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Korean vocabulary โ€” Qualities & Traits 4

300 words from the "Qualities & Traits 4" theme, with romanization, meaning, and example sentences where available.

์ „์œ„์ 

jeonwijeok
avant-garde; vanguard-like
๊ตฐ์ค‘๋“ค์€ ์ „์œ„์  ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋ฆฌ๋”๋กœ ์„ธ์› ๋‹ค.
The crowd made the person who acted like a vanguard leader their leader.
๊ทธ ํ™”๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ „์œ„์ ์ธ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•ด์š”.
That painter is famous for avant-garde works.
์ด ๊ณต์—ฐ์˜ ์Œ์•…์€ ๊ฝค ์ „์œ„์ ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
The music in this performance was quite avant-garde.

์ „ํ†ต์ 

jeontongjeok
traditional
ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์‹์Šต๊ด€์„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ค€์ด๋Š” ์•„์นจ์„ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฐฐ๋ถ€๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค.
Minjun, who follows traditional Korean eating habits, eats his biggest meal at breakfast.
์„ค๋‚ ์—๋Š” ์ „ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์Œ์‹์„ ๋จน์–ด์š”.
On Lunar New Year, we eat traditional food.
์ด ๋งˆ์„์€ ์ „ํ†ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„์ž๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์™”์–ด์š”.
This village has traditionally made pottery.

์ „ํญ์ 

jeonpokjjeok
full; wholehearted
ํ•™๊ต ์ถ•์ œ๋ฅผ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์น˜๋ฅด์ง€ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์˜ ์ „ํญ์  ํ˜‘์กฐ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
The students' full cooperation is needed to hold a successful school festival.
๊ฐ€์กฑ์˜ ์ „ํญ์ ์ธ ์ง€์ง€ ๋•๋ถ„์— ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
I succeeded thanks to my family's wholehearted support.
ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ „ํญ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
The company decided to fully support this project.

์ „ํ–ฅ์ 

jeonhyangjeok
forward-looking; progressive
์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ „ํ–ฅ์  ์ž์„ธ๋กœ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฃผํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
To resolve a long-standing conflict, one needs to face the other side with a forward-looking attitude.
์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ „ํ–ฅ์ ์ธ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
The government began to show a forward-looking attitude.
๊ทธ ์ œ์•ˆ์„ ์ „ํ–ฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ด ์ฃผ์‹œ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”?
Could you review that proposal in a positive light?

์ „ํ˜•์ 

jeonhyeongjeok
typical; classic
์œ ๋ฏผ์ด๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์ด ๋ฐ˜๋“ฏํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณต๋ถ€๋„ ์ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „ํ˜•์  ๋ชจ๋ฒ”์ƒ์ด๋‹ค.
Yumin is a typical model student, well-behaved and good at studying.
์ด๊ฑด ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ ์ฆ์ƒ์ด์—์š”.
These are typical summer cold symptoms.
๊ทธ ์˜ํ™”๋Š” ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ํ•ดํ”ผ์—”๋”ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋๋‚ฌ์–ด์š”.
That movie ended with a classic happy ending.

์ ˆ๋Œ€์ 

jeoldaejeok
absolute
์ง€๋‚œ ์„ ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์€ ๋ถ„์ด ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์ด ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The person who received absolute support from the people in the last election became president.
์•„์ด์—๊ฒŒ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋Š” ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ์กด์žฌ์˜ˆ์š”.
To a child, parents are absolute figures.
์ด๋ฒˆ ์ผ์€ ์ ˆ๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•ด์š”.
For this job, there's absolutely not enough time.

์ ์ง„์ 

jeomjinjeok
gradual
์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ œ๋„๋ฅผ ์ ์ง„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œํ–‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The government decided to implement the new system gradually.
์™ธ๊ตญ์–ด ์‹ค๋ ฅ์€ ์ ์ง„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Š˜์–ด์š”.
Foreign language skills improve gradually.
ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ์ ์ง„์ ์ธ ํšŒ๋ณต์„ ๋ณด์ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
The patient's condition is showing gradual recovery.

์ •๊ทœ์ 

jeonggyujeok
regular; formal
์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ป˜์„œ๋Š” ์ •๊ทœ์  ๊ฒ€์ง„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ณ„์‹ ๋‹ค.
My mother manages her health through regular check-ups.
๊ทธ๋Š” ์Œ์•…์„ ์ •๊ทœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์šด ์ ์ด ์—†์–ด์š”.
He has never formally studied music.
์ด ๋ชจ์ž„์€ ์ •๊ทœ์ ์ธ ์ผ์ •์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์—ด๋ ค์š”.
This meeting is held on a regular schedule.

์ •๊ธฐ์ 

jeonggijeok
periodic; regular
๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๊ฒ€์ง„์€ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ •๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹๋‹ค.
It's best to get regular health check-ups while you're healthy.
์ด ์žก์ง€๋Š” ์ •๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง‘์— ๋ฐฐ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์š”.
This magazine is delivered to my home regularly.
์ฐจ๋Š” ์ •๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ์ ๊ฒ€์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ•ด์š”.
A car needs regular inspections.

์ •๋žต์ 

jeongnyakjjeok
politically calculated; strategic
๊น€ ๋Œ€๊ฐ์€ ๋”ธ์„ ์„ธ๋„๊ฐ€์™€ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์‹œ์ผœ ์ •๋žต์ ์ธ ์ด๋“์„ ์–ป๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Lord Kim wanted to gain political advantage by marrying his daughter to a powerful family.
๊ทธ ๋ฒ•์•ˆ์€ ์ •๋žต์ ์ธ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ์–ด์š”.
That bill was drafted for politically calculated purposes.
์„ ๊ฑฐ ์ „์— ์ •๋žต์  ๋ฐœ์–ธ์ด ๋งŽ์•„์กŒ์–ด์š”.
Politically calculated remarks increased before the election.

์ •๋ ฅ์ 

jeongnyeokjjeok
energetic; vigorous
๊น€ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ์œก์‹ญ์ด ๋„˜์€ ๋‚˜์ด์—๋„ ํ•™๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ •๋ ฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ ์ค‘์ด๋‹ค.
Professor Kim is still energetically active in academia even past the age of sixty.
๊ทธ๋Š” ์€ํ‡ด ํ›„์—๋„ ์ •๋ ฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•ด์š”.
Even after retiring, he is vigorously active.
์ƒˆ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์ •๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด์—์š”.
The new CEO is a very energetic person.

์ •์ƒ์ 

jeongsangjeok
normal
ํ–‰์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ ˆ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ •์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
All the procedures of the event are proceeding normally.
๊ธฐ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ •์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šดํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
Are the trains running normally now?
๊ฒ€์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ •์ƒ์ ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
All the test results were normal.

์ •์ 

jeongjeok
political opponent, rival
์ง€์ง€์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ๊น€ ์˜์›์€ ๊ทธ๋งŒํผ ์ •์ ๋„ ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค.
Representative Kim, who had many supporters, also had just as many political opponents.
์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด๋Š” ์ •์  ๊ท ํ˜•๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋™์  ๊ท ํ˜•๋„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
For the human body, dynamic balance is just as important as static balance.

์ •ํ†ต์ 

jeongtongjeok
conventional, orthodox, authentic
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ •ํ†ต์  ํ•ด์„์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ์ „ ์—ฐ๊ทน์„ ๊ณต์—ฐํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
We performed the classical play using a conventional interpretation.
์ด ์‹๋‹น์€ ์ •ํ†ต์ ์ธ ์ดํƒˆ๋ฆฌ์•„ ์š”๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํŒ”์•„์š”.
This restaurant sells authentic Italian food.
๊ทธ๋Š” ์ •ํ†ต์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํƒœ๊ถŒ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์ณ์š”.
He teaches taekwondo in the orthodox way.

์ œํ•œ์ 

jehanjeok
limited, restricted
์—ฌ์„ฑ ๋‹จ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋‚™ํƒœ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ œํ•œ์  ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
The women's organization argued for the limited legalization of abortion.
์ด ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋Š” ์•„์ง ์ œํ•œ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ์ด์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
This service is still only available on a limited basis.
์ฃผ์ฐจ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ์ œํ•œ์ ์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋Œ€์ค‘๊ตํ†ต์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
Parking space is limited, so please use public transportation.

์กฐ์ง์ 

jojikjjeok
structural, systematic; a structure/system
์ฒญ๋ฐ”์ง€๋Š” ์˜ท๊ฐ์˜ ์กฐ์ง์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ๋ฐ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์งˆ๊ธฐ๋‹ค.
Jeans are very durable because the structural weave of the fabric is dense.
๊ทธ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋Š” ์กฐ์ง์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„ํš๋˜์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
That crime was planned in an organized way.
์ž์›๋ด‰์‚ฌ์ž๋“ค์ด ์กฐ์ง์ ์œผ๋กœ ์›€์ง์˜€์–ด์š”.
The volunteers moved in an organized manner.

์ข…๊ต์ 

jonggyojeok
religious; being religious
์„ธ๋ก€๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋…๊ต์—์„œ ํ–‰ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์ข…๊ต์  ์˜์‹์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Baptism is an important religious ritual practiced in Christianity.
๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ข…๊ต์ ์ธ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ ๋จน์–ด์š”.
She doesn't eat meat for religious reasons.
์ด ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์€ ์ข…๊ต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์žฅ์†Œ์˜ˆ์š”.
This building is a religiously important place.

์ข…์†์ 

jongsokjjeok
subordinate; being subordinate
๊ฐ€๋ถ€์žฅ์ œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ์–ด๋ฆฐ์•„์ด๋Š” ์ข…์†์  ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค.
In a patriarchal society, women and children have a subordinate status.
์ž‘์€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—…์— ์ข…์†์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋์–ด์š”.
The small company became subordinate to the large corporation.
๊ทธ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด์›ƒ ๋‚˜๋ผ์— ์ข…์†์ ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
That country was economically subordinate to its neighbor.

์ข…ํ•ฉ์ 

jonghapjjeok
comprehensive, all-encompassing
ํ˜„์žฌ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ตญํ†  ์ „๋ฐ˜์˜ ๊ณ ๋ฅธ ๋ฐœ์ „์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ข…ํ•ฉ์  ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ๊ณ ๋ คํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
The government is currently considering comprehensive development for the balanced growth of the whole country.
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
Let's review the various opinions comprehensively.
๋ณ‘์›์—์„œ ์ข…ํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ๊ฑด๊ฐ• ๊ฒ€์ง„์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์–ด์š”.
I had a comprehensive health checkup at the hospital.

์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ 

jugijeok
periodic, regular
์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณตํ†ต์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์„œ ๋ณ‘์›์„ ์ฐพ์•˜๋‹ค.
Jisoo went to the hospital because she was getting periodic stomachaches.
ํ™”๋ถ„์— ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌผ์„ ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
Water the plant pot periodically.
๋น„๋ฐ€๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋Š” ์ฃผ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์•„์š”.
It's good to change your password regularly.

์ฃผ๋„์ 

judojeok
leading
์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์žฅ์œผ๋กœ์„œ ์ฃผ๋„์  ์œ„์น˜์—์„œ ์ด๋ฒˆ ๋ด‰์‚ฌ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์ถ”์ง„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
As class president, Jisoo drove this volunteer activity from a leading position.
๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ํšŒ์˜์—์„œ ์ฃผ๋„์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
She played a leading role in the meeting.
์ž๊ธฐ ์ธ์ƒ์€ ์ฃผ๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ด์•„์•ผ ํ•ด์š”.
You should lead your own life actively.

์ฃผ์ˆ ์ 

jusuljeok
shamanistic, magical
์›์‹œ ์‚ฌํšŒ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ฃผ์ˆ ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ‘์„ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
In primitive societies, people tried to treat illnesses through shamanistic methods.
์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฉด์€ ์ฃผ์ˆ ์ ์ธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
This mask has a magical meaning.
์˜›๋‚  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋น„๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฉฐ ์ฃผ์ˆ ์  ์˜์‹์„ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
People long ago performed shamanistic rituals while waiting for rain.

์ฃผ์ฒด์ 

juchejeok
independent, self-directed
๋‚˜๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด์  ์ธ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
As an independent person, I can think and choose for myself.
์ฃผ์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„๋กœ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ด์š”.
It's important to decide your career path for yourself.
๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ฃผ์ฒด์ ์ธ ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด ํ•ด์š”.
She wants to live a self-directed life.

์ค‘๊ฐ„์ 

jungganjeok
in-between, middle
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ณ ์žฅ์€ ๋ถ๋ถ€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ๊ณผ ๋‚จ๋ถ€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์  ์œ„์น˜์— ์ž๋ฆฌ ์žก๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Our region is located in a spot between the northern and southern areas.
์ด ์ƒ‰์€ ๋นจ๊ฐ•๊ณผ ์ฃผํ™ฉ์˜ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ์ƒ‰์ด์—์š”.
This color is in between red and orange.
๋‘ ์˜๊ฒฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ์ค‘๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ์ทจํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
I took a middle position between the two opinions.

์ค‘๋„์ 

jungdojeok
centrist
์–ธ๋ก  ๊ธฐ๊ด€์€ ์ค‘๋„์  ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ๋‚ ์นด๋กœ์šด ๋น„ํŒ์„ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋ก ์„ ํ˜•์„ฑํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
The press should make sharp criticism from a centrist standpoint to form healthy public opinion.
๊ทธ ํ›„๋ณด๋Š” ์ค‘๋„์ ์ธ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ๋‚ด์„ธ์› ์–ด์š”.
The candidate put forward centrist policies.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ์ •์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๋„์ ์ด์—์š”.
My father is politically centrist.

์ค‘๋ฆฝ์ 

jungnipjjeok
neutral
์ •์น˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ค‘๋ฆฝ์  ์„ฑํ–ฅ์„ ๋ ๋Š” ์‹ ๋ฌธ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‚ด ๊ฟˆ์ด๋‹ค.
My dream is to create a newspaper company that is politically neutral.
์‹ฌํŒ์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ค‘๋ฆฝ์ ์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•ด์š”.
A referee must always be neutral.
์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์ค‘๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์ž…์žฅ์„ ์ง€ํ‚ฌ๊ฒŒ์š”.
I'll stay neutral on this issue.

์ค‘์„ฑ์ 

jungseongjeok
neutral, androgynous
๊ทธ ์†Œ์„ค์€ ๊ฐ์ • ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ์ค‘์„ฑ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํŠน์ง•์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค.
That novel is popular for its distinctively neutral expression of emotion.
๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ค‘์„ฑ์ ์ธ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•„์š”.
That singer is popular for their androgynous voice.
์š”์ฆ˜ ์ค‘์„ฑ์ ์ธ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์˜ ์˜ท์ด ์œ ํ–‰์ด์—์š”.
Androgynous-style clothes are in fashion these days.

์ค‘์‹ฌ์ 

jungsimjeok
central, main
์†Œ์„ค์„ ์ฝ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์  ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ์ง€ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
When reading a novel, you need to grasp what the central conflict between the characters is.
๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์—์„œ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ด์š”.
He plays a central role in this project.
์ด ๊ธ€์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์€ ๋ญ์˜ˆ์š”?
What is the main content of this text?

์ค‘์ ์ 

jungjeomjeok
focused, with emphasis
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฒˆ ํšŒ์˜์—์„œ ์‹๋Ÿ‰ ๋ถ€์กฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃฐ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
We will focus on the food shortage problem at this meeting.
์ด๋ฒˆ ํ•™๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ค‘์ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•  ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
This semester, I'll focus on studying speaking.
๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์ค‘์ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ์†ํ•ด์š”.
The police focus their crackdowns on areas with many accidents.

์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ 

jeukkkakjjeok
immediate
๊ฑด๋ฌผ ๋ถ•๊ดด ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ํ•œ ๊ตฌ๊ธ‰ ๋Œ€์›์˜ ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์ธ ๋Œ€์‘์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๋ช… ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.
Thanks to a paramedic's immediate response at the site of the building collapse, there weren't many casualties.
๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋ฉด ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
If a problem arises, let me know immediately.
์ด ์•ฝ์€ ์ฆ‰๊ฐ์ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
This medicine has an immediate effect.

