghaenghada
to go side by side (in lines)
๋‚˜๋ž€ํžˆ ๋ป—์€ ์ฒ ๋„์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฐจ๋Š” ์ „์ฒ ๊ณผ ์„œ๋กœ ํ‰ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‹ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค.
On the tracks stretching side by side, the train ran parallel to the electric train.
๋‘ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์ž‡๋Š” ๋„๋กœ๋Š” ์ฒ ๋„์™€ ํ‰ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The road connecting the two areas ran parallel to the railway.

ํ‰ํ™”์ 

pyeonghwajeok
peaceful
๋‘ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์˜ํ†  ๋ถ„์Ÿ์€ ๋ฌด๋ ฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ํ‰ํ™”์  ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ ์†์— ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋๋‹ค.
The territorial dispute between the two countries was resolved in a peaceful atmosphere without the use of force.

ํ์‡„์ 

pyeswaejeok
closed (not exchanging with the outside)
ํ์‡„์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์€ ๋“ค์œผ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.
Having a closed personality, he did not try to listen to other people's opinions.

ํญ๋ ฅ์ 

pongnyeokjjeok
violent
์‹œ์œ„๋Œ€๋Š” ๋Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ชฉ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋“ค๊ณ  ํญ๋ ฅ์  ํˆฌ์Ÿ์„ ์ผ์‚ผ์•˜๋‹ค.
The protesters carried stones and wooden clubs and repeatedly engaged in violent struggles.

ํญ๋ฐœ์ 

pokppaljeok
explosive (spreading or forming suddenly)
์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋””์ž์ธ์ด ํญ๋ฐœ์  ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ฉด์„œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ ๋งค์ถœ์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
As the new design gained explosive popularity, the company's sales improved.

ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ 

pyomyeonjeok
external; seeming (appearing on the surface)
๋ฏผ์ค€์ด๋Š” ํ‘œ๋ฉด์  ์–ธํ–‰์€ ๊ฑฐ์น ์ง€๋งŒ ์†๋งˆ์Œ์€ ๋”ฐ๋œปํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Minjun's outward words and behavior were rough, but his heart was warm.

ํ’์ž์ 

pungjajeok
satirical; sarcastic
๊ทธ๋Š” ํ’์ž์  ์†Œ์„ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์‹ค์ƒ์„ ์‹ ๋ž„ํžˆ ๋น„ํŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Through his satirical novel, he sharply criticized the reality of American society.

ํ”ผ์ƒ์ 

pisangjeok
superficial; shallow
ํ”ผ์ƒ์  ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค๋‹ค.
With superficial observation alone, it is hard to find a fundamental solution to social problems.

ํ•„์‚ฌ์ 

pilsajeok
desperate; frantic
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์—์„œ ์ž์กด์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฑด ํ•„์‚ฌ์  ๋Œ€๊ฒฐ์„ ๋ฒŒ์˜€๋‹ค.
They fought a desperate battle for their pride in the final.

ํ•„์ˆ˜์ 

pilsujeok
essential; indispensable; required
์•ˆ์ „๋ชจ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์•ˆ์ „์žฅ์น˜๋“ค์€ ์œ„ํ—˜๋ฌผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•„์ˆ˜์  ์กฐ์น˜์ด๋‹ค.
Safety devices like helmets are essential measures for managing hazardous materials.

ํ•„์—ฐ์ 

piryeonjeok
inevitable; unavoidable
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ•„์—ฐ์  ์ธ์—ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งŒ๋‚˜ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•ด์„œ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ด์•˜๋‹ค.
They met again through an inevitable bond, got married, and lived happily.

ํ•™๊ตฌ์ 

hakkkujeok
academic; scholarly; intellectual
์œ ๋ฏผ์ด๋Š” ํ•œ ํ•™๊ธฐ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ํ•™๊ตฌ์  ํƒœ๋„๋กœ ๊ฐ•์˜์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
Yumin focused on the lectures with a scholarly attitude the whole semester.

ํ•™๋ฌธ์ 

hangmunjeok
academic; learned; scholarly
์ตœ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ๋งŽ์€ ํ•™๋ฌธ์  ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค.
Professor Choi has produced many academic achievements over the years.

ํ•™์ˆ ์ 

hakssuljeok
academic; scientific; scholarly
๊น€ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•™์ˆ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ์ผ๋‹ค.
Professor Kim wrote a paper dealing with Korean culture academically.

ํ•™์ž์ 

hakjjajeok
scholarly; learned; erudite
๊น€ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ํ•™์ž์  ์–‘์‹ฌ์„ ์†์ธ ์ฑ„ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ํ‘œ์ ˆํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋น„๋‚œ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค.
Professor Kim was criticized for plagiarizing a paper while deceiving his scholarly conscience.

ํ•œ๊ตญ์ 

hangukjjeok
being Korean; Korean style
ํ•œ๋ณต์—๋Š” ๋‹จ์•„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์šฐ์•„ํ•œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ ์ธ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Hanbok has an elegant, graceful Korean beauty.

ํ•„์ˆ˜

pilsu
requirement; must
๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜์—…์€ ์กธ์—…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์ด์ˆ˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ํ•„์ˆ˜ ๊ณผ๋ชฉ์ด๋‹ค.
Writing class is a required subject that must be completed before graduation.
์ƒํ’ˆ ๊ด‘๊ณ ์˜ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์š”๊ฑด์€ ์†Œ๋น„์ž์˜ ์ด๋ชฉ์„ ๋Œ์–ด ๊ตฌ๋งค ์˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ž๊ทนํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
The essential requirement of a product ad is to catch consumers' attention and stimulate their intent to buy.
์—”์ง„์€ ์ž๋™์ฐจ์˜ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์ด๋‹ค.
The engine is an indispensable part of a car.

ํ•˜๋Š˜ํ•˜๋Š˜ํ•˜๋‹ค

haneulhaneulhada
sway; flutter feebly
๋„์–ด๋†“์€ ๋นจ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ํ•˜๋Š˜ํ•˜๋Š˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The hung laundry fluttered gently in the wind.
์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ํ•˜๋Š˜ํ•˜๋Š˜ํ•œ ๋ธ”๋ผ์šฐ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ž…๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
Jisu was wearing a light, flowing blouse.

ํ•œ์‹œ์ 

hansijeok
temporary; for the time being
์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ช‡๋ช‡์˜ ์„ธ๊ธˆ ๊ฐ๋ฉด ์กฐ์น˜๋Š” ํ•œ์‹œ์  ์กฐ์น˜์ผ ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค.
These few tax reduction measures are only temporary measures.

ํ•œ์ •์ 

hanjeongjeok
limited; restrictive
๊ทธ ๋ฒ•์น™์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋งค์šฐ ํ•œ์ •์  ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
That rule only held true in very limited situations, not all cases.

ํ•œ์ฐฝ

hanchang
at the peak; in full swing
๋ด„์ด๋ผ ๋“คํŒ์—๋Š” ๊ฝƒ์ด ํ•œ์ฐฝ ํ”ผ์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
Since it was spring, the flowers were in full bloom in the fields.

ํ•จ์ถ•์ 

hamchukjjeok
implicative; connotative; suggestive
๊ทธ์˜ ์˜ํ™”๋Š” ํ˜„๋Œ€์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•จ์ถ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค.
His film suggestively depicted the lives and culture of modern people.

ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ 

hamnijeok
rational; reasonable
ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ž„๊ธˆ ์ฑ…์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์„ค์ •์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The company deliberated over setting a rational standard for determining wages.

ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์ 

happpeopjjeok
legal; legitimate; lawful
ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์  ์ด์ฃผ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Legal migrant workers claimed the same rights as regular workers.

ํ•ญ๊ตฌ์ 

hanggujeok
permanent; everlasting
์ด ์†Œ์„ค์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ํ•ญ๊ตฌ์  ๊ฐ์ •์— ํ˜ธ์†Œํ•˜์—ฌ ํฐ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค.
This novel gained great popularity by appealing to people's permanent emotions.

ํ•ดํ•™์ 

haehakjjeok
humorous; jesting; witty
์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ณ ์ „์ด์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ดํ•™์  ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ๋งŽ์•„์„œ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์ฝ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
This work is a difficult classic, but it has many humorous expressions, so it can be read enjoyably.

ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ 

haekssimjeok
central; key; main
๋ฐ• ์žฅ๊ด€์€ ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ต์œก ๋ฐœ์ „์— ํ•ต์‹ฌ์  ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ด ์™”๋‹ค.
Minister Park has played a central role in our country's educational development.

ํ–‰์ •์ 

haengjeongjeok
administrative
์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ํ–‰์ •์  ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The government strengthened administrative regulations on companies regarding environmental issues.

ํ–ฅ๋ฝ์ 

hyangnakjjeok
entertaining; pleasure-seeking; hedonic
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ–ฅ๋ฝ์  ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ทจํ•ด ์ˆ ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋งˆ์‹œ๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋ €๋‹ค.
Caught up in the hedonistic atmosphere, we drank a lot and sang songs.

ํ—Œ์‹ ์ 

heonsinjeok
devoted; dedicated; committed
๋‚จ์ž์˜ ํ—Œ์‹ ์  ๊ตฌ์• ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ์›€์ง์˜€๋‹ค.
The man's devoted courtship eventually won her heart.

ํ˜๋ช…์ 

hyeongmyeongjeok
revolutionary
๊น€ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ํ•™ํšŒ์—์„œ ํ˜๋ช…์  ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ํŽผ์ณค๋‹ค.
Professor Kim put forward a new revolutionary argument at the conference.

ํ˜์‹ ์ 

hyeokssinjeok
innovative; progressive; groundbreaking
์ƒˆ ๊ต์œก์•ˆ์€ ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ํ˜์‹ ์  ๊ต์œก ์ฒ ํ•™์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž‘์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The new education plan was written to reflect recent innovative educational philosophy.

ํ˜„๋Œ€์ 

hyeondaejeok
modern; modernistic
๊ตญ์•… ๋™์š”๋Š” ํ˜„๋Œ€์  ์Œ์•…์— ์ „ํ†ต ์Œ์•…์˜ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์€ ๋…ธ๋ž˜์ด๋‹ค.
Gugak children's songs are songs that incorporate elements of traditional music into modern music.

ํ˜„์‹ค์ 

hyeonsiljeok
realistic; practical; probable
์ด๋ฒˆ ์ด์„ ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์  ๊ณต์•ฝ์„ ๋‚ด์„ธ์šด ํ›„๋ณด์ž๋“ค์ด ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค.
In this general election, candidates who put forward realistic pledges gained trust.

ํ˜„ํ•™์ 

hyeonhakjjeok
pedantic; inkhorn
๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ํ˜„ํ•™์  ๋งํˆฌ๋ฅผ ์จ ๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ์„ธ๋ จ๋œ ์ฒ™์„ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์€ ์–ด๋ˆŒํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ธ์ƒ์— ๋ฌด์ง€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
She pretended to be sophisticated by speaking in a pedantic manner, but was actually inarticulate and ignorant of the world.

ํ˜‘๋™์ 

hyeopttongjeok
cooperative; collaborative
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์—… ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ํ˜‘๋™์  ํ•™์Šต ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋„์™€ ๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
During class, we solved problems by helping each other through a cooperative learning method.

ํ˜‘์กฐ์ 

hyeopjjojeok
cooperative; collaborative; coordinating
๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ์— ํ˜‘์กฐ์  ์ž์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ™œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž˜ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค.
He showed a cooperative attitude toward the investigation from the start, so the investigation went smoothly.

ํ˜•์‹์ 

hyeongsikjjeok
formal
๊ทธ๋Š” ์„œ๋ฅ˜ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ํ˜•์‹์  ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์— ๊ทธ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋น„ํŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
He criticized the fact that the document review was only a formal review, not a review of the content.

ํ˜•ํƒœ์ 

hyeongtaejeok
physical; morphological
์„ฑ์žฅ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด์— ํ˜•ํƒœ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค.
During the growth period, morphological changes occur in a person's body.

ํ˜ธ์˜์ 

houijeok
favorable; friendly; amicable
ํ˜‘์ƒ์€ ํ˜ธ์˜์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ ์†์—์„œ ์ˆœ์กฐ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The negotiations proceeded smoothly in a favorable atmosphere.

ํ˜ธ์ „์ 

hojeonjeok
belligerent; hostile; aggressive
๋ฏผ์ค€์ด๋Š” ํ˜ธ์ „์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํˆญํ•˜๋ฉด ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ณ ๋Š” ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Minjun used to fight at the drop of a hat because of his belligerent personality.

ํ˜ธํ˜œ์ 

hohyejeok
reciprocal
์ง‘๊ถŒ ์„ธ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์€ ์ƒํ˜ธ ํ˜ธํ˜œ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์†์—์„œ ์ฒ ์ €ํ•œ ์œ ์ฐฉ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The ruling power and the newspaper formed a thoroughly collusive relationship within a mutually reciprocal bond.

ํ™”ํ•™์ 

hwahakjjeok
chemical; being based on or related to chemistry
์ด ์•ฝํ’ˆ์€ ํ™”ํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๊ณต์ • ๊ณผ์ •์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค.
This drug was made through a chemical manufacturing process.

ํ™•์ •์ 

hwakjjeongjeok
definitive; conclusive; being definitely determined
์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์ƒ์ด ์ปค์„œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ํƒˆ๋ฝ์ด ํ™•์ •์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
Because Jisoo's injury was serious, her elimination from the match was definitive.

ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ 

hwangyeongjeok
environmental; relating to natural conditions or situations that affect living things or humans
์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ด์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์„œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์€ ํ›„ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์กŒ๋‹ค.
After Jisoo moved and went through an environmental change, her personality changed.

ํ™˜์ƒ์ 

hwansangjeok
illusionary; dreamy; fantastic
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํ™˜์ƒ์  ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ค€ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜์—๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ๋ฆฝ ๋ฐ•์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค.
People gave a standing ovation to the singer who put on a fantastic performance.

ํ™œ๋™์ 

hwaldongjeok
active; energetic
์กฐ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚ด์„ฑ์ ์ด๋˜ ์Šน๊ทœ๋Š” ์šด๋™์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ™œ๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Seunggyu, who used to be quiet and introverted, became active as he exercised.

ํšŒ์˜์ 

hoeuijeok
skeptical; suspicious; doubtful
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ž„์›๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํšŒ์˜์  ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค.
They showed a skeptical reaction toward the executives' problem-solving ability.

ํš๊ธฐ์ 

hoekkkijeok
groundbreaking; epoch-making; revolutionary
์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” ํš๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ’ˆ์ด๋‹ค.
The computer is a groundbreaking invention.

ํš์ผ์ 

hoegiljeok
uniform; monolithic; standardized
์‚ฌ์—…์žฅ ์ง์›๋“ค ์ „์›์ด ์œ ๋‹ˆํผ์„ ์ฐฉ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํš์ผ์  ์˜ท์ฐจ๋ฆผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
All the employees at the workplace wear uniforms, dressing in a standardized way.