์ฆ‰ํฅ์ 

jeukeungjeok
impromptu, improvised
๊ด€๊ฐ๋“ค์€ ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€์˜ ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์ฆ‰ํฅ์  ์—ฐ์ฃผ์— ๊ธฐ๋ฆฝ ๋ฐ•์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค.
The audience gave a standing ovation for the musician's excellent impromptu performance.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฆ‰ํฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์— ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
We decided on the spur of the moment to go to the sea.
๊ทธ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ์ฆ‰ํฅ์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ž˜ํ•ด์š”.
That actor is good at improvised acting.

์ง€๊ตฌ์ 

jigujeok
global
๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์ด์ œ ์ง€๊ตฌ์  ์ฐจ์›์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
Climate change has now become a global-level problem.
ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์˜ค์—ผ์€ ์ง€๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ˆ์š”.
Environmental pollution is a global problem.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง€๊ตฌ์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ด์š”.
We need to think from a global perspective.

์ง€๋Šฅ์ 

jineungjeok
intelligent, intellectual
๊ฑฐ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„ ์กฐ์ง์ด ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์˜ ๋ˆˆ์„ ํ”ผํ•ด ์ง€๋Šฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ™œ๋™ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
A huge criminal organization was operating intelligently, evading the police's watch.
์š”์ฆ˜ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜๋ฒ•์ด ์ ์  ์ง€๋Šฅ์ ์ด์—์š”.
Scam methods these days are getting smarter and smarter.
๊ทธ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ง€๋Šฅ์ ์ธ ํ”Œ๋ ˆ์ด๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•ด์š”.
That player is famous for his intelligent play.

์ง€๋ฆฌ์ 

jirijeok
geographic
์Šน๊ทœ๋„ค ์ง‘์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ง‘์—์„œ ๊ฑธ์–ด์„œ ์‹ญ ๋ถ„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ์ง€๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊น๋‹ค.
Seunggyu's house is geographically close, a ten-minute walk from my house.
์ด ๋„์‹œ๋Š” ์ง€๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตํ†ต์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ง€์˜ˆ์š”.
Geographically, this city is a transportation hub.
์ง€๋ฆฌ์  ์กฐ๊ฑด ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ด ์ง€์—ญ์€ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ์™€์š”.
Because of geographic conditions, it rains a lot in this area.

์ง€๋ฐฐ์ 

jibaejeok
dominant, ruling
๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ท€์กฑ๋“ค์€ ์ž์‹ ๋“ค์˜ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์  ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์† ์ง€ํ‚ค๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The nobles who were at the center of power tried to keep their dominant position.
์˜ฌํ•ด๋Š” ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์•„์งˆ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋Š” ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์ด์—์š”.
The dominant opinion is that the economy will improve this year.
๊ทธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ์ง€๋ฐฐ์ ์ธ ์œ„์น˜์— ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
That company holds a dominant position in the market.

์ง€์„ฑ์ 

jiseongjeok
intellectual
๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์•ž์—์„œ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ์–ต์ œํ•  ์ค„ ์•„๋Š” ์ง€์„ฑ์  ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
He said that when giving a presentation in front of others, one should have an intellectual attitude that knows how to control one's emotions.
๊ทธ๋Š” ๋งํˆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฐจ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง€์„ฑ์ ์ด์—์š”.
His way of speaking is calm and intellectual.
์ง€์„ฑ์ ์ธ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ด์š”.
I need a friend to have intellectual conversations with.

์ง€์†์ 

jisokjjeok
continuous, lasting
๊ณผ์ผ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์˜ ์ง€์†์  ํ•˜๋ฝ์œผ๋กœ ๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์˜ ์ˆ˜์ž…์ด ๊ณ„์† ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Due to the continuous decline in fruit prices, farmers' income keeps decreasing.
์ง€์†์ ์ธ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์„ฑ๊ณต์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์ ธ์š”.
Continuous effort eventually leads to success.
์ด ์•ฝ์€ ์ง€์†์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋จน์–ด์•ผ ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
This medicine works only if you take it continuously.

์ง€์—ฝ์ 

jiyeopjjeok
minor, secondary
์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ง€์—ฝ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์— ์ง‘์ฐฉํ•˜๋‹ค ๋ณด๋ฉด ํฐ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋†“์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If you obsess over minor things while working, you can miss the bigger picture.
์ง€์—ฝ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
Let's talk about the minor issues later.
๊ทธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ์ข€ ์ง€์—ฝ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
That question seems a bit beside the main point.

์ง€์ 

jijeok
indication; pointing out
์Šน๊ทœ๋Š” ๋ฐœํ‘œ์ž๋กœ ์ง€์ ์„ ๋‹นํ•œ ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ๋‹นํ™ฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์–ผ๊ตด์ด ๋ถ‰์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค.
The moment Seunggyu was singled out as the presenter, he was flustered and his face turned red.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„์ดํ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ง€์  ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
We can measure intellectual ability through an IQ test.

์ง€์ •ํ•™์ 

jijeonghakjjeok
geopolitical
ํ•œ๋ฐ˜๋„์˜ ์ง€์ •ํ•™์ ์ธ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ์—ญ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋œ๋‹ค.
Understanding the geopolitical position of the Korean Peninsula helps in understanding Korean history.
์ด ์„ฌ์€ ์ง€์ •ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•„์ฃผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ด์š”.
This island is geopolitically very important.
์ง€์ •ํ•™์  ์œ„ํ—˜ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์œ ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์˜ฌ๋ž์–ด์š”.
Oil prices rose due to geopolitical risks.

์ง๊ฐ„์ ‘์ 

jikkkanjeopjjeok
direct or indirect
๋ฌด๋ถ„๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ง๊ฐ„์ ‘์  ์ž์—ฐ ํŒŒ๊ดด๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Reckless construction caused direct or indirect destruction of nature.
๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ง๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์คฌ์–ด์š”.
That incident affected many people directly or indirectly.
์—ฌํ–‰์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ์ง๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฝํ—˜ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
Through travel, I experienced various cultures directly and indirectly.

์ง๊ฐ์ 

jikkkamjeok
intuitive
๋‚˜์˜ ์ง๊ฐ์  ํŒ๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฒ”์ธ์ธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.
Based on my intuitive judgment, he seems to be the culprit.
์ €๋Š” ์ง๊ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ์ž˜๋ชป๋๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋А๊ผˆ์–ด์š”.
I intuitively felt that something was wrong.
์ง๊ฐ์ ์ธ ์„ ํƒ์ด ๋งž์„ ๋•Œ๋„ ๋งŽ์•„์š”.
Gut choices are often right.

์ง๊ด€์ 

jikkkwanjeok
intuitive
๋ฐ• ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ด ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ง๊ด€์  ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ง์”€ํ•˜์…จ๋‹ค.
Professor Park stated his intuitive view on this case.
์ด ์•ฑ์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์•„์ฃผ ์ง๊ด€์ ์ด์—์š”.
This app is very intuitive to use.
๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ง๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
If you look at the picture, you can understand it intuitively.

์ง์„ ์ 

jiksseonjeok
straight
์ด๋ฒˆ ๊ฒจ์šธ์—๋Š” ๋”ฑ ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์ผ์ž์˜ ์ง์„ ์ ์ธ ์‹ค๋ฃจ์—ฃ์˜ ์ฝ”ํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์œ ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
This winter, coats with a clean, straight silhouette are in fashion.
์ด ๋„๋กœ๋Š” ์ง์„ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ญ‰ ๋ป—์–ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
This road stretches out in a straight line.
๊ทธ ๊ฑด์ถ•๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ง์„ ์ ์ธ ๋””์ž์ธ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ด์š”.
That architect likes straight-lined designs.

์ง์„ค์ 

jiksseoljeok
straight-talking; blunt
์Šน๊ทœ๋Š” ๋งํˆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง์„ค์ ์ด์–ด์„œ ๋…์„ค๊ฐ€๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค.
Seunggyu is famous for being a sharp-tongued person because his way of speaking is so blunt.
์ง์„ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ•ด์„œ ๋ฏธ์•ˆํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฑด ํ‹€๋ ธ์–ด์š”.
Sorry to be blunt, but that's wrong.
๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์ง์„ค์ ์ธ ์ถฉ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ํฐ ๋„์›€์ด ๋์–ด์š”.
Her blunt advice was a big help.

์ง์—…์ 

jigeopjjeok
professional
์‚ฌ์ดŒ ์˜ค๋น ๋Š” ์ง์—…์  ์šด๋™ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋งค์ผ ๊ณ ๋œ ์‹ ์ฒด ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
My cousin, a professional athlete, undergoes tough physical training every day.
์˜์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž์˜ ๋น„๋ฐ€์„ ์ง€ํ‚ฌ ์ง์—…์  ์˜๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
Doctors have a professional duty to keep their patients' secrets.
์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ผํ•˜๋‹ค ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ์ง์—…์ ์ธ ์Šต๊ด€์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ์–ด์š”.
After working for a long time, I developed occupational habits.

์ง์ ‘์ 

jikjjeopjjeok
direct
์‚ฌ๊ฑด ํ˜„์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋œ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ง€๋ฌธ์€ ๋ฒ”ํ–‰์˜ ์ง์ ‘์  ์ฆ๊ฑฐ์˜€๋‹ค.
His fingerprint found at the crime scene was direct evidence of the crime.
์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ์ง์ ‘์ ์ธ ์›์ธ์€ ๊ณผ์†์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
The direct cause of the accident was speeding.
๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒํ•œํ…Œ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋•Œ์š”?
Why don't you ask that person directly?

์ง„๋ณด์ 

jinbojeok
progressive
์ง„๋ณด์  ์ •๋‹น์ด ๊ธฐ์กด ์ •์ฑ…์˜ ์ˆ˜์ •์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The progressive party demanded a revision of existing policies.
๊ทธ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ง„๋ณด์ ์ธ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋ถ„์ด์—์š”.
That professor is someone with progressive ideas.
์ด ์‹ ๋ฌธ์€ ์ง„๋ณด์ ์ธ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ๋‹ด์•„์š”.
This newspaper carries many progressive voices.

์ง„์ทจ์ 

jinchwijeok
progressive; enterprising
์œ ๋ฏผ์ด๋Š” ๊ฟˆ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฌด์—‡์ด๋“  ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง„์ทจ์ ์ธ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค.
Yumin has an enterprising disposition, working hard at anything for the sake of her dream.
์ Š์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ง„์ทจ์ ์ธ ํƒœ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์ข‹์•„์š”.
It's nice to see the enterprising attitude of young people.
๊ทธ๋Š” ๋Š˜ ์ง„์ทจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ผ์— ๋„์ „ํ•ด์š”.
He always boldly takes on new challenges.

์งˆ์ 

jiljeok
qualitative
์ด ์ƒํ’ˆ์€ ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์šฐ์ˆ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ๋„ ์ €๋ ดํ•˜๋‹ค.
This product is qualitatively excellent and also inexpensive.
์ด์ œ๋Š” ์–‘๋ณด๋‹ค ์งˆ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ์žฅ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ด์š”.
Now we need qualitative growth rather than quantity.
์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์งˆ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚˜์•„์กŒ์–ด์š”.
The service has improved a lot in quality.

์ง‘๋‹จ์ 

jipttanjeok
collective
์ฒ ์ƒˆ๋“ค์€ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์–ด์„œ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋™์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Migratory birds form flocks and move collectively.
์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ์ง‘๋‹จ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๋ƒˆ์–ด์š”.
The residents collectively voiced their opposition.
๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ง‘๋‹จ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์–ต์œผ๋กœ ๋‚จ์•˜์–ด์š”.
The incident remained in people's collective memory.

์ง‘๋‹จ์ฃผ์˜์ 

jipttanjuuijeok
collectivistic
๊ตฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ์ง‘๋‹จ์ฃผ์˜์  ์ฒด์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ทผ๊ฐ„์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
The military is founded on a collectivistic system.
์ง‘๋‹จ์ฃผ์˜์  ๋ฌธํ™”์—์„œ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ๋ณด๋‹ค ํŒ€์ด ๋จผ์ €์˜ˆ์š”.
In a collectivistic culture, the team comes before the individual.
๊ทธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ง‘๋‹จ์ฃผ์˜์ ์ด์—์š”.
That company's atmosphere is too collectivistic.

์ง‘์•ฝ์ 

jibyakjjeok
integrating; intensive
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ ํ•œ๊ตญ์€ ๋…ธ๋™ ๋ฐ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ง‘์•ฝ์  ๊ธฐ๊ณ„ ๊ณต์—…์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค.
In the past, Korea achieved effective economic development through labor- and technology-intensive machinery industries.
๋ฐ˜๋„์ฒด ์‚ฐ์—…์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ  ์ง‘์•ฝ์  ์‚ฐ์—…์ด์—์š”.
The semiconductor industry is a technology-intensive industry.
์ด ์ฑ…์—๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์ด ์ง‘์•ฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ด๊ฒจ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
This book contains his thoughts in condensed form.

์ง‘์ค‘์ 

jipjjungjeok
intensive
์Šคํƒ€ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์˜ ์Šค์บ”๋“ค์ด ํ„ฐ์ง€์ž ๊ธฐ์ž๋“ค์€ ์•ž์„ ๋‹คํ‰ˆ ์Šค์บ”๋“ค์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ง‘์ค‘์  ์ทจ์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฒŒ์˜€๋‹ค.
When the star actor's scandal broke, reporters rushed to intensively cover the other party in the scandal.
์‹œํ—˜ ์ „์— ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์„ ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
I studied grammar intensively before the exam.
ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ์ค‘ํ™˜์ž์‹ค์—์„œ ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์ธ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
The patient is receiving intensive treatment in the ICU.

์ง•๋ฒŒ์ 

jingbeoljeok
punitive
์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ถ€๋™์‚ฐ ํˆฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ง•๋ฒŒ์  ๊ณผ์„ธ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The government imposed punitive taxation on people who speculated in real estate.
์Œ์ฃผ ์šด์ „์—๋Š” ์ง•๋ฒŒ์ ์ธ ๋ฒŒ๊ธˆ์„ ๋ฌผ๋ ค์•ผ ํ•ด์š”.
Drunk drivers should face punitive fines.
์ง•๋ฒŒ์  ์†ํ•ด ๋ฐฐ์ƒ ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋„์ž…๋์–ด์š”.
A punitive damages system was introduced.

์ฐจ๋ณ„์ 

chabyeoljeok
discriminatory
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—๋Š” ์‹ ๋ถ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์  ์ œ๋„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์กŒ๋‹ค.
In the past there was a discriminatory system based on social status, but it has now disappeared.
์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ ์ธ ๋ง์€ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
Don't make discriminatory remarks about foreigners.
๊ทธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ง์›์„ ์ฐจ๋ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
That company treated female employees in a discriminatory way.

์ฐฝ์˜์ 

changuijeok
creative (able to devise something new that did not exist before)
๋ฏผ์ค€์ด๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์˜์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Minjun solved the difficult problem in a creative way.
์•„์ด๋“ค์˜ ์ฐฝ์˜์ ์ธ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด ์ •๋ง ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
The children's creative drawings are really fun.
์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฐฝ์˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ’€์–ด ๋ณผ๊นŒ์š”?
Shall we try solving this problem creatively?

์ฐฝ์กฐ์ 

changjojeok
creative (creating or achieving something new and original for the first time)
ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋ฌผ์„ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ ์ธ ์‹œ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณธ๋‹ค.
A great artist looks at everything with a creative eye.
๊ทธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ ์ธ ์ธ์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
That company is looking for creative talent.
์˜ˆ์ˆ ์€ ์ฐฝ์กฐ์ ์ธ ํ™œ๋™์ด์—์š”.
Art is a creative activity.

์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์ 

cheonmunhakjjeok
astronomical (of astronomy; also: enormous)
์œ ๋ฏผ์ด๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ์— ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋งŽ์•„ ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์  ์ง€์‹์„ ์–ป๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฑ…์„ ์ฝ๋Š”๋‹ค.
Yumin is very interested in space and reads books to gain astronomical knowledge.
์šฐ์ฃผ ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์€ ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฐ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
The space telescope has great astronomical significance.
๊ทธ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์„ ์ง“๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ฒœ๋ฌธํ•™์ ์ธ ๋ˆ์ด ๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
Building that cost an astronomical amount of money.