ํšก์ 

hoengjeok
horizontal; widthwise
ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ ์ง€์‚ฌ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ํšก์  ์—ฐ๋ฝ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The company built a horizontal communication system between its branches.

ํšจ๊ณผ์ 

hyogwajeok
effective; effectual
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒ€์€ ์ƒ๋Œ€ ํŒ€์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง‰์•„ ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค.
Our team effectively blocked the opposing team's attack.

ํšจ์œจ์ 

hyoyuljeok
efficient; effective
์žฌํ™œ์šฉํ’ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์ผ์ด๋‹ค.
Using recycled goods is economically efficient.

ํ›„์ฒœ์ 

hucheonjeok
acquired
์ง€๋Šฅ์€ ํƒ€๊ณ ๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ›„์ฒœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Intelligence is partly innate, but it can also be acquired through one's environment.

ํฌ๊ทน์ 

huigeukjjeok
being comical
์ด ์—ฐ๊ทน์€ ์ „์Ÿ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ ธ๋‹ค.
This play portrayed the heavy topic of war in a comical, entertaining way.

ํฌ๋ง์ 

huimangjeok
hopeful; optimistic
๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ ์ƒˆํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋งž์•„ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํฌ๋ง์  ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The president delivered a hopeful message to the people for the new year.

ํฌ์ƒ์ 

huisaengjeok
sacrificial
์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์ž์‹๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ์• ์“ฐ์‹œ๋Š” ํฌ์ƒ์  ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ฌ์…จ๋‹ค.
My mother lived a sacrificial life, always striving for her children.

ํฌํ™”์ 

huihwajeok
being comical; being humorous; being witty
์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์žฌํ•ด์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํฌํ™”์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋”” ์˜ํ™”์ด๋‹ค.
This work is a comedy film that reinterprets historical facts and portrays them in a comical way.

์ฒจ์˜ˆํ•˜๋‹ค

cheomyehada
acute; intense (a conflict or situation)
๋‘ ๋‚˜๋ผ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ฒจ์˜ˆํ•œ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด ๊ณ„์†๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
An acute conflict continues between the two countries.

์ฒจ์˜ˆํ™”

cheomyehwa
intensification (of a conflict)
๋…ธ์‚ฌ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด ์ฒจ์˜ˆํ™”๋กœ ์น˜๋‹ซ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
The conflict between labor and management is heading toward intensification.

์ฒฉ์ฒฉ์ด

cheopcheobi
in layers; one over another
์‚ฐ๋“ค์ด ์ฒฉ์ฒฉ์ด ๊ฒน์ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ’๊ฒฝ์ด ์žฅ๊ด€์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The scenery of mountains layered one over another was spectacular.

์ฒซ๊ฑธ์Œ

cheotkkeoreum
first step
์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ์ฒซ๊ฑธ์Œ์„ ๋‚ด๋”›๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค์ด ํ™˜ํ˜ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The family cheered the moment the child took their first step.

์ฒซ๋ฐœ

cheotppal
first step
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ์ฒซ๋ฐœ์„ ๋‚ด๋”›์—ˆ๋‹ค.
We took the first step in our new business.

์ฒซ์งธ๊ฐ€๋‹ค

cheotjjaegada
be first; be the best
๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ชจ๋กœ๋Š” ์ด ๋งˆ์„์—์„œ ์ฒซ์งธ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‹ค.
She is the most beautiful person in this village.

์ฒญ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋‹ค

cheonggyeolhada
clean; tidy
๊ทธ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ฒญ๊ฒฐํ•œ ๋ณต์žฅ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค.
He always keeps his clothing clean and tidy.

์ฒญ๊ฒฐํžˆ

cheonggyeolhi
cleanly; tidily
์Œ์‹์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๋•Œ๋Š” ์†์„ ์ฒญ๊ฒฐํžˆ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
When cooking, you must keep your hands clean.

์ฒญ๋ ด

cheongnyeom
integrity; rectitude
๊ณต์ง์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ฒญ๋ ด์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋ฏธ๋•์ด๋‹ค.
For a public official, integrity is the greatest virtue.

์ฒญ๋ ด๊ฒฐ๋ฐฑ

cheongnyeomgyeolbaek
incorruptibility; integrity
ํŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ฒญ๋ ด๊ฒฐ๋ฐฑ์˜ ์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ ธ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
A judge must bear the duty of incorruptibility.

์ฒญ๋ ด๊ฒฐ๋ฐฑํ•˜๋‹ค

cheongnyeomgyeolbaekada
incorruptible; upright
๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‡Œ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ•œ ์ฒญ๋ ด๊ฒฐ๋ฐฑํ•œ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
He was famous as an incorruptible official who refused bribes.

์ฒญ๋ ดํ•˜๋‹ค

cheongnyeomhada
incorruptible; upright
๊ทธ ์‹œ์žฅ์€ ์ฒญ๋ ดํ•œ ๊ณต์ง์ž๋กœ ํ‰ํŒ์ด ์ข‹์•˜๋‹ค.
That mayor had a good reputation as an incorruptible official.

์ฒญ๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค

cheongmyeonghada
clear (weather)
์ฒญ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์„๋‚  ํ•˜๋Š˜์€ ์œ ๋‚œํžˆ ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๋ €๋‹ค.
On the clear autumn day, the sky was unusually blue.

์ฒญ๋นˆ

cheongbin
honest poverty
์„ ๋น„๋Š” ํ‰์ƒ ์ฒญ๋นˆ์˜ ์ •์‹ ์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋ฉฐ ์‚ด์•˜๋‹ค.
The scholar lived his whole life keeping to the spirit of honest poverty.

์ฒญ๋นˆํ•˜๋‹ค

cheongbinhada
poor but incorruptible
๊ทธ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฒญ๋นˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ด๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๋Š˜ ๋‹น๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
That official lived poor but incorruptible, always carrying himself with dignity.

์ฒญ์‚ฐ์œ ์ˆ˜

cheongsanyusu
fluent, flowing speech
๊ทธ์˜ ์ฒญ์‚ฐ์œ ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ง์†œ์”จ์— ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๊ฐํƒ„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Everyone was amazed by his fluent, flowing way of speaking.

์ฒญ์Šน

cheongseung
pathetic, miserable air
ํ˜ผ์ž ์ฒญ์Šน ๋–จ์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ  ๋‚˜์™€์„œ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋†€์ž.
Don't sit there acting all pathetic alone โ€” come out and hang out with us.

์ฒญ์Šน๋งž๋‹ค

cheongseungmattta
pathetic; miserable-looking
๊ทธ๋Š” ํ˜ผ์ž ์ฒญ์Šน๋งž๊ฒŒ ๋น„๋ฅผ ๋งž์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฑธ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
He walked pathetically alone in the rain.

์ฒญ์Šน์Šค๋Ÿฝ๋‹ค

cheongseungseureoptta
pathetic; miserable-looking
ํ˜ผ์ž ์ฒญ์Šน์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์šธ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ์“ฐ๋Ÿฌ์› ๋‹ค.
It was pitiful to see him crying alone so pathetically.

์ฒญ์•„ํ•˜๋‹ค

cheongahada
clear and pure (beautifully)
๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์ฒญ์•„ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์—ฐ์žฅ์— ์šธ๋ ค ํผ์กŒ๋‹ค.
Her clear, pure voice resonated through the concert hall.

์ฒญ์šด

cheongun
high aspiration (lit. blue clouds)
๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฒญ์šด์˜ ๊ฟˆ์„ ์•ˆ๊ณ  ์„œ์šธ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฒฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
He came up to Seoul carrying his high aspirations.