์ฒœ๋ถ€์ 

cheonbujeok
innate; inherent (existing from birth)
์ง€์ˆ˜์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ ์‹ค๋ ฅ์€ ๋‚จ๋ณด๋‹ค ์›”๋“ฑํ•œ ์ฒœ๋ถ€์  ์†Œ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Jisoo's singing ability comes from an innate talent far superior to others'.
๊ทธ ์•„์ด๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์— ์ฒœ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ์žฌ๋Šฅ์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
That child has an innate talent for drawing.
์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ž์œ ๋Š” ์ฒœ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ์˜ˆ์š”.
Human freedom is an inherent right.

์ฒœํŽธ์ผ๋ฅ ์ 

cheonpyeonillyuljeok
monotonous; uniform (many things being almost identical with no unique characteristics)
์—ฐํ•˜์žฅ์—๋Š” ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ์ฒœํŽธ์ผ๋ฅ ์  ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์ ํ˜€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The New Year's card had a monotonous message with the exact same content.
์š”์ฆ˜ ๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ๋Š” ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด ์ฒœํŽธ์ผ๋ฅ ์ ์ด์—์š”.
Dramas these days all have the same monotonous plots.
์ฒœํŽธ์ผ๋ฅ ์ ์ธ ๊ต์œก์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์„ฑ์„ ํ‚ค์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์–ด์š”.
You can't nurture individuality with uniform education.

์ฒ ํ•™์ 

cheolhakjjeok
philosophical (based on or related to philosophy)
๊ฐ๋…์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ฒ ํ•™์ ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ์—์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The director made a film that dealt with our society's problems from a philosophical perspective.
์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€๋” ์ฒ ํ•™์ ์ธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ•ด์š”.
My child sometimes asks philosophical questions.
๊ทธ ๋…ธ๋ž˜ ๊ฐ€์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฝค ์ฒ ํ•™์ ์ด์—์š”.
The lyrics of that song are quite philosophical.

์ฒญ๋Ÿ‰ํ•˜๋‹ค

cheongnyanghada
clear (of a sound, being clear and bright)
ํ•˜ํ”„์˜ ์ฒญ๋Ÿ‰ํ•œ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค์ผ€์ŠคํŠธ๋ผ์™€ ์ž˜ ์–ด์šธ๋ ธ๋‹ค.
The harp's clear sound blended well with the orchestra.
์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ๊ณ„๊ณก์˜ ์ฒญ๋Ÿ‰ํ•œ ๋ฌผ์— ๋ฐœ์„ ๋‹ด๊ทธ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์žฅ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ณค๋‹ค.
The children dipped their feet in the refreshing valley water and splashed around.

์ฒด๊ณ„์ 

chegyejeok
systematic (organized in stages according to certain principles)
๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ•™์„ ์•Œ์ฐจ๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์ธ ๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์› ๋‹ค.
I made a systematic plan to spend my vacation productively.
์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฐฐ์› ์–ด์š”.
I learned how to manage my time systematically.
์ด ๊ต์žฌ๋Š” ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฒด๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด์š”.
This textbook explains grammar systematically.

์ฒด๋ ฅ์ 

cheryeokjjeok
physical (relating to the body's strength or energy to perform physical activities)
์˜ฌ๋ฆผํ”ฝ์—์„œ ๊ธˆ๋ฉ”๋‹ฌ์„ ๋”ด ์ˆ˜์˜์„ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ฒด๋ ฅ์  ํ•œ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์€ํ‡ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The swimmer who won an Olympic gold medal retired due to physical limitations.
์•ผ๊ทผ์ด ๊ณ„์†๋˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ฒด๋ ฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํž˜๋“ค์–ด์š”.
With continuous overtime, it's physically very exhausting.
๋“ฑ์‚ฐ์€ ์ฒด๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ์ค€๋น„๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ด์š”.
Hiking requires physical preparation.

์ดˆ์›”์ 

chowoljeok
transcendental (surpassing realistic and normal limits)
ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜๋…€์˜ ์ดˆ์›”์  ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์„ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํ•œ ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ฐ์ƒ๋ฌธ์„ ์ผ๋‹ค.
The students watched a movie about a nun's transcendental love and wrote a reflection.
๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ์ดˆ์›”์ ์ธ ํƒœ๋„๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์˜€์–ด์š”.
He accepted the pain with a transcendent attitude.
๋งŽ์€ ์ข…๊ต๋Š” ์ดˆ์›”์ ์ธ ์กด์žฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฏฟ์–ด์š”.
Many religions believe in a transcendent being.

์ดˆ์ธ๊ฐ„์ 

choinganjeok
superhuman (an ability far excelling that of an ordinary person)
๋ฐ• ํšŒ์žฅ์€ ๋ณดํ†ต์˜ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ดˆ์ธ๊ฐ„์  ์นด๋ฆฌ์Šค๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์กฐ์ง์„ ์ด๋Œ์–ด ๊ฐ„๋‹ค.
Chairman Park leads the organization with a superhuman charisma unlike an ordinary person's.
๊ทธ ์‚ฐ์•…์ธ์€ ์ดˆ์ธ๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ์ธ๋‚ด์‹ฌ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์คฌ์–ด์š”.
That mountaineer showed superhuman patience.
์ดˆ์ธ๊ฐ„์ ์ธ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ด ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ๋งŒํ™”์˜ˆ์š”.
It's a comic featuring a hero with superhuman abilities.

์ดˆ์ธ์ 

choinjeok
superhuman (an ability far excelling that of an ordinary person)
๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์˜ค๋Š” ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ดˆ์ธ์  ํž˜์œผ๋กœ ํ•ธ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ๋ ค ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ๋ง‰์•˜๋‹ค.
Seeing the oncoming car, she turned the wheel with superhuman strength to avoid the accident.
๊ทธ๋Š” ์ดˆ์ธ์ ์ธ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ‘์„ ์ด๊ฒจ ๋ƒˆ์–ด์š”.
He overcame his illness with superhuman effort.
๊ทธ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์ณค๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ์ดˆ์ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ„ํ…จ ์™„์ฃผํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
Despite an injured leg, the athlete held on superhumanly and finished the race.

์ดˆ์ž์—ฐ์ 

chojayeonjeok
supernatural (caused by a mysterious being or power that natural science cannot explain)
์Šน๊ทœ๋Š” UFO๋‚˜ ์™ธ๊ณ„์ธ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ์ดˆ์ž์—ฐ์ ์ธ ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๋Š”๋‹ค.
Seunggyu believes that supernatural beings like UFOs and aliens exist.
๊ทธ ์˜ํ™”๋Š” ์ดˆ์ž์—ฐ์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ๋‹ค๋ค„์š”.
That movie deals with supernatural phenomena.
์˜›๋‚  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฒˆ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ์ž์—ฐ์ ์ธ ํž˜์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
People long ago thought lightning was a supernatural power.

์ดˆํ˜„๋Œ€์ 

chohyeondaejeok
ultra-modern (exceeding the ordinary level of the present)
์œ ํ•™์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ดˆํ˜„๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๊ฐ๊ฐ์„ ์ตํžŒ ๊ฑด์ถ•๊ฐ€๋Š” ํš๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The architect who developed an ultra-modern sense while studying abroad created a groundbreaking building.
์ด ๊ณตํ•ญ์€ ์‹œ์„ค์ด ์ดˆํ˜„๋Œ€์ ์ด์—์š”.
This airport's facilities are ultra-modern.
์ „ํ†ต ํ•œ์˜ฅ ์˜†์— ์ดˆํ˜„๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๋นŒ๋”ฉ์ด ์„œ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
An ultra-modern building stands next to a traditional hanok.

์ด๊ด„์ 

chonggwaljeok
general; comprehensive (gathering and connecting things scattered here and there)
๋ฐ• ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„œ๋ฅ˜ ์ž‘์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฌผํ’ˆ ๊ตฌ์ž…์˜ ์ด๊ด„์  ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋งก๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Assistant Manager Park is in charge of the comprehensive management of document preparation and purchasing supplies.
์ด๋ฒˆ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์˜ ์ด๊ด„์ ์ธ ์ฑ…์ž„์€ ์ €ํ•œํ…Œ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
The overall responsibility for this event lies with me.
์˜ฌํ•ด ์‚ฌ์—…์„ ์ด๊ด„์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
We will make an overall assessment of this year's business.

์ด์ฒด์ 

chongchejeok
general; overall (adding or binding everything into one whole)
๊ธˆ์œต ์œ„๊ธฐ์™€ ์™ธ๊ต์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ด์ฒด์  ๋‚œ๊ตญ์— ๋น ์กŒ๋‹ค.
Due to the financial crisis and diplomatic issues, the government fell into an overall predicament.
์ด๋ฒˆ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ์•ˆ์ „ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ด์ฒด์ ์ธ ์‹คํŒจ์˜ˆ์š”.
This accident is a total failure of safety management.
๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์ด์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ด์•ผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
You can only solve the problem by looking at it as a whole.

์ด์ดํ•˜๋‹ค

chongchonghada
bright and starry (a sky being clear and bright with dense stars)
๋‹ฌ์ด ํ™˜ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐคํ•˜๋Š˜์„ ๋น„์ถ”๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ , ๋ณ„๋“ค์€ ์ด์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋น›๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The moon shone brightly over the night sky, and the stars twinkled brilliantly.
๊ธฐ์ฐจ์˜ ์ถœ๋ฐœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ค์ž ํ”Œ๋žซํผ์˜ ์Šน๊ฐ๋“ค์€ ์ด์ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๊ฑธ์Œ์„ ์˜ฎ๊ฒผ๋‹ค.
As the train's departure time approached, the passengers on the platform hurried along.

์ตœ์ข…์ 

choejongjeok
final; last (coming at the very end)
์˜ค๋Š˜ ํšŒ์˜์—์„œ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ƒํ’ˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐํš์ด ์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ†ต๊ณผ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
At today's meeting, the plan for the next product was finally approved.
์ตœ์ข…์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ์ฃผ์— ๋‚˜์™€์š”.
The final results come out next week.
์ตœ์ข…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?
Who makes the final decision?

์ถ”์ƒ์ 

chusangjeok
abstract (not taking a fixed form or characteristic)
์ถ”์ƒ์  ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ผ์ˆ˜๋ก ํ•ด์„์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ๋ถ„๋ถ„ํ•˜๋‹ค.
The more abstract a work is, the more divided opinions about its interpretation become.
์„ค๋ช…์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ถ”์ƒ์ ์ด๋ผ์„œ ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ ๋ผ์š”.
The explanation is too abstract, so I don't understand it.
์‚ฌ๋ž‘์€ ์ถ”์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด์—์š”.
Love is an abstract concept.

์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ 

chunggyeokjjeok
shocking (causing a mental shock)
์ด ์˜ํ™”๋Š” ๊ด€๊ฐ์˜ ์˜ˆ์ธก๊ณผ๋Š” ์ „ํ˜€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์  ๊ฒฐ๋ง๋กœ ํ™”์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
This movie became a topic of conversation for its shocking ending, completely different from what audiences expected.
๊ทธ ๋‰ด์Šค๋Š” ์ •๋ง ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
That news was truly shocking.
์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์–ด์š”.
A shocking fact came to light.

์ถฉ๋™์ 

chungdongjeok
impulsive (wanting to do a certain thing suddenly)
๋‚˜๋Š” ํ‰์†Œ์— ์ถฉ๋™์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ผ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค.
I often ruin things because of my usually impulsive personality.
์ถฉ๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„์‹ผ ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์„ ์ƒ€์–ด์š”.
I impulsively bought an expensive bag.
์ถฉ๋™์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ์ •์€ ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ํ›„ํšŒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
You may regret impulsive decisions later.

์น˜๋ช…์ 

chimyeongjeok
fatal; lethal
๊ทธ ์ค‘ํ™˜์ž๋Š” ์น˜๋ช…์  ์ƒ์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ์ž…์–ด์„œ ๋„์ €ํžˆ ์†Œ์ƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค.
The critical patient had suffered a fatal wound and seemed unable to be revived.
์ด ๋ฒ„์„ฏ์—๋Š” ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ๋…์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
This mushroom contains a lethal poison.
๊ทธ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒ€์—๊ฒŒ ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
That mistake was fatal for our team.

์น˜์š•์ 

chiyokjjeok
humiliating; disgraceful
๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ ํฌ๋กฑ์„ ๋‹นํ•œ ์น˜์š•์  ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ์žŠ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
I still haven't forgotten the humiliating past when he harassed me.
๊ทธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒ€์—๊ฒŒ ์น˜์š•์ ์ธ ํŒจ๋ฐฐ์˜€์–ด์š”.
That game was a humiliating defeat for our team.
๋ชจ๋‘ ์•ž์—์„œ ํ˜ผ๋‚˜์„œ ์น˜์š•์ ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
It was humiliating to be scolded in front of everyone.

์นœํ™”์ 

chinhwajeok
friendly
๋‘ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์นœํ™”์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ด ์™”๋‹ค.
The two countries have maintained a friendly relationship for a long time.
์ด ๊ณต์›์€ ๋ฐ˜๋ ค๋™๋ฌผ ์นœํ™”์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด์—์š”.
This park is a pet-friendly space.
๊ทธ๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ์นœํ™”์ ์ด๋ผ์„œ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•„์š”.
He has a friendly personality, so he has many friends.

์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ 

chinhwangyeongjeok
eco-friendly
๋ฏผ์ค€์ด๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ ์ธ ์„ธ์ œ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋นจ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Minjun does laundry only with eco-friendly detergent to protect the environment.
์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ ์ธ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ด์š”.
I try to buy eco-friendly products.
์ด ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์€ ์นœํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์–ด์กŒ์–ด์š”.
This building was constructed in an eco-friendly way.

ํฌ๋‹ค

keuda
grow
๋ฌผ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ์ฃผ๋ฉด ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ๋‚˜๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ํฌ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.
They say that giving too much water actually stunts a tree's growth.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ˜•์€ ๋†๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋‹ค.
My older brother is as tall as a basketball player.

ํƒ€์‚ฐ์ 

tasanjeok
calculating; selfish
์š”์ฆ˜ ์ Š์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์˜ˆ์ „์— ๋น„ํ•ด ํƒ€์‚ฐ์  ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ๊ด€์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Young people these days have a more calculating view of marriage compared to before.
๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํƒ€์‚ฐ์ ์ด๋ผ์„œ ๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์š”.
That person is too calculating, so it's hard to trust him.
์นœ๊ตฌ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํƒ€์‚ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
Don't think about friendships in a calculating way.

ํƒ€์„ฑ์ 

taseongjeok
habitual; inert
์‚ถ์— ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋ ค๋ฉด ํ˜„์žฌ์˜ ํƒ€์„ฑ์  ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๋–จ์ณ ๋ฒ„๋ ค์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
If you want to bring change to your life, you must shake off your current habitual attitude.
๋งค์ผ ํƒ€์„ฑ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ๊ทผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์ง€๊ฒจ์›Œ์š”.
I'm tired of going to work every day out of mere habit.
ํƒ€์„ฑ์ ์ธ ํšŒ์˜๋Š” ์ด์ œ ๊ทธ๋งŒํ–ˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์ข‹๊ฒ ์–ด์š”.
I wish we'd stop having meetings just out of habit.

ํƒ€์œจ์ 

tayuljeok
heteronomous; other-directed
ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ํƒ€์œจ์  ์‹ค์ฒœ์ด ๋” ๋‚ซ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค.
I think heteronomous action is better than not acting at all.
ํƒ€์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๋ถ€๋Š” ์˜ค๋ž˜๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
Studying because others make you doesn't last long.
์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์ผ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ํƒ€์œจ์ ์ธ ํƒœ๋„๋Š” ๊ณ ์ณ์•ผ ํ•ด์š”.
The other-directed habit of only doing what you're told needs to change.

ํƒ„๋ ฅ์ 

tallyeokjjeok
tensible; flexible
ํƒ„๋ ฅ์  ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ์‹ ๋ฐœ์„ ์‹ ์œผ๋ฉด ์˜ค๋ž˜ ๊ฑธ์–ด๋„ ๋ฐœ์ด ์•„ํ”„์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค.
If you wear shoes made of flexible material, your feet won't hurt even after walking a long time.
๊ทผ๋ฌด ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ํƒ„๋ ฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
More companies are running flexible working hours.
์ด ์šด๋™์€ ํ”ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํƒ„๋ ฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ค˜์š”.
This exercise makes your skin more elastic.

ํƒ์š•์ 

tamyokjjeok
greedy; covetous
์ตœ๊ทผ ๋Œ€๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ํƒ์š•์  ์‚ฌ์—… ํ™•์žฅ์€ ์„œ๋ฏผ ๊ฒฝ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ”๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
The large corporation's recent greedy business expansion is shaking the ordinary people's economy.
๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์žฅ์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํƒ์š•์ ์ด๋ผ์„œ ์ง์›๋“ค์ด ๋– ๋‚ฌ์–ด์š”.
The boss was so greedy that the employees left.
ํƒ์š•์ ์ธ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ๋กœ ์ˆฒ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
Forests are disappearing because of greedy development.

ํ†ต๊ณ„์ 

tonggyejeok
statistical
์ด ์ž๋ฃŒ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ํ†ต๊ณ„์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ˆ˜์น˜ํ™”ํ•ด์„œ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
In the case of this data, it needs to be quantified and examined using statistical methods.
ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์— ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๊ฐ€ ๋” ๋งŽ์•„์š”.
Statistically, there are more accidents in summer.
์ด ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ํ†ต๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
Is this difference statistically significant?

ํ†ต์ƒ์ 

tongsangjeok
usual; general
๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ์ด๋ฒˆ ์ ˆ๋„ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ๊ทธ์ € ํ†ต์ƒ์  ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The police took the position that this theft incident was nothing more than a usual case.
ํ†ต์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์†ก์€ ์‚ฌํ˜ ์ •๋„ ๊ฑธ๋ ค์š”.
Delivery usually takes about three days.
์ด๊ฑด ํ†ต์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ ˆ์ฐจ์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
This is a standard procedure, so don't worry.

ํ†ต์†์ 

tongsokjjeok
conventional
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ†ต์†์  ๋„๋•์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋„์ €ํžˆ ์šฉ์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋…”๋‹ค.
They went around doing things that could never be tolerated by conventional morals.
๊ทธ ์†Œ์„ค์€ ํ†ต์†์ ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
That novel is popular fiction, but it's fun.
ํ†ต์†์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์— ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์šธ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
Many people cried at the melodramatic love story.

ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ 

tonghapjjeok
integrating; consolidating
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋“ค์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์  ๋ถ„์„์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ด๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋†“์•˜๋‹ค.
We put forward a new theory through an integrated analysis of the results.
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ณผ๋ชฉ์„ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์ˆ˜์—…์ด์—์š”.
It's a class that teaches several subjects in an integrated way.
๋‘ ๋ถ€์„œ์˜ ํ†ตํ•ฉ์  ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•„์š”ํ•ด์š”.
Integrated management of the two departments is needed.

ํ‡ดํ์ 

toepyejeok
decadent; declining
๋ฏผ์ค€์ด์™€ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ํ‡ดํ์  ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ ์ˆ ์ง‘์—์„œ ์ˆ ์„ ๋งˆ์…จ๋‹ค.
Minjun and his friends drank at a bar with a decadent atmosphere.
๊ทธ ์˜ํ™”๋Š” ํ‡ดํ์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๋…ผ๋ž€์ด ๋์–ด์š”.
That movie became controversial because of its decadent atmosphere.
ํ‡ดํ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์œ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ์ค˜์š”.
Decadent culture has a bad influence on teenagers.

ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•˜๋‹ค

teukssuhada
unusual; unique; special
ํ™”ํ๋ฅผ ์ œ์ž‘ํ•  ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ๋ถˆ๋ฒ• ๋ณต์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฉ์ง€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ์ž‰ํฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค.
When making currency, special ink is used to prevent illegal copying.
๋ฏผ์ค€์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์ž˜ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ํŠน์ˆ˜ํ•œ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Minjun has an extraordinary ability to read people well.

ํŠน์ง•์ 

teukjjingjeok
distinct; peculiar
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ณ„ ๋ฌธํ™”์˜ ํŠน์ง•์  ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ค‘์ ์„ ๋‘์—ˆ๋‹ค.
We focused on grasping the distinct trends of each era's culture.
์ด ์ง€์—ญ ์‚ฌํˆฌ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ต์–‘์ด ํŠน์ง•์ ์ด์—์š”.
The dialect of this region has a distinctive intonation.
์ด ๋ณ‘์˜ ํŠน์ง•์ ์ธ ์ฆ์ƒ์€ ์—ด์ด์—์š”.
The characteristic symptom of this disease is fever.

ํŒŒ๊ฒฉ์ 

pagyeokjjeok
shocking; unconventional
๊ทธ๋Š” ํŒŒ๊ฒฉ์  ์‹œ๋„๋ฅผ ์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ต‰์žฅํ•œ ์„ ํ’์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๋‹ค.
He caused a great sensation in the art world by presenting an unconventional attempt.
์ด๋ฒˆ ์‹ ์ œํ’ˆ์€ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ํŒŒ๊ฒฉ์ ์ด์—์š”.
The price of this new product is incredibly low.
๊ทธ๋Š” ํŒŒ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ์–‘์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ฌ์–ด์š”.
He showed up with an unconventional hairstyle.

ํŒŒ๊ดด์ 

pagoejeok
destructive; devastating
์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ฐธ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ๋ถ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ํŒŒ๊ดด์  ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์„œ ๊ฑฑ์ •์Šค๋Ÿฝ๋‹ค.
I'm worried because the child couldn't control his anger and showed destructive behavior, breaking things.
ํƒœํ’์ด ํŒŒ๊ดด์ ์ธ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ์–ด์š”.
The typhoon left devastating damage.
๋ถ„๋…ธ๋ฅผ ํŒŒ๊ดด์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋ผ์š”.
You shouldn't express anger destructively.

ํŒŒ๊ตญ์ 

pagukjjeok
catastrophic
๊ธˆ์œต ์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํŒŒ๊ตญ์  ์ƒํ™ฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค.
The financial crisis developed into a catastrophic situation and led to an economic crisis.
๋Œ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์—†์œผ๋ฉด ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ํŒŒ๊ตญ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
Without communication, a relationship can end catastrophically.
์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ํŒŒ๊ตญ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐํ›„ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
Experts warned of catastrophic climate change.

ํŒŒ์ƒ์ 

pasangjeok
wavy; wavelike; repeated
์ˆ˜๋งŽ์€ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋“ค์„ ์•ž์„ธ์šด ์ ์˜ ํŒŒ์ƒ์  ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์—๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋๋‚ด ํ•ญ๋ณตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.
Even under the enemy's repeated waves of attack with countless soldiers, we never surrendered.
์ƒ๋Œ€ ํŒ€์€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์— ํŒŒ์ƒ์ ์ธ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ํŽผ์ณค์–ด์š”.
The other team launched wave after wave of attacks in the second half.
๋…ธ์กฐ๋Š” ํŒŒ์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒŒ์—…์„ ์ด์–ด ๊ฐ”์–ด์š”.
The union continued its strikes in repeated waves.

ํŒŒํ–‰์ 

pahaengjeok
crippled; not working smoothly
๊ตฌ๋‹จ์ฃผ์˜ ๋…๋‹จ์ ์ธ ์ผ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํŒ€์˜ ํŒŒํ–‰์  ์šด์˜์œผ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค.
The team owner's high-handed handling of affairs led to the team's crippled operation.
๊ตญํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉฐ์น ์งธ ํŒŒํ–‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
The National Assembly has been running dysfunctionally for days.
ํšŒ์˜๊ฐ€ ํŒŒํ–‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋๋‚˜์„œ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
The meeting ended in disarray with no conclusion.

ํŽธํŒŒ์ 

pyeonpajeok
partial; biased
๋ฐ• ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊น€ ๊ต์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์ฃผ๊ด€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ํŽธํŒŒ์  ๊ฐ•์˜๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ณต๊ฒฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Professor Park attacked Professor Kim for giving biased lectures based on his own subjective views.
๊ทธ ์‹ฌํŒ์˜ ํŒ์ •์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํŽธํŒŒ์ ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
That referee's call was too biased.
๋‰ด์Šค๋ฅผ ํŽธํŒŒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด๋„ํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋ผ์š”.
The news shouldn't be reported in a biased way.

ํŽธํ–ฅ์ 

pyeonhyangjeok
inclining; tending
์ด๋ฒˆ ๊ฒฐ์ •์€ ํ•œ์ชฝ์œผ๋กœ ์น˜์šฐ์นœ ๊ทธ์˜ ํŽธํ–ฅ์  ์‹œ๊ฐ์„ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค.
This decision revealed his biased perspective, leaning to one side.
ํŽธํ–ฅ์ ์ธ ์ •๋ณด๋งŒ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ์ข์•„์ ธ์š”.
If you only look at biased information, your thinking narrows.
๊ทธ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด ํŽธํ–ฅ์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ง€์ ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์–ด์š”.
That survey was criticized for having biased questions.

ํ‰๊ท ์ 

pyeonggyunjeok
average; mean
์ด๋ฒˆ ์‹œํ—˜ ํ•ฉ๊ฒฉ์ž๋“ค์˜ ํ‰๊ท ์  ๊ณต๋ถ€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์€ ์‚ฌ ๋…„์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The average study period for those who passed this exam was four years.
ํ•œ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํ‰๊ท ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ช‡ ์‹œ์— ํ‡ด๊ทผํ•ด์š”?
On average, what time do Koreans leave work?
์ œ ํ‚ค๋Š” ํ‰๊ท ์ ์ธ ํŽธ์ด์—์š”.
My height is about average.

ํ‰๋ฉด์ 

pyeongmyeonjeok
flat; two-dimensional
์„ฑํ˜•์™ธ๊ณผ์—์„œ ํ‰๋ฉด์  ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ์ž…์ฒด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ด๋ ค์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
The plastic surgery clinic advertised that it could make a flat face look three-dimensional.
์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์€ ์›๊ทผ๊ฐ์ด ์—†์–ด์„œ ํ‰๋ฉด์ ์ด์—์š”.
This painting has no perspective, so it looks flat.
์†Œ์„ค ์† ์ธ๋ฌผ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ‰๋ฉด์ ์ด๋ผ์„œ ์•„์‰ฌ์› ์–ด์š”.
It was a pity that the characters in the novel were so flat.

ํ‰ํ–‰ํ•˜๋‹ค

pyeonghaenghada
to go side by side (in lines)
๋‚˜๋ž€ํžˆ ๋ป—์€ ์ฒ ๋„์—์„œ ๊ธฐ์ฐจ๋Š” ์ „์ฒ ๊ณผ ์„œ๋กœ ํ‰ํ–‰ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‹ฌ๋ ธ๋‹ค.
On the tracks stretching side by side, the train ran parallel to the electric train.
๋‘ ์ง€์—ญ์„ ์ž‡๋Š” ๋„๋กœ๋Š” ์ฒ ๋„์™€ ํ‰ํ–‰ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The road connecting the two areas ran parallel to the railway.

ํ‰ํ™”์ 

pyeonghwajeok
peaceful
๋‘ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์˜ํ†  ๋ถ„์Ÿ์€ ๋ฌด๋ ฅ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ํ‰ํ™”์  ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ ์†์— ํ•ด๊ฒฐ๋๋‹ค.
The territorial dispute between the two countries was resolved in a peaceful atmosphere without the use of force.
์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ํ‰ํ™”์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์œ„๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
The citizens protested peacefully.
๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ํ‰ํ™”์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค.
Let's resolve the conflict by peaceful means.

ํ์‡„์ 

pyeswaejeok
closed (not exchanging with the outside)
ํ์‡„์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ์ง€๋‹Œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์€ ๋“ค์œผ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.
Having a closed personality, he did not try to listen to other people's opinions.
๊ทธ ๋งˆ์„์€ ์™ธ๋ถ€์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ข€ ํ์‡„์ ์ด์—์š”.
That village is a bit closed off to outsiders.
ํ์‡„์ ์ธ ์กฐ์ง ๋ฌธํ™”๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ด์š”.
A closed organizational culture needs to change.

ํญ๋ ฅ์ 

pongnyeokjjeok
violent
์‹œ์œ„๋Œ€๋Š” ๋Œ๊ณผ ๊ฐ๋ชฉ ๋“ฑ์„ ๋“ค๊ณ  ํญ๋ ฅ์  ํˆฌ์Ÿ์„ ์ผ์‚ผ์•˜๋‹ค.
The protesters carried stones and wooden clubs and repeatedly engaged in violent struggles.
ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์ธ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์ด ์•„์ด์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์ ๊นŒ์š”?
Could violent games be bad for children?
๊ทธ๋Š” ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋ฉด ํญ๋ ฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•ด์š”.
He becomes violent when he gets angry.

ํญ๋ฐœ์ 

pokppaljeok
explosive (spreading or forming suddenly)
์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋””์ž์ธ์ด ํญ๋ฐœ์  ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ๋ฉด์„œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ ๋งค์ถœ์ด ํ–ฅ์ƒ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
As the new design gained explosive popularity, the company's sales improved.
๊ทธ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋Š” ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋˜์ž๋งˆ์ž ํญ๋ฐœ์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ์–ป์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
That song got an explosive response as soon as it was released.
์—ฌ๋ฆ„์—๋Š” ์—์–ด์ปจ ํŒ๋งค๊ฐ€ ํญ๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Š˜์–ด์š”.
In summer, air conditioner sales increase explosively.

ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ 

pyomyeonjeok
external; seeming (appearing on the surface)
๋ฏผ์ค€์ด๋Š” ํ‘œ๋ฉด์  ์–ธํ–‰์€ ๊ฑฐ์น ์ง€๋งŒ ์†๋งˆ์Œ์€ ๋”ฐ๋œปํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Minjun's outward words and behavior were rough, but his heart was warm.
ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ ์ธ ์ด์œ ์™€ ์ง„์งœ ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์š”.
The apparent reason and the real reason are different.
๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ํ‘œ๋ฉด์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์นœํ•ด ๋ณด์—ฌ์š”.
On the surface, the two of them look close.

ํ’์ž์ 

pungjajeok
satirical; sarcastic
๊ทธ๋Š” ํ’์ž์  ์†Œ์„ค์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์˜ ์‹ค์ƒ์„ ์‹ ๋ž„ํžˆ ๋น„ํŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Through his satirical novel, he sharply criticized the reality of American society.
์ด ๋งŒํ™”๋Š” ์ •์น˜๋ฅผ ํ’์ž์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ธ์–ด์š”.
This cartoon depicted politics satirically.
๊ทธ ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋””์–ธ์€ ํ’์ž์ ์ธ ๋†๋‹ด์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•ด์š”.
That comedian is famous for satirical jokes.

ํ”ผ์ƒ์ 

pisangjeok
superficial; shallow
ํ”ผ์ƒ์  ๊ด€์ฐฐ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ๊ทผ๋ณธ์ ์ธ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค๋‹ค.
With superficial observation alone, it is hard to find a fundamental solution to social problems.
๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ๋Š” ํ”ผ์ƒ์ ์ธ ๋Œ€ํ™”๋งŒ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
I only had superficial conversations with that person.
๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ”ผ์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋ผ์š”.
You shouldn't understand the problem superficially.

ํ•„์‚ฌ์ 

pilsajeok
desperate; frantic
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์—์„œ ์ž์กด์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฑด ํ•„์‚ฌ์  ๋Œ€๊ฒฐ์„ ๋ฒŒ์˜€๋‹ค.
They fought a desperate battle for their pride in the final.
๊ทธ๋Š” ํ•„์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒ„์Šค๋ฅผ ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋›ฐ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
He desperately ran after the bus.
๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Œ€๋Š” ํ•„์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ ๋์— ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์•˜์–ด์š”.
After desperate efforts, the rescue team found the child.

ํ•„์ˆ˜์ 

pilsujeok
essential; indispensable; required
์•ˆ์ „๋ชจ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์•ˆ์ „์žฅ์น˜๋“ค์€ ์œ„ํ—˜๋ฌผ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•„์ˆ˜์  ์กฐ์น˜์ด๋‹ค.
Safety devices like helmets are essential measures for managing hazardous materials.
์™ธ๊ตญ ์—ฌํ–‰์—์„œ ์—ฌ๊ถŒ์€ ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด์—์š”.
A passport is essential for traveling abroad.
๊ฑด๊ฐ•์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฌผ์„ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฑด ํ•„์ˆ˜์ ์ด์—์š”.
Drinking water is essential for your health.