์ฒญ์ •

cheongjeong
clearness; cleanness
์ด๊ณณ์€ ์ฒญ์ • ๊ตฌ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
This place is designated as a clean, unpolluted zone.

์ฒญ์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค

cheongjeonghada
clean; unpolluted
์ฒญ์ •ํ•œ ์ž์—ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ๋งˆ์„์„ ๊ฐ์‹ธ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
A clean, unpolluted natural environment surrounded the village.

์ฒด๊ณ„์„ฑ

chegyeseong
systematicity
์ด ๊ณ„ํš์•ˆ์€ ์ฒด๊ณ„์„ฑ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ง€์ ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค.
This plan was criticized for lacking systematicity.

์ณ‡๋ฐ”ํ€ด

chetppakwi
treadmill; rut (repetitive routine)
๊ทธ๋Š” ๋งค์ผ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋Š” ์ณ‡๋ฐ”ํ€ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ์ƒ์— ์ง€์ณ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
He was tired of his monotonous, repetitive daily routine.

์ดˆ๋กฑ์ดˆ๋กฑ

chorongchorong
brightly (of clear, lively eyes)
์•„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ๋กฑ์ดˆ๋กฑ ๋น›๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ˆˆ์œผ๋กœ ์—„๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค.
The baby looked at her mother with bright, sparkling eyes.

์ดˆ๋กฑ์ดˆ๋กฑํ•˜๋‹ค

chorongchoronghada
be bright and clear (of eyes)
๋ฐค์„ ์ƒˆ์› ๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ˆˆ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ดˆ๋กฑ์ดˆ๋กฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Even after staying up all night, his eyes were still bright and clear.

์ดˆ๋งŒ์›

chomanwon
full house; packed
์ฃผ๋ง์ด๋ผ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ์ง€ ๋†€์ด๊ณต์›์ด ์ดˆ๋งŒ์›์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
Maybe because it was the weekend, the amusement park was completely packed.

์ดˆ๋ฏธ

chomi
being very urgent
๋‘ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ํ˜‘์ƒ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ๋ฏธ์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค.
The outcome of the negotiations between the two countries became a matter of great urgency and interest.

์ดˆ๋ฒŒ

chobeol
rough draft; first pass
ํ™”๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ดˆ๋ฒŒ ์Šค์ผ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์žฅ ๊ทธ๋ ธ๋‹ค.
The painter drew several rough sketches before painting the picture.

์ดˆ์†Œํ˜•

chosohyeong
subminiature; extremely tiny
์ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ดˆ์†Œํ˜• ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ์•ˆ๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
This company developed glasses equipped with a subminiature camera.

์ดˆ์†

chosok
speed per second
ํƒœํ’์ด ์ดˆ์† ์‚ผ์‹ญ ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์„ ๋ชฐ๊ณ  ์™”๋‹ค.
The typhoon brought strong winds of thirty meters per second.

์ดˆ์›”

chowol
transcendence
์ด๋ฒˆ ์˜ํ™”์ œ์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ ์ดˆ์›”์ด๋‹ค.
The theme of this film festival is transcending national borders.

์ดˆ์ž์—ฐ

chojayeon
supernaturalness
๊ทธ ์˜ํ™”๋Š” ์ดˆ์ž์—ฐ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
The movie deals with supernatural phenomena as its subject matter.

์ดˆ์ง€์ผ๊ด€

chojiilgwan
holding one's course; consistency of purpose
๊ทธ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์›€ ์†์—์„œ๋„ ์ดˆ์ง€์ผ๊ด€์˜ ์ž์„ธ๋ฅผ ์žƒ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.
Even amid difficulties, he never lost his attitude of holding his original course.

์ดˆํƒˆ

chotal
transcendence; detachment
๋…ธ์Šค๋‹˜์˜ ํ‘œ์ •์—์„œ ์„ธ์†์„ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚œ ์ดˆํƒˆ์ด ๋А๊ปด์กŒ๋‹ค.
The old monk's expression conveyed a transcendence beyond worldly matters.

์ด‰์ด‰์ด

chokchogi
moistly; dampfully
๋ด„๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ด‰์ด ์ ์…จ๋‹ค.
The spring rain moistly soaked the earth.

์ด‰์ด‰ํ•˜๋‹ค

chokchokada
moist; damp
์„ธ์•ˆ ํ›„ ํ”ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ด‰์ด‰ํ•˜๋‹ค.
After washing my face, my skin feels moist.

์ดŒ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๋‹ค

chonseureoptta
countrified; unpolished; dowdy
๊ทธ ์˜ท์€ ์ƒ‰๊น”์ด ํ™”๋ คํ•ด์„œ ์ข€ ์ดŒ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๋‹ค.
Those clothes look a bit dowdy because of their flashy colors.

์ด๋ž‘์ด๋ž‘

chollangchollang
splashingly; with small ripples
์‹œ๋ƒ‡๋ฌผ์ด ์ด๋ž‘์ด๋ž‘ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ํ˜๋ €๋‹ค.
The stream flowed, making a splashing sound.

์ด˜์ด˜ํ•˜๋‹ค

chomchomhada
dense; closely spaced
์ด ๊ทธ๋ฌผ์€ ์ฝ”๊ฐ€ ์ด˜์ด˜ํ•˜๋‹ค.
This net has closely spaced mesh.

์ด˜์ด˜ํžˆ

chomchomhi
densely; closely
์ •์›์‚ฌ๋Š” ์”จ์•—์„ ์ด˜์ด˜ํžˆ ์‹ฌ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The gardener planted the seeds densely.

์ด๊ฒฐ์‚ฐ

chonggyeolsan
wrap-up; final reckoning
์ด๋ฒˆ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์˜ ์ด๊ฒฐ์‚ฐ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋‹ค.
We plan to announce the final wrap-up of this project.

์ด๋Ÿ‰

chongnyang
total quantity; total amount
๊ณต์žฅ์€ ์˜จ์‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค ๋ฐฐ์ถœ ์ด๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The factory decided to reduce its total amount of greenhouse gas emissions.

์ด๋ ฅ

chongnyeok
full force; all one's energy
์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์—์„œ ์ด๋ ฅ์„ ๋‹คํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The players gave their full force in the final match.

์ด๋ ฅ์ „

chongnyeokjjeon
all-out effort; total war
ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฒˆ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ๋”ฐ๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด๋ ฅ์ „์„ ํŽผ์ณค๋‹ค.
The company made an all-out effort to win this contract.

์ด๋ฉด์ 

chongmyeonjeok
total area
์ด ๊ณต์›์˜ ์ด๋ฉด์ ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋„“๋‹ค.
The total area of this park is very large.

์ด๋ช…

chongmyeong
cleverness; sharp memory
์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์€ ๊ทธ ์•„์ด์˜ ์ด๋ช…์„ ์นญ์ฐฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The teacher praised the child's cleverness.

์ด๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค

chongmyeonghada
smart; clever; sharp-minded
๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์–ด๋ฆด ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค.
She has been sharp-minded since childhood.

์ด๋ณธ์‚ฐ

chongbonsan
headquarters; hub; central seat
๊ทธ ๋„์‹œ๋Š” ์ „์ž ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ์ด๋ณธ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค.
That city is called the headquarters of the electronics industry.

์ด์†Œ๋“

chongsodeuk
total revenue; gross income
๋‚˜์˜ ์›” ํ‰๊ท  ์ด์†Œ๋“์€ ์‚ผ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ์›์ด๋‹ค.
My average monthly gross income is three million won.