ํ•„์—ฐ์ 

piryeonjeok
inevitable; unavoidable
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ํ•„์—ฐ์  ์ธ์—ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งŒ๋‚˜ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•ด์„œ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ด์•˜๋‹ค.
They met again through an inevitable bond, got married, and lived happily.
๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ํ•„์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™€์š”.
Change inevitably brings conflict.
๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ด๋ณ„์€ ํ•„์—ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜€์–ด์š”.
Their breakup was an inevitable outcome.

ํ•™๊ตฌ์ 

hakkkujeok
academic; scholarly; intellectual
์œ ๋ฏผ์ด๋Š” ํ•œ ํ•™๊ธฐ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ํ•™๊ตฌ์  ํƒœ๋„๋กœ ๊ฐ•์˜์— ์ง‘์ค‘ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
Yumin focused on the lectures with a scholarly attitude the whole semester.
๊ทธ ํ•™์ƒ์€ ํ•™๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ํƒœ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‹๋ณด์—ฌ์š”.
That student's scholarly attitude stands out.
๋„์„œ๊ด€์€ ๋Š˜ ํ•™๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
The library always has a studious atmosphere.

ํ•™๋ฌธ์ 

hangmunjeok
academic; learned; scholarly
์ตœ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ๋งŽ์€ ํ•™๋ฌธ์  ์„ฑ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค.
Professor Choi has produced many academic achievements over the years.
์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ํ•™๋ฌธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ปค์š”.
This research has great academic value.
ํ•™๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ๊ธ€์€ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์š”.
Academic texts are hard to write.

ํ•™์ˆ ์ 

hakssuljeok
academic; scientific; scholarly
๊น€ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•™์ˆ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃฌ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ์ผ๋‹ค.
Professor Kim wrote a paper dealing with Korean culture academically.
๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹ฌ์— ํ•™์ˆ ์ ์ธ ์„ธ๋ฏธ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์—ด๋ ค์š”.
An academic seminar will be held next month.
์ด ์œ ์ ์€ ํ•™์ˆ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งค์šฐ ์ค‘์š”ํ•ด์š”.
These ruins are academically very important.

ํ•™์ž์ 

hakjjajeok
scholarly; learned; erudite
๊น€ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ํ•™์ž์  ์–‘์‹ฌ์„ ์†์ธ ์ฑ„ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ํ‘œ์ ˆํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋น„๋‚œ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค.
Professor Kim was criticized for plagiarizing a paper while deceiving his scholarly conscience.
๊ทธ๋Š” ํ•™์ž์ ์ธ ํƒœ๋„๋กœ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
He analyzed the problem with a scholarly attitude.
๊ทธ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋Š” ํ•™์ž์ ์ธ ์ง€์‹์ด ํ’๋ถ€ํ•ด์š”.
That writer has a wealth of scholarly knowledge.

ํ•œ๊ตญ์ 

hangukjjeok
being Korean; Korean style
ํ•œ๋ณต์—๋Š” ๋‹จ์•„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์šฐ์•„ํ•œ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ ์ธ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›€์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Hanbok has an elegant, graceful Korean beauty.
์ด ์นดํŽ˜๋Š” ์ธํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์•„์ฃผ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ ์ด์—์š”.
This cafรฉ's interior is very Korean in style.
๊ฐ€์žฅ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ ์ธ ์Œ์‹์€ ๋ญ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์š”?
What do you think is the most Korean food?

ํ•„์ˆ˜

pilsu
requirement; must
๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์ˆ˜์—…์€ ์กธ์—…ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์ด์ˆ˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ํ•„์ˆ˜ ๊ณผ๋ชฉ์ด๋‹ค.
Writing class is a required subject that must be completed before graduation.
์ƒํ’ˆ ๊ด‘๊ณ ์˜ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ์š”๊ฑด์€ ์†Œ๋น„์ž์˜ ์ด๋ชฉ์„ ๋Œ์–ด ๊ตฌ๋งค ์˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ž๊ทนํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
The essential requirement of a product ad is to catch consumers' attention and stimulate their intent to buy.
์—”์ง„์€ ์ž๋™์ฐจ์˜ ํ•„์ˆ˜ ๋ถ€ํ’ˆ์ด๋‹ค.
The engine is an indispensable part of a car.

ํ•˜๋Š˜ํ•˜๋Š˜ํ•˜๋‹ค

haneulhaneulhada
sway; flutter feebly
๋„์–ด๋†“์€ ๋นจ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ํ•˜๋Š˜ํ•˜๋Š˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The hung laundry fluttered gently in the wind.
์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ํ•˜๋Š˜ํ•˜๋Š˜ํ•œ ๋ธ”๋ผ์šฐ์Šค๋ฅผ ์ž…๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
Jisoo was wearing a light, flowing blouse.

ํ•œ์‹œ์ 

hansijeok
temporary; for the time being
์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ช‡๋ช‡์˜ ์„ธ๊ธˆ ๊ฐ๋ฉด ์กฐ์น˜๋Š” ํ•œ์‹œ์  ์กฐ์น˜์ผ ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค.
These few tax reduction measures are only temporary measures.
์ด ๋ฉ”๋‰ด๋Š” ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์—๋งŒ ํ•œ์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ”์•„์š”.
This menu item is sold only for a limited time in summer.
ํ•œ์‹œ์ ์ธ ํ• ์ธ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์„œ๋‘๋ฅด์„ธ์š”.
It's a limited-time sale, so hurry.

ํ•œ์ •์ 

hanjeongjeok
limited; restrictive
๊ทธ ๋ฒ•์น™์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ๋งค์šฐ ํ•œ์ •์  ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์„ฑ๋ฆฝ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
That rule only held true in very limited situations, not all cases.
์ด ์ƒํ’ˆ์€ ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์ด ํ•œ์ •์ ์ด์—์š”.
This product is available in limited quantities.
์ด ๋‹จ์–ด๋Š” ํ•œ์ •์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์จ์š”.
This word is used only in limited situations.

ํ•œ์ฐฝ

hanchang
at the peak; in full swing
๋ด„์ด๋ผ ๋“คํŒ์—๋Š” ๊ฝƒ์ด ํ•œ์ฐฝ ํ”ผ์–ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
Since it was spring, the flowers were in full bloom in the fields.
์ง€๊ธˆ ์ถ•์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ์ฐฝ์ด์—์š”.
The festival is in full swing right now.
ํ•œ์ฐฝ ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๋•Œ ์ „ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์™”์–ด์š”.
A call came right when I was in the middle of working.

ํ•จ์ถ•์ 

hamchukjjeok
implicative; connotative; suggestive
๊ทธ์˜ ์˜ํ™”๋Š” ํ˜„๋Œ€์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ถ๊ณผ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•จ์ถ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋ƒˆ๋‹ค.
His film suggestively depicted the lives and culture of modern people.
์‹œ๋Š” ์งง์ง€๋งŒ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ํ•จ์ถ•์ ์ด์—์š”.
Poems are short, but their meanings are rich in implication.
๊ทธ์˜ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์€ ํ•จ์ถ•์ ์ด์–ด์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒˆ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
His answer was suggestive, so I thought about it many times.

ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ 

hamnijeok
rational; reasonable
ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ž„๊ธˆ ์ฑ…์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์  ๊ธฐ์ค€ ์„ค์ •์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The company deliberated over setting a rational standard for determining wages.
์ด ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด๋ฉด ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
At this price, it seems reasonable.
๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด ๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
Let's try to solve the problem rationally.

ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์ 

happpeopjjeok
legal; legitimate; lawful
ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์  ์ด์ฃผ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์€ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ๊ทผ๋กœ์ž์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Legal migrant workers claimed the same rights as regular workers.
์ด ์‚ฌ์—…์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šด์˜๋ผ์š”.
This business is operated entirely legally.
ํ•ฉ๋ฒ•์ ์ธ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์ณ์„œ ์ง‘์„ ์ƒ€์–ด์š”.
I bought the house through legal procedures.

ํ•ญ๊ตฌ์ 

hanggujeok
permanent; everlasting
์ด ์†Œ์„ค์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ํ•ญ๊ตฌ์  ๊ฐ์ •์— ํ˜ธ์†Œํ•˜์—ฌ ํฐ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค.
This novel gained great popularity by appealing to people's permanent emotions.
๋‘ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ํ•ญ๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ํ‰ํ™”๋ฅผ ์•ฝ์†ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
The two countries promised permanent peace.
์ด ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•ญ๊ตฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์ง€์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
This bridge was built to be used permanently.

ํ•ดํ•™์ 

haehakjjeok
humorous; jesting; witty
์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ๊ณ ์ „์ด์ง€๋งŒ ํ•ดํ•™์  ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ๋งŽ์•„์„œ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์ฝ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
This work is a difficult classic, but it has many humorous expressions, so it can be read enjoyably.
ํƒˆ์ถค์—๋Š” ํ•ดํ•™์ ์ธ ์žฅ๋ฉด์ด ๋งŽ์•„์š”.
Korean mask dance has many humorous scenes.
๊ทธ๋Š” ํž˜๋“  ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ํ•ดํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
He expressed the difficult situation with humor.

ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ 

haekssimjeok
central; key; main
๋ฐ• ์žฅ๊ด€์€ ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ๊ต์œก ๋ฐœ์ „์— ํ•ต์‹ฌ์  ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•ด ์™”๋‹ค.
Minister Park has played a central role in our country's educational development.
์ด ๋ฌธ์žฅ์ด ๊ธ€์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด์—์š”.
This sentence is the key content of the text.
๊ทธ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒ€์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์„ ์ˆ˜์˜ˆ์š”.
He is a key player on our team.

ํ–‰์ •์ 

haengjeongjeok
administrative
์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์—…์˜ ํ–‰์ •์  ๊ทœ์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The government strengthened administrative regulations on companies regarding environmental issues.
์„œ๋ฅ˜์— ํ–‰์ •์ ์ธ ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
There was an administrative error in the documents.
์ด์‚ฌํ•˜๋ฉด ํ–‰์ •์ ์ธ ์ ˆ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์•„์š”.
When you move, there are many administrative procedures.

ํ–ฅ๋ฝ์ 

hyangnakjjeok
entertaining; pleasure-seeking; hedonic
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ–ฅ๋ฝ์  ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ์— ์ทจํ•ด ์ˆ ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋งˆ์‹œ๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋ €๋‹ค.
Caught up in the hedonistic atmosphere, we drank a lot and sang songs.
๊ทธ๋Š” ์ Š์„ ๋•Œ ํ–ฅ๋ฝ์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™œ์„ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
He lived a pleasure-seeking life when he was young.
ํ–ฅ๋ฝ์ ์ธ ์†Œ๋น„ ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
A hedonistic consumer culture is becoming a problem.

ํ—Œ์‹ ์ 

heonsinjeok
devoted; dedicated; committed
๋‚จ์ž์˜ ํ—Œ์‹ ์  ๊ตฌ์• ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ์›€์ง์˜€๋‹ค.
The man's devoted courtship eventually won her heart.
์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ํ—Œ์‹ ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์— ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ด์š”.
I'm grateful for my mother's devoted love.
๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋“ค์ด ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์„ ํ—Œ์‹ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ๋ดค์–ด์š”.
The nurses cared for the patients with dedication.

ํ˜๋ช…์ 

hyeongmyeongjeok
revolutionary
๊น€ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋Š” ํ•™ํšŒ์—์„œ ํ˜๋ช…์  ์ฃผ์žฅ์„ ์ƒˆ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ํŽผ์ณค๋‹ค.
Professor Kim put forward a new revolutionary argument at the conference.
์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ƒํ™œ์— ํ˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”์–ด์š”.
Smartphones brought revolutionary changes to our lives.
๊ทธ ๋ฐœ๋ช…์€ ์ •๋ง ํ˜๋ช…์ ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
That invention was truly revolutionary.

ํ˜์‹ ์ 

hyeokssinjeok
innovative; progressive; groundbreaking
์ƒˆ ๊ต์œก์•ˆ์€ ์ตœ๊ทผ์˜ ํ˜์‹ ์  ๊ต์œก ์ฒ ํ•™์„ ๋ฐ˜์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ž‘์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The new education plan was written to reflect recent innovative educational philosophy.
์ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ˜์‹ ์ ์ธ ์ œํ’ˆ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์š”.
This company makes many innovative products.
ํ˜์‹ ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์•ผ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
You have to think innovatively to survive.

ํ˜„๋Œ€์ 

hyeondaejeok
modern; modernistic
๊ตญ์•… ๋™์š”๋Š” ํ˜„๋Œ€์  ์Œ์•…์— ์ „ํ†ต ์Œ์•…์˜ ์š”์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋„ฃ์€ ๋…ธ๋ž˜์ด๋‹ค.
Gugak children's songs are songs that incorporate elements of traditional music into modern music.
์ด ํ•œ์˜ฅ์€ ๋‚ด๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ํ˜„๋Œ€์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
The interior of this hanok was modernized.
์ƒˆ ๋„์„œ๊ด€์€ ์•„์ฃผ ํ˜„๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด์—์š”.
The new library is a very modern building.

ํ˜„์‹ค์ 

hyeonsiljeok
realistic; practical; probable
์ด๋ฒˆ ์ด์„ ์—์„œ๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์  ๊ณต์•ฝ์„ ๋‚ด์„ธ์šด ํ›„๋ณด์ž๋“ค์ด ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ๋‹ค.
In this general election, candidates who put forward realistic pledges gained trust.
์ข€ ๋” ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ธ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋ฅผ ์„ธ์›Œ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
Try setting a more realistic goal.
๊ทธ ๊ณ„ํš์€ ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์š”.
That plan is realistically impossible.

ํ˜„ํ•™์ 

hyeonhakjjeok
pedantic; inkhorn
๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ํ˜„ํ•™์  ๋งํˆฌ๋ฅผ ์จ ๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ์„ธ๋ จ๋œ ์ฒ™์„ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์‹ค์€ ์–ด๋ˆŒํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ธ์ƒ์— ๋ฌด์ง€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
She pretended to be sophisticated by speaking in a pedantic manner, but was actually inarticulate and ignorant of the world.
ํ˜„ํ•™์ ์ธ ๋ง๋ณด๋‹ค ์‰ฌ์šด ๋ง์ด ์ข‹์•„์š”.
Plain words are better than pedantic ones.
๊ทธ ๊ต์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ฐ•์˜๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ˜„ํ•™์ ์ด๋ผ์„œ ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์š”.
That professor's lectures are too pedantic, so they're hard.

ํ˜‘๋™์ 

hyeopttongjeok
cooperative; collaborative
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์—… ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ํ˜‘๋™์  ํ•™์Šต ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ์„œ๋กœ ๋„์™€ ๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
During class, we solved problems by helping each other through a cooperative learning method.
์ด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋Š” ํ˜‘๋™์ ์ธ ํƒœ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ์ค‘์š”ํ•ด์š”.
In this project, a cooperative attitude matters more than anything.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒ€์€ ํ˜‘๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผํ•ด์„œ ๋งˆ๊ฐ์„ ์ง€์ผฐ์–ด์š”.
Our team worked collaboratively and met the deadline.

ํ˜‘์กฐ์ 

hyeopjjojeok
cooperative; collaborative; coordinating
๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฒ˜์Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ์— ํ˜‘์กฐ์  ์ž์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์›ํ™œํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž˜ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค.
He showed a cooperative attitude toward the investigation from the start, so the investigation went smoothly.
์ฃผ๋ฏผ๋“ค์ด ํ˜‘์กฐ์ ์ด์–ด์„œ ์กฐ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋๋‚ฌ์–ด์š”.
The residents were cooperative, so the survey finished quickly.
์ƒ๋Œ€ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํ˜‘์กฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜ฌ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์–ด์š”.
I'm not sure whether the other company will be cooperative.

ํ˜•์‹์ 

hyeongsikjjeok
formal
๊ทธ๋Š” ์„œ๋ฅ˜ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹Œ ํ˜•์‹์  ์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์— ๊ทธ์น˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋น„ํŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
He criticized the fact that the document review was only a formal review, not a review of the content.
๊ทธ ํšŒ์˜๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํ˜•์‹์ ์ด๋ผ์„œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ญ๋น„์˜€์–ด์š”.
That meeting was so much of a formality that it was a waste of time.
ํ˜•์‹์ ์ธ ์ธ์‚ฌ ๋ง๊ณ  ์ง„์‹ฌ์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด์š”.
I want to hear what you really think, not a perfunctory greeting.

ํ˜•ํƒœ์ 

hyeongtaejeok
physical; morphological
์„ฑ์žฅ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์‹ ์ฒด์— ํ˜•ํƒœ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค.
During the growth period, morphological changes occur in a person's body.
๋‘ ์‹๋ฌผ์€ ํ˜•ํƒœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งค์šฐ ๋น„์Šทํ•ด์š”.
The two plants are morphologically very similar.
์—ฐ๊ตฌ์ง„์€ ๊ณค์ถฉ์˜ ํ˜•ํƒœ์  ํŠน์ง•์„ ์ž์„ธํžˆ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
The researchers closely observed the insects' morphological features.

ํ˜ธ์˜์ 

houijeok
favorable; friendly; amicable
ํ˜‘์ƒ์€ ํ˜ธ์˜์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ ์†์—์„œ ์ˆœ์กฐ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The negotiations proceeded smoothly in a favorable atmosphere.
๊ด€๊ฐ๋“ค์€ ์ƒˆ ์˜ํ™”์— ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ํ˜ธ์˜์ ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
The audience was generally favorable toward the new film.
์ฒ˜์Œ ๋งŒ๋‚œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ํ˜ธ์˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์คฌ์–ด์š”.
Everyone I met for the first time treated me in a friendly way.

ํ˜ธ์ „์ 

hojeonjeok
belligerent; hostile; aggressive
๋ฏผ์ค€์ด๋Š” ํ˜ธ์ „์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ํˆญํ•˜๋ฉด ์‹ธ์šฐ๊ณ ๋Š” ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Minjun used to fight at the drop of a hat because of his belligerent personality.
๊ทธ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ํ˜ธ์ „์ ์ธ ํƒœ๋„๊ฐ€ ์ด์›ƒ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋“ค์„ ๊ธด์žฅ์‹œ์ผฐ์–ด์š”.
That country's belligerent attitude put its neighbors on edge.
๊ทธ๋Š” ํ† ๋ก  ์ค‘์— ์™œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ˜ธ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งํ–ˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
Why did he speak so aggressively during the debate?

ํ˜ธํ˜œ์ 

hohyejeok
reciprocal
์ง‘๊ถŒ ์„ธ๋ ฅ๊ณผ ์‹ ๋ฌธ์€ ์ƒํ˜ธ ํ˜ธํ˜œ์  ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์†์—์„œ ์ฒ ์ €ํ•œ ์œ ์ฐฉ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ํ˜•์„ฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The ruling power and the newspaper formed a thoroughly collusive relationship within a mutually reciprocal bond.
๋‘ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ํ˜ธํ˜œ์ ์ธ ๋ฌด์—ญ ํ˜‘์ •์„ ๋งบ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
The two countries signed a reciprocal trade agreement.
์ข‹์€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ ํ˜ธํ˜œ์ ์ด์–ด์•ผ ์˜ค๋ž˜๊ฐ€์š”.
Good relationships last only when they are mutually beneficial.

ํ™”ํ•™์ 

hwahakjjeok
chemical; being based on or related to chemistry
์ด ์•ฝํ’ˆ์€ ํ™”ํ•™์  ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ๊ณต์ • ๊ณผ์ •์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค.
This drug was made through a chemical manufacturing process.
์ด ๋‘ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์„ ์„ž์œผ๋ฉด ํ™”ํ•™์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์š”.
When you mix these two substances, a chemical change takes place.
๋…น์€ ์ฒ ์ด ์‚ฐ์†Œ์™€ ํ™”ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐํ•ฉํ•ด์„œ ์ƒ๊ฒจ์š”.
Rust forms when iron combines chemically with oxygen.

ํ™•์ •์ 

hwakjjeongjeok
definitive; conclusive; being definitely determined
์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ถ€์ƒ์ด ์ปค์„œ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ํƒˆ๋ฝ์ด ํ™•์ •์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
Because Jisoo's injury was serious, her elimination from the match was definitive.
์•„์ง ํ™•์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
It is still too early to draw a definitive conclusion.
์—ฌ๋ก  ์กฐ์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋‹น์„ ์ด ํ™•์ •์ ์ด์—์š”.
Judging by the poll results, his election is all but certain.

ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ 

hwangyeongjeok
environmental; relating to natural conditions or situations that affect living things or humans
์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ด์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์„œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ๋ณ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฒช์€ ํ›„ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์กŒ๋‹ค.
After Jisoo moved and went through an environmental change, her personality changed.
์•„์ด์˜ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์  ์š”์ธ์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ๋„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐ›์•„์š”.
A child's personality is also greatly influenced by environmental factors.
์ƒˆ ๊ณต์žฅ์ด ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š”์ง€ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
We reviewed whether the new factory poses any environmental problems.

ํ™˜์ƒ์ 

hwansangjeok
illusionary; dreamy; fantastic
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํ™˜์ƒ์  ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ค€ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜์—๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ๋ฆฝ ๋ฐ•์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค.
People gave a standing ovation to the singer who put on a fantastic performance.
์ œ์ฃผ๋„์—์„œ ๋ณธ ์ผ๋ชฐ์€ ์ •๋ง ํ™˜์ƒ์ ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
The sunset I saw on Jeju Island was truly fantastic.
์ด ์ผ€์ดํฌ ๋ง›์ด ํ™˜์ƒ์ ์ธ๋ฐ ์–ด๋””์„œ ์ƒ€์–ด์š”?
This cake tastes fantastic. Where did you buy it?

ํ™œ๋™์ 

hwaldongjeok
active; energetic
์กฐ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚ด์„ฑ์ ์ด๋˜ ์Šน๊ทœ๋Š” ์šด๋™์„ ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ํ™œ๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Seunggyu, who used to be quiet and introverted, became active as he exercised.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ• ๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋‚˜์ด์— ๋น„ํ•ด ์•„์ฃผ ํ™œ๋™์ ์ด์„ธ์š”.
My grandmother is very active for her age.
ํ™œ๋™์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ด ์ผ์ด ์ž˜ ๋งž์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
This job will suit an active person well.

ํšŒ์˜์ 

hoeuijeok
skeptical; suspicious; doubtful
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ž„์›๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํšŒ์˜์  ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค.
They showed a skeptical reaction toward the executives' problem-solving ability.
๋งŽ์€ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ๊ณ„ํš์— ํšŒ์˜์ ์ด์—์š”.
Many experts are skeptical about that plan.
์ฒ˜์Œ์—๋Š” ํšŒ์˜์ ์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
I was skeptical at first, but I changed my mind after seeing the results.

ํš๊ธฐ์ 

hoekkkijeok
groundbreaking; epoch-making; revolutionary
์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋Š” ํš๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ๋ช…ํ’ˆ์ด๋‹ค.
The computer is a groundbreaking invention.
๊ทธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํš๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ์‹œ์žฅ์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟจ์–ด์š”.
That company changed the market with groundbreaking technology.
๊ตํ†ต ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ํš๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์—†์„๊นŒ์š”?
Isn't there some groundbreaking way to solve the traffic problem?

ํš์ผ์ 

hoegiljeok
uniform; monolithic; standardized
์‚ฌ์—…์žฅ ์ง์›๋“ค ์ „์›์ด ์œ ๋‹ˆํผ์„ ์ฐฉ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํš์ผ์  ์˜ท์ฐจ๋ฆผ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
All the employees at the workplace wear uniforms, dressing in a standardized way.
ํš์ผ์ ์ธ ๊ต์œก์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์ฐฝ์˜์„ฑ์„ ํ‚ค์šฐ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์š”.
It's hard to develop creativity through uniform education.
์š”์ฆ˜ ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ์–‘์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํš์ผ์ ์ด์—์š”.
Apartment buildings these days all look far too uniform.

ํšก์ 

hoengjeok
horizontal; widthwise
ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฐ ์ง€์‚ฌ๋“ค ๊ฐ„์˜ ํšก์  ์—ฐ๋ฝ ์ฒด๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ตฌ์ถ•ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The company built a horizontal communication system between its branches.
๋ถ€์„œ ๊ฐ„ ํšก์  ์†Œํ†ต์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•ด์„œ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฒผ์–ด์š”.
Problems arose due to a lack of horizontal communication between departments.
์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋ฅผ ํšก์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
This study compared several countries horizontally, side by side.

ํšจ๊ณผ์ 

hyogwajeok
effective; effectual
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒ€์€ ์ƒ๋Œ€ ํŒ€์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ง‰์•„ ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค.
Our team effectively blocked the opposing team's attack.
๋‹จ์–ด๋ฅผ ์™ธ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ๋ญ์˜ˆ์š”?
What's the most effective way to memorize words?
๋งค์ผ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ์šด๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋” ํšจ๊ณผ์ ์ด์—์š”.
Exercising a little every day is more effective.

ํšจ์œจ์ 

hyoyuljeok
efficient; effective
์žฌํ™œ์šฉํ’ˆ์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์ผ์ด๋‹ค.
Using recycled goods is economically efficient.
์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ๋ ค๊ณ  ๊ณ„ํšํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
I made a schedule to use my time efficiently.
์ด ์„ธํƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํšจ์œจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์š”.
This washing machine uses electricity efficiently.

ํ›„์ฒœ์ 

hucheonjeok
acquired
์ง€๋Šฅ์€ ํƒ€๊ณ ๋‚˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์— ์˜ํ•ด ํ›„์ฒœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Intelligence is partly innate, but it can also be acquired through one's environment.
์™ธ๊ตญ์–ด ์‹ค๋ ฅ์€ ํ›„์ฒœ์ ์ธ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ํ‚ค์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
Foreign language skills can be fully developed through effort made later in life.
๊ทธ ๋ณ‘์€ ์„ ์ฒœ์ ์ธ ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ํ›„์ฒœ์ ์ธ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
That illness isn't congenital; it's acquired.

ํฌ๊ทน์ 

huigeukjjeok
being comical
์ด ์—ฐ๊ทน์€ ์ „์Ÿ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์šด ์ฃผ์ œ๋ฅผ ํฌ๊ทน์ ์œผ๋กœ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ ธ๋‹ค.
This play portrayed the heavy topic of war in a comical, entertaining way.
๊ทธ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ํฌ๊ทน์ ์ธ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ด€๊ฐ์„ ์›ƒ๊ฒผ์–ด์š”.
The actor made the audience laugh with his comical acting.
์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€ ํฌ๊ทน์ ์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
It was a serious situation, but it was also somewhat comical.

ํฌ๋ง์ 

huimangjeok
hopeful; optimistic
๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ ์ƒˆํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋งž์•„ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํฌ๋ง์  ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The president delivered a hopeful message to the people for the new year.
์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋ง์ ์ธ ์†Œ์‹์„ ์ „ํ•ด ์คฌ์–ด์š”.
The doctor gave us hopeful news.
์˜ฌํ•ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์ „๋ง์€ ํฌ๋ง์ ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
Will this year's economic outlook be hopeful?

ํฌ์ƒ์ 

huisaengjeok
sacrificial
์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์ž์‹๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํ•ญ์ƒ ์• ์“ฐ์‹œ๋Š” ํฌ์ƒ์  ์‚ถ์„ ์‚ฌ์…จ๋‹ค.
My mother lived a sacrificial life, always striving for her children.
๊ทธ ๊ฐ„ํ˜ธ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ํฌ์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
That nurse worked self-sacrificingly for the patients.
๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜์˜ ํฌ์ƒ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ ๋•๋ถ„์— ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ์™”์–ด์š”.
Thanks to my parents' sacrificial love, I've come this far.

ํฌํ™”์ 

huihwajeok
being comical; being humorous; being witty
์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์žฌํ•ด์„ํ•˜์—ฌ ํฌํ™”์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฆฐ ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋”” ์˜ํ™”์ด๋‹ค.
This work is a comedy film that reinterprets historical facts and portrays them in a comical way.
๊ทธ ๋งŒํ™”๋Š” ์ •์น˜์ธ๋“ค์„ ํฌํ™”์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ธ์–ด์š”.
That cartoon depicted politicians in a humorous, caricatured way.
ํฌํ™”์ ์ธ ํ‘œํ˜„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๋ฉด ๋ถˆ์พŒ๊ฐ์„ ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
Overly comical portrayals can make people uncomfortable.

์ฒจ์˜ˆํ•˜๋‹ค

cheomyehada
acute; intense (a conflict or situation)
๋‘ ๋‚˜๋ผ ์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ฒจ์˜ˆํ•œ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด ๊ณ„์†๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
An acute conflict continues between the two countries.
๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‘๊ณ  ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด ์ฒจ์˜ˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
Opinions clashed sharply over that issue.
๋…ธ์‚ฌ ๊ฐ„ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์ด ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ฒจ์˜ˆํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The conflict between labor and management is still acute.

์ฒจ์˜ˆํ™”

cheomyehwa
intensification (of a conflict)
๋…ธ์‚ฌ ๊ฐ„์˜ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์ด ์ฒจ์˜ˆํ™”๋กœ ์น˜๋‹ซ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
The conflict between labor and management is heading toward intensification.
์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ค๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฐˆ๋“ฑ์˜ ์ฒจ์˜ˆํ™”๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ ค๋ผ์š”.
As the election approaches, there are concerns about the conflict intensifying.
๋Œ€ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋Š๊ธฐ์ž ๋‘ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๋Œ€๋ฆฝ์ด ์ฒจ์˜ˆํ™”๋˜์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
When talks broke off, the confrontation between the two countries intensified.

์ฒฉ์ฒฉ์ด

cheopcheobi
in layers; one over another
์‚ฐ๋“ค์ด ์ฒฉ์ฒฉ์ด ๊ฒน์ณ ์žˆ๋Š” ํ’๊ฒฝ์ด ์žฅ๊ด€์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The scenery of mountains layered one over another was spectacular.
์ฑ…์ƒ ์œ„์— ์„œ๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฒฉ์ฒฉ์ด ์Œ“์—ฌ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
Documents are piled up layer upon layer on the desk.
๊ฑฑ์ •์ด ์ฒฉ์ฒฉ์ด ์Œ“์—ฌ์„œ ์ž ์ด ์•ˆ ์™€์š”.
Worries have piled up one on top of another, so I can't sleep.

์ฒซ๊ฑธ์Œ

cheotkkeoreum
first step
์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ์ฒซ๊ฑธ์Œ์„ ๋‚ด๋”›๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ฐ„ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค์ด ํ™˜ํ˜ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The family cheered the moment the child took their first step.
ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด ๊ณต๋ถ€์˜ ์ฒซ๊ฑธ์Œ์€ ํ•œ๊ธ€ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ธฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
The first step in studying Korean is learning Hangul.
์ž‘์€ ์ €์ถ•์ด ๋ถ€์ž๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋Š” ์ฒซ๊ฑธ์Œ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
Small savings can be the first step to becoming rich.

์ฒซ๋ฐœ

cheotppal
first step
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์‚ฌ์—…์˜ ์ฒซ๋ฐœ์„ ๋‚ด๋”›์—ˆ๋‹ค.
We took the first step in our new business.
๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋กœ์„œ ์ฒซ๋ฐœ์„ ๋—€ ์ง€ ์ผ ๋…„์ด ๋์–ด์š”.
It's been a year since he took his first step as a singer.
์‚ฌํšŒ์— ์ฒซ๋ฐœ์„ ๋‚ด๋””๋”œ ๋•Œ ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‘๋ ค์› ์–ด์š”?
What scared you most when you took your first step into the working world?

์ฒซ์งธ๊ฐ€๋‹ค

cheotjjaegada
be first; be the best
๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ชจ๋กœ๋Š” ์ด ๋งˆ์„์—์„œ ์ฒซ์งธ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‹ค.
She is the most beautiful person in this village.
์ด ์‹๋‹น์€ ์ด ๋™๋„ค์—์„œ ์ฒซ์งธ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ง›์ง‘์ด์—์š”.
This restaurant is the best eatery in this neighborhood.
๊ทธ๋Š” ์„ฑ์‹คํ•จ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ฒซ์งธ๊ฐ€๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด์—์š”.
When it comes to diligence, he's the best in the company.