์ด์ˆ˜

chongsu
total number
์ง€๊ตฌ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ด์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
The total number of living species on Earth is decreasing.

์ด์ˆ˜์š”

chongsuyo
total demand; aggregate demand
์ด์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฌผ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.
When aggregate demand decreases, prices fall.

์ด์ˆ˜์ต

chongsuik
gross earnings; total revenue
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์—…์€ ์ง€๋‚œ ๋ถ„๊ธฐ ์ด์ˆ˜์ต์ด ์ด์กฐ ์›์„ ๋„˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
Our company's total revenue exceeded two trillion won last quarter.

์ด์ˆ˜์ž…

chongsuip
total revenue; gross income
๋ฐฐ์šฐ ์ตœ ์”จ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๋…„์— ์˜ํ™”, ๊ด‘๊ณ  ์ถœ์—ฐ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒŒ์–ด๋“ค์ธ ์ด์ˆ˜์ž…์€ ์•ฝ ์น ์–ต ์›์ด๋‹ค.
Actor Choi's total revenue earned last year from films, commercials, and the like was about seven hundred million won.

์ด์•ก

chongaek
total amount
๋‚˜๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ž…๊ณผ ์ง€์ถœ ์ด์•ก์„ ์žฅ๋ถ€์— ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
I recorded the total amount of the company's income and expenses in the ledger.

์ด์—ญ๋Ÿ‰

chongyeongnyang
all one's ability; total capacity
์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ด์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฒฐ์ง‘ํ•ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The government tried to overcome the economic crisis by gathering the total capacity of the people.

์ด์›

chongwon
total personnel; everyone
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ด์›์€ ์„œ๋ฅธ ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The total number of people in our class was thirty-six.

์ด์ธ๊ตฌ

chongingu
total population
์ถœ์‚ฐ์œจ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด์ธ๊ตฌ๋„ ๊ฐ์†Œ ์ถ”์„ธ์— ์ ‘์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค.
As the birth rate declined, the total population also began to decline.

์ด์ 

chongjeom
total score
๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด์ ์„ ์‹œํ—˜ ๊ณผ๋ชฉ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ํ‰๊ท ์„ ๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
I found the average by dividing the total score by the number of exam subjects.

์ด์ฒœ์—ฐ์ƒ‰

chongcheonyeonsaek
full natural color; full color
์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์ด์ฒœ์—ฐ์ƒ‰์˜ ์˜ท์„ ์ž…๊ณ  ์ฆ๊ฒ๊ฒŒ ๋›ฐ๋†€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
The children are playing happily, dressed in full-color clothes.

์ด์ฒด

chongche
the whole; totality
๊ทธ ์ฑ…์€ ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ๊น€ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์จ ์˜จ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์˜ ์ด์ฒด์˜€๋‹ค.
That book was the totality of the works writer Kim had written up to then.

์ด์ฒด์„ฑ

chongcheseong
totality
๊ทธ์˜ ์†Œ์„ค์€ ์‚ถ์˜ ์ด์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ์ž˜ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค.
His novel is regarded as a work that well expresses the totality of life.

์ด์นญ

chongching
collective term; generic name
์œ ์ œํ’ˆ์€ ๊ฐ€์ถ•์˜ ์ –์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ์‹ํ’ˆ์˜ ์ด์นญ์ด๋‹ค.
Dairy products is a collective term for foods made from livestock's milk.

์ด์นญํ•˜๋‹ค

chongchinghada
call collectively; refer to as a group
ํ•จ์ •์€ ํฌ๊ณ  ์ž‘์€ ๊ตฐํ•จ์„ ์ด์นญํ•˜๋Š” ๋ง์ด๋‹ค.
'Warship' is a term that collectively refers to naval vessels large and small.

์ดํ‰

chongpyeong
general review; overall rating
์‹ฌ์‚ฌ ์œ„์›์˜ ์ดํ‰์ด ์žˆ์€ ํ›„์— ์‹œ์ƒ์‹์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The awards ceremony was scheduled to proceed after the judges' general review.

์ดํ•ฉ

chonghap
total
๋‚˜๋Š” ์ข…์ด์— ์ ํžŒ ์ˆซ์ž๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋”ํ•ด ์ดํ•ฉ์„ ๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
I added up all the numbers written on the paper to find the total.

์ตœ๊ฐ•

choegang
the strongest; the most powerful
๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ ฅ์€ ์ตœ๊ฐ•์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค.
Their military power was rated as the strongest.

์ตœ๊ณ ๊ฐ€

choegoga
the highest price; top price
๊ทธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์‹์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์˜ค๋ฅด๋ฉด์„œ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ตœ๊ณ ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The company's stock rose sharply and hit a record high price today.

์ตœ๊ณ ๊ธ‰

choegogeup
the highest grade; top-level
๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์‹œ๊ณ„๋ผ๋ฉด ์ตœ๊ณ ๊ธ‰๋งŒ ์ฐพ๋Š”๋‹ค.
When it comes to watches, she only looks for the top-level ones.

์ตœ๊ณ ๋„

choegodo
the highest degree
๋ฌด๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ตญ์ • ์šด์˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์€ ์ตœ๊ณ ๋„์— ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Due to incompetent governance, the public's discontent reached its highest degree.

์ตœ๊ณ ๋ น

choegoryeong
the oldest
์˜ฌํ•ด ๋ฐฑ ์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋„˜๊ธฐ์‹  ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ๋งˆ์„์—์„œ ์ตœ๊ณ ๋ น์ด์‹œ๋‹ค.
My father, who turned a hundred this year, is the oldest in the village.

์ตœ๊ณ ์•ก

choegoaek
the highest amount
์–ด์ œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๊ฒฝ๋งค์—์„œ ๊ทธ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ ์ตœ๊ณ ์•ก์„ ์จ ๋‚ธ ์ž…์ฐฐ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚™์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
At yesterday's auction, the work was won by the bidder who offered the highest amount.

์ตœ๊ณ ์ 

choegojeom
the highest score; top score
๋‚˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ฒ• ์‹œํ—˜์—์„œ ์ตœ๊ณ ์ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ˆ˜์„์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๊ฒฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
I scored the highest on the bar exam and passed at the top of my class.

์ตœ๊ณ ์น˜

choegochi
highest value
์˜ฌํ•ด ํŒ”์›”์— ์ „๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ตœ๊ณ ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Electricity usage hit a record high this August.

์ตœ๋‹ค

choeda
the most; the largest; maximum
๊ทธ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ตœ๋‹ค ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
That baseball player set the record for the most home runs in Korean history.

์ตœ๋‹จ

choedan
the shortest
์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ์‹๋‹น ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ธธ์„ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ํ•˜์ž ์ตœ๋‹จ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ๋‚ดํ•ด ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
When I searched online for the way to the restaurant, it guided me along the shortest route.

์ตœ๋Œ€

choedae
the largest; the most; maximum
์„œ์šธ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ตœ๋Œ€์˜ ๋„์‹œ์ด๋‹ค.
Seoul is our country's largest city.

์ตœ๋Œ€์น˜

choedaechi
the maximum value
๋ฌด๋”์šด ๋‚ ์”จ ํƒ“์— ์˜ฌํ•ด ๋“ค์–ด ์ „๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๋Œ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Because of the sweltering weather, electricity demand hit its maximum value this year.

์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋„

choedaehando
maximum; utmost limit
๊ฐ๊ตญ์˜ ์ •์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์ œํ•œ๋œ ์ž์›์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋„๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋…ผ์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The leaders of each country discussed how to make maximum use of limited resources.