์ฒญ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋‹ค

cheonggyeolhada
clean; tidy
๊ทธ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ฒญ๊ฒฐํ•œ ๋ณต์žฅ์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค.
He always keeps his clothing clean and tidy.
์‹๋‹น ์ฃผ๋ฐฉ์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ฒญ๊ฒฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ด์š”.
A restaurant kitchen must always be clean.
์ด ํ˜ธํ…”์€ ๋ฐฉ์ด ์ฒญ๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ณ  ์ง์›๋„ ์นœ์ ˆํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
This hotel had clean rooms and friendly staff.

์ฒญ๊ฒฐํžˆ

cheonggyeolhi
cleanly; tidily
์Œ์‹์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๋•Œ๋Š” ์†์„ ์ฒญ๊ฒฐํžˆ ๊ด€๋ฆฌํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
When cooking, you must keep your hands clean.
์—ฌ๋ฆ„์—๋Š” ์Œ์‹์„ ์ฒญ๊ฒฐํžˆ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ด์š”.
In summer, you need to store food hygienically.
์ƒ์ฒ˜ ๋ถ€์œ„๋ฅผ ์ฒญ๊ฒฐํžˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์•ฝ์„ ๋ฐœ๋ž์–ด์š”.
I cleaned the wound area and applied medicine.

์ฒญ๋ ด

cheongnyeom
integrity; rectitude
๊ณต์ง์ž์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ฒญ๋ ด์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋ฏธ๋•์ด๋‹ค.
For a public official, integrity is the greatest virtue.
๊ทธ ํŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ‰์ƒ ์ฒญ๋ ด์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋ฉฐ ์‚ด์•˜์–ด์š”.
That judge lived his whole life maintaining his integrity.
๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ์ •์น˜์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ฒญ๋ ด์„ ์š”๊ตฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Citizens demand integrity from politicians.

์ฒญ๋ ด๊ฒฐ๋ฐฑ

cheongnyeomgyeolbaek
incorruptibility; integrity
ํŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ฒญ๋ ด๊ฒฐ๋ฐฑ์˜ ์˜๋ฌด๋ฅผ ์ ธ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
A judge must bear the duty of incorruptibility.
๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฒญ๋ ด๊ฒฐ๋ฐฑ์„ ์‹ ์กฐ๋กœ ์‚ผ์•„ ์ผํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
He worked with incorruptibility as his creed.
๊ณต๋ฌด์›์—๊ฒŒ ์ฒญ๋ ด๊ฒฐ๋ฐฑ์€ ๊ธฐ๋ณธ ์ž์„ธ์˜ˆ์š”.
For a public servant, incorruptibility is a basic attitude.

์ฒญ๋ ด๊ฒฐ๋ฐฑํ•˜๋‹ค

cheongnyeomgyeolbaekada
incorruptible; upright
๊ทธ๋Š” ๋‡Œ๋ฌผ์„ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ•œ ์ฒญ๋ ด๊ฒฐ๋ฐฑํ•œ ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
He was famous as an incorruptible official who refused bribes.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ์ฒญ๋ ด๊ฒฐ๋ฐฑํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ณต์ง ์ƒํ™œ์„ ํ•˜์…จ์–ด์š”.
My grandfather served in public office with complete integrity.
์ฒญ๋ ด๊ฒฐ๋ฐฑํ•œ ์ง€๋„์ž๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
It's not easy to find an incorruptible leader.

์ฒญ๋ ดํ•˜๋‹ค

cheongnyeomhada
incorruptible; upright
๊ทธ ์‹œ์žฅ์€ ์ฒญ๋ ดํ•œ ๊ณต์ง์ž๋กœ ํ‰ํŒ์ด ์ข‹์•˜๋‹ค.
That mayor had a good reputation as an incorruptible official.
๊ทธ ์žฅ๊ด€์€ ์ฒญ๋ ดํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ์†Œ๋ฌธ์ด ๋‚˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
That minister is known for being incorruptible.
์ฒญ๋ ดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ด๋ ค๋ฉด ์ž‘์€ ์„ ๋ฌผ๋„ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
To live with integrity, should you refuse even small gifts?

์ฒญ๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค

cheongmyeonghada
clear (weather)
์ฒญ๋ช…ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์„๋‚  ํ•˜๋Š˜์€ ์œ ๋‚œํžˆ ํ‘ธ๋ฅด๋ €๋‹ค.
On the clear autumn day, the sky was unusually blue.
์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ํ•˜๋Š˜์ด ์ฒญ๋ช…ํ•ด์„œ ์‚ฐ์ด ์ž˜ ๋ณด์—ฌ์š”.
The sky is clear today, so you can see the mountains well.
๋‚ด์ผ๋„ ์ฒญ๋ช…ํ•œ ๋‚ ์”จ๊ฐ€ ์ด์–ด์งˆ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
The clear weather will continue tomorrow too.

์ฒญ๋นˆ

cheongbin
honest poverty
์„ ๋น„๋Š” ํ‰์ƒ ์ฒญ๋นˆ์˜ ์ •์‹ ์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋ฉฐ ์‚ด์•˜๋‹ค.
The scholar lived his whole life keeping to the spirit of honest poverty.
๊ทธ ์Šค๋‹˜์€ ์ฒญ๋นˆ์„ ์‹ค์ฒœํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์กฐ์šฉํžˆ ์‚ด์•˜์–ด์š”.
That monk lived quietly, practicing honest poverty.
์š”์ฆ˜ ์„ธ์ƒ์— ์ฒญ๋นˆ์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
It's not easy to maintain honest poverty in today's world.

์ฒญ๋นˆํ•˜๋‹ค

cheongbinhada
poor but incorruptible
๊ทธ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฒญ๋นˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ด๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๋Š˜ ๋‹น๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
That official lived poor but incorruptible, always carrying himself with dignity.
๊ทธ ํ•™์ž๋Š” ์ฒญ๋นˆํ•œ ์‚ถ์„ ์ž๋ž‘์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ฒผ์–ด์š”.
That scholar was proud of his poor but upright life.
์ฒญ๋นˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์‚ด์•„๋„ ๋งˆ์Œ๋งŒ์€ ๋ถ€์ž์˜ˆ์š”.
Even though I live poor but honest, I'm rich at heart.

์ฒญ์‚ฐ์œ ์ˆ˜

cheongsanyusu
fluent, flowing speech
๊ทธ์˜ ์ฒญ์‚ฐ์œ ์ˆ˜ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ง์†œ์”จ์— ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๊ฐํƒ„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Everyone was amazed by his fluent, flowing way of speaking.
๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•  ๋•Œ ๋ง์ด ์ฒญ์‚ฐ์œ ์ˆ˜์˜ˆ์š”.
When he gives presentations, his words flow effortlessly.
๋ณ€๋ช…์€ ์ฒญ์‚ฐ์œ ์ˆ˜์ธ๋ฐ ํ–‰๋™์€ ์™œ ์•ˆ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์–ด์š”?
Your excuses flow so smoothly, so why doesn't your behavior change?

์ฒญ์Šน

cheongseung
pathetic, miserable air
ํ˜ผ์ž ์ฒญ์Šน ๋–จ์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ  ๋‚˜์™€์„œ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋†€์ž.
Don't sit there acting all pathetic alone โ€” come out and hang out with us.
๋น„ ์˜ค๋Š” ๋‚  ํ˜ผ์ž ์ฒญ์Šน์„ ๋–จ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
I was moping around miserably by myself on a rainy day.
๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ฒญ์Šน ๋ถ€๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ  ๊ธฐ์šด ๋‚ด์„ธ์š”.
Don't act so miserable. Cheer up.

์ฒญ์Šน๋งž๋‹ค

cheongseungmattta
pathetic; miserable-looking
๊ทธ๋Š” ํ˜ผ์ž ์ฒญ์Šน๋งž๊ฒŒ ๋น„๋ฅผ ๋งž์œผ๋ฉฐ ๊ฑธ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
He walked pathetically alone in the rain.
๋ฐค๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ ํ˜ผ์ž ๋ผ๋ฉด์„ ๋จน์œผ๋‹ˆ ์ข€ ์ฒญ์Šน๋งž๋„ค์š”.
Eating ramen alone late at night feels a bit pathetic.
์ฒญ์Šน๋งž์€ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋งŒ ๋“ฃ์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ  ์‹ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์Œ์•…๋„ ๋“ค์–ด์š”.
Don't just listen to gloomy songs; listen to upbeat music too.

์ฒญ์Šน์Šค๋Ÿฝ๋‹ค

cheongseungseureoptta
pathetic; miserable-looking
ํ˜ผ์ž ์ฒญ์Šน์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ์šธ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ์“ฐ๋Ÿฌ์› ๋‹ค.
It was pitiful to see him crying alone so pathetically.
ํ˜ผ์ž ์ฐฝ๋ฐ–๋งŒ ๋ณด๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ์ฒญ์Šน์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›Œ ๋ณด์˜€์–ด์š”.
Sitting alone and just staring out the window, he looked miserable.
๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ฒญ์Šน์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ํ‘œ์ • ์ง“์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
Don't make such a pitiful face.

์ฒญ์•„ํ•˜๋‹ค

cheongahada
clear and pure (beautifully)
๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์ฒญ์•„ํ•œ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์—ฐ์žฅ์— ์šธ๋ ค ํผ์กŒ๋‹ค.
Her clear, pure voice resonated through the concert hall.
์ƒˆ๋ฒฝ์— ๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒˆ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ ์ฒญ์•„ํ•ด์š”.
The birdsong heard at dawn is so clear and pure.
๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์•ผ๊ธˆ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฒญ์•„ํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์Šฌํސ์–ด์š”.
The sound of that gayageum was clear and pure, yet sad.

์ฒญ์šด

cheongun
high aspiration (lit. blue clouds)
๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฒญ์šด์˜ ๊ฟˆ์„ ์•ˆ๊ณ  ์„œ์šธ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฒฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
He came up to Seoul carrying his high aspirations.
๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฒญ์šด์˜ ๋œป์„ ํ’ˆ๊ณ  ์œ ํ•™์„ ๋– ๋‚ฌ์–ด์š”.
He left to study abroad, harboring high aspirations.
์ Š์€ ์‹œ์ ˆ์˜ ์ฒญ์šด์˜ ๊ฟˆ์€ ์ด๋ฃจ์…จ์–ด์š”?
Did you achieve the lofty dreams of your youth?

์ฒญ์ •

cheongjeong
clearness; cleanness
์ด๊ณณ์€ ์ฒญ์ • ๊ตฌ์—ญ์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
This place is designated as a clean, unpolluted zone.
์ด ์ง€์—ญ์€ ์ฒญ์ • ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•ด์š”.
This region is famous for its clean seas.
์ฒญ์ • ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ ์ž๋ž€ ์ฑ„์†Œ๋ผ์„œ ๋” ๋น„์‹ธ์š”.
These vegetables cost more because they were grown in an unpolluted area.

์ฒญ์ •ํ•˜๋‹ค

cheongjeonghada
clean; unpolluted
์ฒญ์ •ํ•œ ์ž์—ฐ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์ด ๋งˆ์„์„ ๊ฐ์‹ธ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
A clean, unpolluted natural environment surrounded the village.
์ด ์„ฌ์€ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง ์ฒญ์ •ํ•ด์š”.
The air on this island is really clean.
์ฒญ์ •ํ•œ ๋ฌผ์„ ์ง€ํ‚ค๋ ค๋ฉด ๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€ ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ด์š”.
Everyone must make an effort to protect clean water.

์ฒด๊ณ„์„ฑ

chegyeseong
systematicity
์ด ๊ณ„ํš์•ˆ์€ ์ฒด๊ณ„์„ฑ์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ์ง€์ ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค.
This plan was criticized for lacking systematicity.
์ด ๊ต์žฌ๋Š” ์ฒด๊ณ„์„ฑ์ด ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚˜์„œ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ข‹์•„์š”.
This textbook is highly systematic, so it's good for studying.
์—ฐ๊ตฌ์— ์ฒด๊ณ„์„ฑ์„ ๋”ํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๋ฌด์—‡์ด ํ•„์š”ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
What is needed to make the research more systematic?

์ณ‡๋ฐ”ํ€ด

chetppakwi
treadmill; rut (repetitive routine)
๊ทธ๋Š” ๋งค์ผ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต๋˜๋Š” ์ณ‡๋ฐ”ํ€ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์ผ์ƒ์— ์ง€์ณ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
He was tired of his monotonous, repetitive daily routine.
ํšŒ์‚ฌ์™€ ์ง‘๋งŒ ์˜ค๊ฐ€๋Š” ์ณ‡๋ฐ”ํ€ด ์ƒํ™œ์ด ์ง€๊ฒจ์›Œ์š”.
I'm tired of the treadmill life of going only between work and home.
์ณ‡๋ฐ”ํ€ด ๋„๋Š” ์ผ์ƒ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ๋– ๋‚ฌ์–ด์š”.
I escaped my repetitive daily routine and went on a trip.

์ดˆ๋กฑ์ดˆ๋กฑ

chorongchorong
brightly (of clear, lively eyes)
์•„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ๋กฑ์ดˆ๋กฑ ๋น›๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ˆˆ์œผ๋กœ ์—„๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค.
The baby looked at her mother with bright, sparkling eyes.
์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๋ˆˆ์„ ์ดˆ๋กฑ์ดˆ๋กฑ ๋น›๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
The children listened to the story with their eyes shining brightly.
๋ณ„์ด ์ดˆ๋กฑ์ดˆ๋กฑ ๋–  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐคํ•˜๋Š˜์ด ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์›Œ์š”.
The night sky with stars twinkling brightly is beautiful.

์ดˆ๋กฑ์ดˆ๋กฑํ•˜๋‹ค

chorongchoronghada
be bright and clear (of eyes)
๋ฐค์„ ์ƒˆ์› ๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ˆˆ์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ดˆ๋กฑ์ดˆ๋กฑํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Even after staying up all night, his eyes were still bright and clear.
๊ฐ•์•„์ง€์˜ ๋ˆˆ์ด ์ดˆ๋กฑ์ดˆ๋กฑํ•ด์„œ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๊ท€์—ฌ์›Œ์š”.
The puppy's eyes are so bright and clear. It's adorable.
์ดˆ๋กฑ์ดˆ๋กฑํ•œ ๋ˆˆ์œผ๋กœ ์งˆ๋ฌธํ•˜๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ์ด ๊ธฐํŠนํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
The student asking questions with bright, eager eyes was admirable.

์ดˆ๋งŒ์›

chomanwon
full house; packed
์ฃผ๋ง์ด๋ผ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ์ง€ ๋†€์ด๊ณต์›์ด ์ดˆ๋งŒ์›์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
Maybe because it was the weekend, the amusement park was completely packed.
์ถœ๊ทผ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ์ง€ํ•˜์ฒ ์€ ๋Š˜ ์ดˆ๋งŒ์›์ด์—์š”.
The subway at rush hour is always packed.
์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ์žฅ์ด ์ดˆ๋งŒ์›์ด๋ผ์„œ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
The concert hall was packed, so we couldn't get in.

์ดˆ๋ฏธ

chomi
being very urgent
๋‘ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ํ˜‘์ƒ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ๋ฏธ์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ๋กœ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ž๋‹ค.
The outcome of the negotiations between the two countries became a matter of great urgency and interest.
๋ฌผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ดˆ๋ฏธ์˜ ๊ณผ์ œ๋กœ ๋– ์˜ฌ๋ž์–ด์š”.
Rising prices have emerged as a pressing issue.
์ „๊ธฐ ๋ถ€์กฑ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ด ์ดˆ๋ฏธ์˜ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Solving the power shortage is the most pressing problem.

์ดˆ๋ฒŒ

chobeol
rough draft; first pass
ํ™”๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์„ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ดˆ๋ฒŒ ์Šค์ผ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์žฅ ๊ทธ๋ ธ๋‹ค.
The painter drew several rough sketches before painting the picture.
์ดˆ๋ฒŒ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ์„ ๋จผ์ € ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ๋‹ค๋“ฌ์„๊ฒŒ์š”.
I'll do a rough draft of the translation first and polish it later.
๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ๋ฒŒ๋กœ ๊ตฌ์šด ๋’ค ์–‘๋…์„ ๋ฐœ๋ž์–ด์š”.
I grilled the meat once first, then brushed on the sauce.