์ตœ๋Œ€ํ™”

choedaehwa
maximization
์‚ฌ์žฅ์€ ์‚ฌ์› ๊ต์œก์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•ด์„œ ์ง์›๋“ค์˜ ์—…๋ฌด ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊พ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The president strengthened employee training to seek the maximization of staff work ability.

์ตœ๋Œ“๊ฐ’

choedaetkkap
maximum
ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ํ•จ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ“๊ฐ’๊ณผ ์ตœ์†Ÿ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The students found the maximum and minimum values of the function.

์ตœ์ƒ

choesang
the highest
์ด๊ณณ์˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์›์˜ ์ตœ์ƒ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฐฑ ๋ช…์ด๋‹ค.
The highest limit on the number of people this place can hold is five hundred.

์ตœ์ƒ๊ธ‰

choesanggeup
the highest level; the highest grade
๊ทธ๋Š” ์†๋‹˜์—๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์ ‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ตœ์ƒ๊ธ‰ ์™€์ธ์„ ์ฃผ๋ฌธํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
He ordered a top-grade wine to serve his guest.

์ตœ์ƒ์œ„

choesangwi
the highest rank; the highest grade
์Šน๊ทœ์˜ ์„ฑ์ ์€ ํ•™๊ต ์ „์ฒด์—์„œ ์ตœ์ƒ์œ„์— ์†ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Seunggyu's grades ranked at the very top of the whole school.

์ตœ์ƒํ’ˆ

choesangpum
the best product
์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๊ฐ€๋Š” ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๊ณ  ์งˆ์ด ์ข‹์€ ์ตœ์ƒํ’ˆ ๋„์ž๊ธฐ๋“ค๋งŒ ๋ชจ์•˜๋‹ค.
The famous collector gathered only the finest, top-quality pieces of pottery.

์ตœ์„ 

choeseon
the best
๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ธ€์„ ์ž˜ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ์ฑ…์„ ์ฝ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
I read books consistently as the best way to write well.

์ตœ์„ ์ฑ…

choeseonchaek
the best plan
๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ง„์ฐฐํ•˜์‹  ์˜์‚ฌ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์€ ์šด๋™์ด ๋ณ‘์„ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋‚ซ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ์„ ์ฑ…์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง์”€ํ•˜์…จ๋‹ค.
The doctor who examined me said exercise was the best way to recover quickly.

์ตœ์†Œ์น˜

choesochi
minimum
๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ ์ข‹์•„์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์นด๋“œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์•ก์ด ์˜ค ๋…„ ๋งŒ์— ์ตœ์†Œ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
As the economy worsened, card spending hit its lowest level in five years.

์ตœ์†Œํ•œ๋„

choesohando
the minimum; being the least
๋‚˜๋Š” ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ๋„์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์œผ๋กœ ์ฒด๋ ฅ์„ ์•„๊ผˆ๋‹ค.
I conserved my energy by moving as little as possible.

์ตœ์†Ÿ๊ฐ’

choesotkkap
minimum
์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ ค ๋ฌธ์ œ์—์„œ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ ์ตœ์†Ÿ๊ฐ’์„ ์ฐพ์•˜๋‹ค.
Jisu drew a graph and found the minimum value the problem asked for.

์ตœ์‹ 

choesin
latest; newest; up-to-date
์ด ๋ณ‘์€ ์ผ๋‹จ ์ง„ํ–‰์ด ๋˜๋ฉด ์ตœ์‹  ์˜ํ•™์˜ ํž˜์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ข€์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค.
Once this disease progresses, it can hardly be cured even with the power of the latest medicine.

์ตœ์‹ ์‹

choesinsik
the latest; being up-to-date
๋งŽ์€ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์ด ์ตœ์‹ ์‹ ์‹œ์„ค์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ๋ณ‘์›์— ์ฐพ์•„์™”๋‹ค.
Many patients came to the hospital equipped with the latest facilities.

์ตœ์‹ ํ˜•

choesinhyeong
the latest model
๋‚˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜จ ์ตœ์‹ ํ˜• ํ•ธ๋“œํฐ์„ ์‚ฌ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์—„๋งˆ๋ฅผ ์กธ๋ž๋‹ค.
I nagged my mom to buy me the latest model phone that had just come out.

์ตœ์•…

choeak
the worst
์ด๋ฒˆ ์‹œํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ํ•ด์„œ ์ตœ์•…์˜ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค.
I made a lot of mistakes on this exam and got the worst score.

์ตœ์—ฐ์†Œ

choeyeonso
the youngest
์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ์ตœ์—ฐ์†Œ์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๋กœ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ํ•ฉ๊ฒฉํ•œ ์‹ ์ž…์‚ฌ์›์ด๋‹ค.
Jisu is a new employee who joined the company at the youngest age.

์ตœ์šฐ์„ 

choeuseon
top priority; the highest priority
๋‚˜๋Š” ์—ฌํ–‰์ง€์—์„œ ์„ ๋ฌผ์„ ์‚ด ๋•Œ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ๋™์ƒ์„ ์ตœ์šฐ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
When buying souvenirs at the destination, I thought of my young sibling as the top priority.

์ตœ์šฐ์ˆ˜

choeusu
the best; top-notch
์˜ฌํ•ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ์„ฑ์ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘” ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์šฐ์ˆ˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ฝ‘ํ˜”๋‹ค.
The player with the best record this year was chosen as the top player.

์ตœ์žฅ

choejang
the longest
๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ๋›ฐ๊ธฐ ์—ฐ์Šต์„ ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋›ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ตœ์žฅ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ ์  ๋Š˜๋ ธ๋‹ค.
I practiced the long jump hard and gradually increased the longest distance I could jump.

์ตœ์ €์น˜

choejeochi
the lowest value
๋‚˜๋Š” ์•„ํ”„๊ณ  ๋‚ฌ๋”๋‹ˆ ๋ชธ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์ €์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
After being sick, my weight hit its lowest point.

์ตœ์ 

choejeok
the most suitable; optimal
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ตœ์ ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํšŒ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์†ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
We kept meeting to find the optimal way to solve the problem.

์ตœ์ข…

choejong
the last; final
ํ˜•์€ ์ž…์‚ฌ ์‹œํ—˜์— ์ตœ์ข…์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๊ฒฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ฃผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ถœ๊ทผํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.
My brother passed the final round of the job exam, so he starts work next week.

์ตœ์ฒจ๋‹จ

choecheomdan
the most advanced; state-of-the-art
์œ ๋ช… ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์˜ท๋“ค๋กœ ์ตœ์ฒจ๋‹จ ํŒจ์…˜์„ ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค.
The famous model always showed off state-of-the-art fashion with new clothes.

์ตœํ•˜

choeha
the lowest
๋‚˜๋Š” ์‹œํ—˜์—์„œ ์ตœํ•˜ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๊ผด์ฐŒ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
I got the lowest score on the test and came in last.

์ตœํ•˜๊ธ‰

choehageup
the lowest level; the lowest grade
์‹œํ—˜์„ ๋ง์นœ ์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ตœํ•˜๊ธ‰ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ์„ฑ์  ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค.
Jisu, who bombed the test, received the lowest grade evaluation.

์ตœํ•˜์œ„

choehawi
the lowest rank
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒ€์€ ๊ณ„์† ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ ์ตœํ•˜์œ„์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋ €๋‹ค.
Because our team kept losing, we stayed in last place in the competition.

์ตœํ•˜์œ„๊ถŒ

choehawigwon
the lowest group; bottom bracket
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒ€์€ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์„ฑ์ ์ด ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์ตœํ•˜์œ„๊ถŒ์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋ €๋‹ค.
Our team's match results were poor, so we stayed in the bottom bracket.

์ตœํ•˜์ธต

choehacheung
the bottom floor; lowest floor
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์ตœํ•˜์ธต์—๋Š” ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ง€ํ•˜์‹ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
On the bottom floor of our building, there was an unused basement.

์ถ”์‚ฐ

chusan
estimation
๊ทธ์˜ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์€ ์•ฝ ์˜ค์ฒœ์–ต ์› ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ถ”์‚ฐ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค.
His fortune is estimated at around 500 billion won.

์ถ”์ƒ

chusang
abstraction
์ฒ ํ•™์—์„œ๋Š” ์ •์‹ ์  ์ถ”์ƒ ๊ด€๋…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค.
In philosophy, mental abstract concepts are considered important.

์ถ”์ƒ๊ฐ™๋‹ค

chusanggattta
stern; severe
์™•์€ ์‹ ํ•˜๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ถ”์ƒ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ช…์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค.
The king gave his subjects a stern order.

์ถ”์ƒ์„ฑ

chusangseong
abstractness
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ถ”์ƒ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด๋ผ ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž˜ ์‹ค๊ฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
This is a highly abstract concept, so it doesn't feel very real.

์ถ”์„ธ

chuse
trend; tendency
์ฃผ์‹์ด ๋ฉฐ์น ์งธ ์ƒ์Šน ์ถ”์„ธ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Stocks have been on an upward trend for several days.

์ถ”์•…

chuak
ugliness; being vile
๋‚˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์Œ์†์— ์ž๋ฆฌ ์žก๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ถ”์•…๊ณผ ์š•์‹ฌ์„ ๋–จ์ณ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ์• ์ผ๋‹ค.
I tried hard to shake off the ugliness and greed that had settled in my heart.

์ถ”์•…ํ•˜๋‹ค

chuakada
dirty; ugly; disgusting
๋‚˜๋Š” ์˜จ๊ฐ– ๋น„ํ–‰์„ ์ผ์‚ผ๋˜ ์ถ”์•…ํ•œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ์ƒˆ ์ถœ๋ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋งˆ์Œ๋จน์—ˆ๋‹ค.
I decided to escape my ugly past full of misdeeds and make a fresh start.

์ถ”์ด

chui
development; trend; change
์ฆ๊ถŒ์‚ฌ ์ง์›๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ์‹ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ์ถ”์ด๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Securities firm employees need to have a good grasp of the trends in the stock market.

์ถ”์žก์Šค๋Ÿฝ๋‹ค

chujapsseureoptta
dirty; filthy; disgusting
๋‚˜๋Š” ์ถ”์žก์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋†๋‹ด์„ ๋˜์ง€๋ฉฐ ๋Šฅ๊ธ€๋งž๊ฒŒ ์›ƒ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์ž ๋ชน์‹œ ๋ถˆ์พŒํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค.
Seeing him crack a filthy joke and grin slyly made me very uncomfortable.

์ถ”์žกํ•˜๋‹ค

chujapada
dirty; filthy; disgusting
๊ทธ๋Š” ๋’ค์—์„œ ์˜จ๊ฐ– ์ถ”์žกํ•œ ์ง“์„ ๋‹ค ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๋‚จ๋“ค ์•ž์—์„œ๋Š” ๊นจ๋—ํ•œ ์ฒ™์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
He did all sorts of filthy things behind people's backs while pretending to be clean in front of others.

์ถ”์ 

chujeok
chasing; running after
๋ฒ”์ธ์€ ํ˜•์‚ฌ์˜ ์ถ”์ ์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ผ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ ์ „๊ตญ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์„ ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ ๋ชธ์„ ์ˆจ๊ฒผ๋‹ค.
The criminal deliberately wandered all over the country to hide from the detective's pursuit.

์ถ”์ ์ถ”์ 

chujeokchujeok
drizzly; wetly (rain falling steadily)
์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ํ•˜๋ฃจ ์ข…์ผ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์ถ”์ ์ถ”์  ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค.
Today it rained steadily and wetly all day long.

์ถ”์ •

chujeong
estimation; assumption
์ง€์ง„ ํ˜„์žฅ์— ๋ถˆ์–ด๋‹ฅ์นœ ํƒœํ’์œผ๋กœ ํ”ผํ•ด ์ƒํ™ฉ ์ถ”์ •์ด ๋”์šฑ ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์กŒ๋‹ค.
The typhoon that hit the earthquake site made it even harder to estimate the extent of the damage.

์ถ”์ง€๋‹ค

chujida
moist; damp
๋‚˜๋Š” ๋œ ๋ง๋ผ ์ถ”์ง„ ๋นจ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ํ–‡๋ณ•์— ๋ง๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ๋ฐ–์— ๋„์–ด๋†“์•˜๋‹ค.
I hung the laundry, which was still damp and not fully dry, outside to dry in the sun.

์ถ”์ถœ

chuchul
extraction
์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™ ์ˆ˜์—…์—์„œ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์‹œ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ‘œ๋ณธ ์ถ”์ถœ ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์žฅ๋‹จ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฐ์› ๋‹ค.
Today in statistics class, I learned about various sampling extraction methods used in statistical surveys and their pros and cons.

์ถ”ํ˜ธ

chuho
a tiny bit (figurative)
๊น€ ํ˜•์‚ฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋Š˜ ์ถ”ํ˜ธ์˜ ์†Œํ™€ํ•จ๋„ ์—†๋‹ค.
Detective Kim's investigations are never careless, not even the slightest bit.

์ถ•์†Œ

chuksso
reduction
์ด ์‹œํ—˜์€ ์˜ฌํ•ด ์„ ๋ฐœ ์ธ์›์˜ ์ถ•์†Œ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ฅ ์ด ์ž‘๋…„์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋†’์•„์กŒ๋‹ค.
Due to the reduction in the number of selected candidates this year, the competition rate for this exam is higher than last year.

์ถ•์ 

chukjjeok
accumulation
์„ฑ๊ณต์€ ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ์ถ•์ ์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋œ๋‹ค.
Success comes from the accumulation of experience over a long time.

๋‚ฎ๋‹ค

natda
to be low
์˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋„ค์š”.
The chair seems too low.
ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ํฐ ์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ตฝ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ตฌ๋‘๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฒจ ์‹ ๋Š”๋‹ค.
Jisu, who is tall, likes to wear low-heeled shoes.
์ฑ…์ƒ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์„œ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉด ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„ํ”„๋‹ค.
The desk is low, so my back hurts if I study for a long time.

๋„“๋‹ค

neolda
to be broad; to be spacious
๊ทธ๋Š” ๋„“์€ ์ด๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ์•ž๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค.
He let his bangs down to cover his broad forehead.
๋„“๊ณ  ๋„“์€ ๋“คํŒ์—๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ฌด ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃจ๋งŒ ์™ธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์„œ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
In the vast, wide field, only a single tree stood there lonely.
๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ง๋“ค์„ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๋‹ˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๋„“์–ด ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค.
After clearing out the unnecessary clutter in the room, the space looked very spacious.

๋†’๋‹ค

nopda
to be high
์ด ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋Š” ํ•˜๋Š˜์— ๋‹ฟ์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ํฌ๊ณ  ๋†’๋‹ค.
This tree is so tall and high it seems to touch the sky.
์ € ๋†’์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ๋ƒ‡๋ฌผ์ด ํ˜๋Ÿฌ ๋‚ด๋ ค์˜จ๋‹ค.
The stream flows down from that high place.
๋‹ด์žฅ์ด ๋†’์•„์„œ ๋‹ด์žฅ ๋„ˆ๋จธ๋กœ ์ง‘ ์•ˆ์ด ์ž˜ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
The wall is high, so you can't see inside the house over it.

๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค

dareuda
to be different
๋ง์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ์ด๋‹ค.
Speaking is the biggest way humans differ from other animals.
๊ทธ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ „๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ž˜ ์›ƒ์ง€๋„ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ง๋„ ์ค„์–ด์„œ ํ‰๋ช…ํ•ด ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Unlike before, he barely smiled and spoke less, so he even seemed a bit curt.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์ œ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์‹์„ฑ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์„œ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฉ”๋‰ด๋กœ ์‹์‚ฌ ์ค€๋น„๋ฅผ ํ•˜์…จ๋‹ค.
Each member of our family has different tastes, so Mother prepared meals with different menus.

๋˜‘๊ฐ™๋‹ค

ttokgatda
to be exactly the same
๋‚ด ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ํ”ํ•ด์„œ ๋‚˜์™€ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค.
My name is common, so there are many people with exactly the same name as me.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‘˜์€ ์‹œํ—˜ ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์‹ญ์˜ค ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์•„์„œ ์ˆœ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋งค๊ธธ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค.
Our two exam scores were exactly the same at ninety-five points, so we couldn't rank us.
์ด ์Œ๋‘ฅ์ด๋Š” ์–ผ๊ตด์ด ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์•„์„œ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
These twins have exactly the same face, so it's hard to tell them apart.

๋œจ๊ฒ๋‹ค

tteugeopda
to be hot
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•œ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์˜ ๋œจ๊ฑฐ์šด ํƒœ์–‘์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค.
We went into the shop to avoid the scorching midsummer sun.
๋‚˜๋Š” ๋œจ๊ฒ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๊ตฌ์–ด์ง„ ์‡ ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ์กŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์†์— ํ™”์ƒ์„ ์ž…๊ณ  ๋ง์•˜๋‹ค.
I touched a piece of iron that had been heated up hot and ended up burning my hand.
๋ถˆ ์œ„์— ์˜ฌ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ƒ„๋น„๋Š” ๋œจ๊ฑฐ์› ๋‹ค.
The pot placed on the fire was hot.

๋งŽ๋‹ค

manta
to be many; to be plentiful
์Šน๊ทœ๋Š” ์žฅ๋‚œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐœ๊ตฌ์Ÿ์ด์ด๋‹ค.
Seonggyu is a mischievous kid full of pranks.
๊ณ„์†๋˜๋Š” ํญ์šฐ๋กœ ์ „๊ตญ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์—์„œ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค.
Due to the ongoing heavy rain, there is a lot of damage all across the country.
๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ๋งŽ์•„์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์ข‹๋‹ค.
She has a lot of social experience, so she's good at dealing with people.

๋ง‘๋‹ค

makda
to be clear; to be clean
์ˆ ์ด ์ต์œผ๋ฉด ์ฐŒ๊บผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ฒด๋กœ ๊ฑธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด ๋ง‘์€ ์ˆ ๋งŒ ์ˆ ๋ณ‘์— ๋‹ด๋Š”๋‹ค.
Once the alcohol ferments, the sediment is strained out with a sieve, and only the clear liquor is put into the bottle.
๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์ด ๋ณด์ผ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋‹ท๋ฌผ์ด ๋ง‘์•˜๋‹ค.
The sea water was clear enough to see the bottom.
์‚ฐ ์†์˜ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ง‘์•„ ๋‚ด ๋งˆ์Œ ์†๊นŒ์ง€ ๊นจ๋—ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•˜๋‹ค.
The air in the mountains was so clear that it felt like even my mind became clean.

๋ง›์—†๋‹ค

maseopda
to be unsavory; to taste bad
์—„๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ์Œ์‹์€ ์‹ฑ๊ฒ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์งœ์„œ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ๋ง›์—†๋Š” ์Œ์‹๋“ค์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The food my mom made was either bland or salty, generally unsavory food.
๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์Œ์‹์„ ๋จน์–ด๋„ ๋ง›์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ ๊ฐ™์•˜๋‹ค.
I was full, so it felt like any food would taste bad right now.
๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด ์˜จ ๋ฐ˜์ฐฌ์ด ๋ง›์—†์–ด ๋จน๋Š” ๋‘ฅ ๋งˆ๋Š” ๋‘ฅ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The side dish he brought was so unsavory that I barely touched it.

๋ง›์žˆ๋‹ค

masitda
to be delicious; to be tasty
์ง€์ˆ˜๋„ค ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด ์ฃผ์‹  ์Œ์‹์€ ๋ง›์žˆ๋Š” ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ง›๋„ ์ข‹์•˜๋‹ค.
The food Jisu's mother made tasted as good as it smelled delicious.
๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ํŒ ๋˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์ฐฌ๋„ ์—†์ด ๋ฐฅ์„ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋ง›์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋จน์—ˆ๋‹ค.
We were so hungry that we ate the rice deliciously even without side dishes.
์ด ์‹๋‹น์€ ์Œ์‹์ด ์ •๋ง ๋ง›์žˆ์–ด์„œ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์†๋‹˜์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค.
This restaurant's food is really delicious, so it always has many customers.

๋งต๋‹ค

maepda
to be spicy
์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ฒจ์ž์˜ ํ†ก ์˜๋Š” ๋งค์šด ๋ง›์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Jisu likes the sharp, spicy taste of mustard.
๊ณ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์–ด์ฐŒ๋‚˜ ๋งค์šด์ง€ ๋ˆˆ๋ฌผ์ด ๋‚  ์ •๋„์ด๋‹ค.
The chili pepper is so spicy it brings tears to your eyes.
์˜ฌํ•ด ๋‹ด๊ทผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ง‘ ๊ณ ์ถ”์žฅ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ์œ ๋‚œํžˆ ๋งต๋‹ค.
The gochujang our family made this year is unusually spicy compared to other years.

๋ฉ‹์žˆ๋‹ค

meositda
to be nice; to be stylish
๋ฏผ์ค€์ด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ์ œ์ผ ๋ฉ‹์žˆ๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋ผ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค.
Minjun is the coolest student at our school, so he's very popular.
์œ ๋ฏผ์ด๋Š” ํŠผํŠผํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฉ‹์žˆ๋Š” ๋„์ž๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๊ป˜ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‹ค์งํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Yumin resolved to make a sturdy, nice piece of pottery and give it to her favorite teacher.
์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์˜ ๋ฉ‹์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ด์š”.
I like that actor's cool voice.

๋ฐ˜๊ฐ‘๋‹ค

bangapda
to be glad; to be joyful
์œ ๋ฏผ์ด๋Š” ์ง€์ˆ˜์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ‘๊ฒŒ ์ธ์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Yumin greeted Jisu warmly.
๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•œ ์ง€ ์‚ผ ๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋„๋ก ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์–ผ๋งˆ ์ „ ์ž„์‹ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ€์šด ์†Œ์‹์„ ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Jisu, who hadn't been able to have a child even three years after marriage, recently gave me the glad news that she was pregnant.
๋‚˜๋Š” ์˜ค๋žœ๋งŒ์— ๋งŒ๋‚œ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ€์›Œ์„œ ํ•œ์ฐธ ๋™์•ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์†์„ ๋ถ™์žก๊ณ  ๋†“์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.
I was so glad to see my hometown friend after a long time that I held his hand for a long while without letting go.
Practice for free in the app โ†’