์ดˆ์†Œํ˜•

chosohyeong
subminiature; extremely tiny
์ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ดˆ์†Œํ˜• ์นด๋ฉ”๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ์•ˆ๊ฒฝ์„ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
This company developed glasses equipped with a subminiature camera.
์ดˆ์†Œํ˜• ๋“œ๋ก ์ด ์†๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ ์œ„์—์„œ ๋‚ ์•„์˜ฌ๋ž์–ด์š”.
A subminiature drone took off from the palm of my hand.
์ด ์ดˆ์†Œํ˜• ์Šคํ”ผ์ปค๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ปค์š”.
This tiny speaker is louder than you'd think.

์ดˆ์†

chosok
speed per second
ํƒœํ’์ด ์ดˆ์† ์‚ผ์‹ญ ๋ฏธํ„ฐ์˜ ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์„ ๋ชฐ๊ณ  ์™”๋‹ค.
The typhoon brought strong winds of thirty meters per second.
๋น›์€ ์ดˆ์† ์•ฝ ์‚ผ์‹ญ๋งŒ ํ‚ฌ๋กœ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋กœ ์›€์ง์—ฌ์š”.
Light travels at about 300,000 kilometers per second.
์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ด ์ดˆ์† ์‹ญ ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋กœ ๋ถˆ์–ด์„œ ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ชป ๋– ์š”.
Today the wind is blowing at 10 meters per second, so ships can't sail.

์ดˆ์›”

chowol
transcendence
์ด๋ฒˆ ์˜ํ™”์ œ์˜ ์ฃผ์ œ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฒฝ ์ดˆ์›”์ด๋‹ค.
The theme of this film festival is transcending national borders.
๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์€ ๋‚˜์ด๋ฅผ ์ดˆ์›”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
Their love transcended age.
๊ทธ ์„ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์‹ค๋ ฅ์€ ์ƒ์ƒ์„ ์ดˆ์›”ํ•ด์š”.
That athlete's skill is beyond imagination.

์ดˆ์ž์—ฐ

chojayeon
supernaturalness
๊ทธ ์˜ํ™”๋Š” ์ดˆ์ž์—ฐ ํ˜„์ƒ์„ ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
The movie deals with supernatural phenomena as its subject matter.
๊ทธ ์†Œ์„ค์€ ์ดˆ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‹ ๋น„๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ ธ์–ด์š”.
That novel depicted the supernatural world in a mysterious way.
๊ณ ๋Œ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฒˆ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ดˆ์ž์—ฐ์˜ ํž˜์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒผ์–ด์š”.
Ancient people regarded lightning as a supernatural force.

์ดˆ์ง€์ผ๊ด€

chojiilgwan
holding one's course; consistency of purpose
๊ทธ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์›€ ์†์—์„œ๋„ ์ดˆ์ง€์ผ๊ด€์˜ ์ž์„ธ๋ฅผ ์žƒ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.
Even amid difficulties, he never lost his attitude of holding his original course.
๊ทธ๋Š” ์ดˆ์ง€์ผ๊ด€ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ณดํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‹ธ์› ์–ด์š”.
He fought for environmental protection consistently from start to finish.
์ดˆ์ง€์ผ๊ด€ํ•˜๋Š” ํƒœ๋„๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๊ณต์˜ ๋น„๊ฒฐ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
An attitude of unwavering consistency was the secret to success.

์ดˆํƒˆ

chotal
transcendence; detachment
๋…ธ์Šค๋‹˜์˜ ํ‘œ์ •์—์„œ ์„ธ์†์„ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚œ ์ดˆํƒˆ์ด ๋А๊ปด์กŒ๋‹ค.
The old monk's expression conveyed a transcendence beyond worldly matters.
ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ์š•์‹ฌ์„ ์ดˆํƒˆํ•œ ๋“ฏ ํ‰์˜จํ•ด ๋ณด์ด์…จ์–ด์š”.
Grandfather looked calm, as if he had transcended greed.
์„ธ์ƒ์ผ์—์„œ ์ดˆํƒˆํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ž€ ์‰ฝ์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
It isn't easy to become detached from worldly affairs.

์ด‰์ด‰์ด

chokchogi
moistly; dampfully
๋ด„๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์ง€๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ด‰์ด ์ ์…จ๋‹ค.
The spring rain moistly soaked the earth.
์•„์ด์˜ ๋ˆˆ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋ˆˆ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ด‰์ด‰์ด ์ –์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
The child's eyes grew moist with tears.
๋นต์„ ์šฐ์œ ์— ์ด‰์ด‰์ด ์ ์…”์„œ ๋จน์–ด์š”.
I dip the bread in milk until it's moist and eat it.

์ด‰์ด‰ํ•˜๋‹ค

chokchokada
moist; damp
์„ธ์•ˆ ํ›„ ํ”ผ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ด‰์ด‰ํ•˜๋‹ค.
After washing my face, my skin feels moist.
์ด ์ผ€์ดํฌ๋Š” ์†์ด ์ด‰์ด‰ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง›์žˆ์–ด์š”.
This cake is moist inside, so it's delicious.
๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜จ ๋’ค๋ผ ํ™์ด ์ด‰์ด‰ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
Since it had rained, the soil was damp.

์ดŒ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๋‹ค

chonseureoptta
countrified; unpolished; dowdy
๊ทธ ์˜ท์€ ์ƒ‰๊น”์ด ํ™”๋ คํ•ด์„œ ์ข€ ์ดŒ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๋‹ค.
Those clothes look a bit dowdy because of their flashy colors.
์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„ ์† ๋‚ด ๋จธ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ์–‘์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ดŒ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›Œ์š”.
My hairstyle in this photo is so dowdy.
์ดŒ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์ค„ ์•Œ์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์š”์ฆ˜ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์œ ํ–‰์ด๋ž˜์š”.
I thought it was unfashionable, but they say it's trendy again these days.

์ด๋ž‘์ด๋ž‘

chollangchollang
splashingly; with small ripples
์‹œ๋ƒ‡๋ฌผ์ด ์ด๋ž‘์ด๋ž‘ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ฉฐ ํ˜๋ €๋‹ค.
The stream flowed, making a splashing sound.
์–‘๋™์ด์˜ ๋ฌผ์ด ๊ฑธ์„ ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์ด๋ž‘์ด๋ž‘ ํ”๋“ค๋ ธ์–ด์š”.
The water in the bucket sloshed every time I walked.
๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ์›€์ง์ด์ž ๋ฐ”๋‹ท๋ฌผ์ด ์ด๋ž‘์ด๋ž‘ ๋ฑƒ์ „์„ ์ณค์–ด์š”.
As the boat moved, the seawater lapped gently against its side.

์ด˜์ด˜ํ•˜๋‹ค

chomchomhada
dense; closely spaced
์ด ๊ทธ๋ฌผ์€ ์ฝ”๊ฐ€ ์ด˜์ด˜ํ•˜๋‹ค.
This net has closely spaced mesh.
์ด ์Šค์›จํ„ฐ๋Š” ์งœ์ž„์ด ์ด˜์ด˜ํ•ด์„œ ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•ด์š”.
This sweater is tightly knit, so it's warm.
์ผ์ •์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ด˜์ด˜ํ•ด์„œ ์‰ด ํ‹ˆ์ด ์—†์–ด์š”.
The schedule is so tightly packed that there's no time to rest.

์ด˜์ด˜ํžˆ

chomchomhi
densely; closely
์ •์›์‚ฌ๋Š” ์”จ์•—์„ ์ด˜์ด˜ํžˆ ์‹ฌ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The gardener planted the seeds densely.
๊ณจ๋ชฉ์— ์ž‘์€ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด˜์ด˜ํžˆ ๋ถ™์–ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
Small shops are packed closely together in the alley.
๊ณต์ฑ…์— ๊ธ€์”จ๋ฅผ ์ด˜์ด˜ํžˆ ์จ์„œ ์ฝ๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์› ์–ด์š”.
The writing in the notebook was so cramped that it was hard to read.

์ด๊ฒฐ์‚ฐ

chonggyeolsan
wrap-up; final reckoning
์ด๋ฒˆ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์˜ ์ด๊ฒฐ์‚ฐ์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด๋‹ค.
We plan to announce the final wrap-up of this project.
์—ฐ๋ง์— ํ•œ ํ•ด์˜ ์ด๊ฒฐ์‚ฐ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์ž„์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
At the end of the year, there's a meeting to wrap up the whole year.
์ด๋ฒˆ ๊ณต์—ฐ์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์Œ์•… ์ธ์ƒ์˜ ์ด๊ฒฐ์‚ฐ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
This concert was the final summing-up of his musical career.

์ด๋Ÿ‰

chongnyang
total quantity; total amount
๊ณต์žฅ์€ ์˜จ์‹ค๊ฐ€์Šค ๋ฐฐ์ถœ ์ด๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The factory decided to reduce its total amount of greenhouse gas emissions.
ํ•˜๋ฃจ์— ๋จน๋Š” ์„คํƒ•์˜ ์ด๋Ÿ‰์„ ์ค„์—ฌ ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
Try reducing the total amount of sugar you eat per day.
์˜ฌํ•ด ์Œ€ ์ƒ์‚ฐ ์ด๋Ÿ‰์€ ์ž‘๋…„๋ณด๋‹ค ๋Š˜์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
This year's total rice production increased over last year.

์ด๋ ฅ

chongnyeok
full force; all one's energy
์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์€ ๊ฒฐ์Šน์ „์—์„œ ์ด๋ ฅ์„ ๋‹คํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The players gave their full force in the final match.
์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์‚ฐ๋ถˆ์„ ๋„๋Š” ๋ฐ ์ด๋ ฅ์„ ๊ธฐ์šธ์˜€์–ด์š”.
The government put all its energy into putting out the wildfire.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ด๋ ฅ์„ ๋ชจ์•„ ์ด ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋„˜๊น์‹œ๋‹ค.
Let's all pool our full strength and get through this crisis.

์ด๋ ฅ์ „

chongnyeokjjeon
all-out effort; total war
ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฒˆ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ๋”ฐ๋‚ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ด๋ ฅ์ „์„ ํŽผ์ณค๋‹ค.
The company made an all-out effort to win this contract.
๋‘ ํŒ€์€ ๊ฒฐ์Šน์—์„œ ์ด๋ ฅ์ „์„ ๋ฒŒ์˜€์–ด์š”.
The two teams went all out in the final.
์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ฅผ ์•ž๋‘๊ณ  ๊ฐ ๋‹น์ด ์ด๋ ฅ์ „์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”์–ด์š”.
Ahead of the election, each party launched an all-out effort.

์ด๋ฉด์ 

chongmyeonjeok
total area
์ด ๊ณต์›์˜ ์ด๋ฉด์ ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋„“๋‹ค.
The total area of this park is very large.
์ด ์„ฌ์˜ ์ด๋ฉด์ ์€ ์„œ์šธ์˜ ๋‘ ๋ฐฐ ์ •๋„์˜ˆ์š”.
The total area of this island is about twice that of Seoul.
์ง‘์„ ์‚ด ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ด๋ฉด์ ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‹ค์ œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ๋ฉด์ ์„ ๋ด์•ผ ํ•ด์š”.
When buying a house, you should look at the usable area rather than the total area.

์ด๋ช…

chongmyeong
cleverness; sharp memory
์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์€ ๊ทธ ์•„์ด์˜ ์ด๋ช…์„ ์นญ์ฐฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The teacher praised the child's cleverness.
๊ทธ ์•„์ด์˜ ๋ˆˆ๋น›์—์„œ ์ด๋ช…์ด ๋А๊ปด์กŒ์–ด์š”.
You could sense the cleverness in that child's eyes.
ํ• ๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์•„ํ”์ด ๋„˜์–ด์„œ๋„ ์ด๋ช…์„ ์žƒ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ์…จ์–ด์š”.
Even past ninety, Grandmother never lost her sharp mind.

์ด๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค

chongmyeonghada
smart; clever; sharp-minded
๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์–ด๋ฆด ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค.
She has been sharp-minded since childhood.
์ด๋ช…ํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋ผ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋“ค์œผ๋ฉด ๋‹ค ๊ธฐ์–ตํ•ด์š”.
She's a bright student, so she remembers everything after hearing it once.
๊ทธ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ด๋ช…ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
He was famous for being clever from a young age.

์ด๋ณธ์‚ฐ

chongbonsan
headquarters; hub; central seat
๊ทธ ๋„์‹œ๋Š” ์ „์ž ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ์ด๋ณธ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ถˆ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค.
That city is called the headquarters of the electronics industry.
์ด ์ ˆ์€ ๊ทธ ์ข…ํŒŒ์˜ ์ด๋ณธ์‚ฐ์ด์—์š”.
This temple is the head temple of that order.
ํŒŒ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ํŒจ์…˜์˜ ์ด๋ณธ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์กŒ์–ด์š”.
Paris has long been regarded as the hub of fashion.

์ด์†Œ๋“

chongsodeuk
total revenue; gross income
๋‚˜์˜ ์›” ํ‰๊ท  ์ด์†Œ๋“์€ ์‚ผ๋ฐฑ๋งŒ ์›์ด๋‹ค.
My average monthly gross income is three million won.
์„ธ๊ธˆ์€ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ์˜ ์ด์†Œ๋“์„ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์‚ฐํ•ด์š”.
Taxes are calculated based on the household's gross income.
์ž‘๋…„๋ณด๋‹ค ์ด์†Œ๋“์ด ๋Š˜์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ €์ถ•์€ ์ค„์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
My gross income went up from last year, but my savings went down.

์ด์ˆ˜

chongsu
total number
์ง€๊ตฌ์— ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผ ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ์ด์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
The total number of living species on Earth is decreasing.
์ด๋ฒˆ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ด์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์„ธ์–ด ๋ดค์–ด์š”.
I counted the total number of people who attended this event.
๋„์„œ๊ด€์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์ฑ…์˜ ์ด์ˆ˜๋Š” ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋ผ์š”?
What's the total number of books in the library?

์ด์ˆ˜์š”

chongsuyo
total demand; aggregate demand
์ด์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฌผ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋–จ์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋œ๋‹ค.
When aggregate demand decreases, prices fall.
์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ด์ˆ˜์š”๋ฅผ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์„ธ๊ธˆ์„ ๋‚ฎ์ท„์–ด์š”.
The government lowered taxes to boost aggregate demand.
๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜๋ฉด ์ด์ˆ˜์š”๋„ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค๊ธฐ ๋งˆ๋ จ์ด์—์š”.
When the economy is bad, aggregate demand is bound to shrink too.

์ด์ˆ˜์ต

chongsuik
gross earnings; total revenue
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ธฐ์—…์€ ์ง€๋‚œ ๋ถ„๊ธฐ ์ด์ˆ˜์ต์ด ์ด์กฐ ์›์„ ๋„˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
Our company's total revenue exceeded two trillion won last quarter.
์ด๋ฒˆ ๊ณต์—ฐ์˜ ์ด์ˆ˜์ต์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ธฐ๋ถ€๋  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—์š”.
All the gross earnings from this performance will be donated.
๊ด‘๊ณ  ๋•๋ถ„์— ์˜ฌํ•ด ์ด์ˆ˜์ต์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋Š˜์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
Thanks to advertising, total revenue rose significantly this year.

์ด์ˆ˜์ž…

chongsuip
total revenue; gross income
๋ฐฐ์šฐ ์ตœ ์”จ๊ฐ€ ์ž‘๋…„์— ์˜ํ™”, ๊ด‘๊ณ  ์ถœ์—ฐ ๋“ฑ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒŒ์–ด๋“ค์ธ ์ด์ˆ˜์ž…์€ ์•ฝ ์น ์–ต ์›์ด๋‹ค.
Actor Choi's total revenue earned last year from films, commercials, and the like was about seven hundred million won.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ์˜ ํ•œ ๋‹ฌ ์ด์ˆ˜์ž…์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ ์–ด์š”.
Our shop's total monthly income is less than you'd think.
์ด์ˆ˜์ž…์—์„œ ์ง€์ถœ์„ ๋นผ๋ฉด ์–ผ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์•„์š”?
How much is left if you subtract expenses from total income?

์ด์•ก

chongaek
total amount
๋‚˜๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์ž…๊ณผ ์ง€์ถœ ์ด์•ก์„ ์žฅ๋ถ€์— ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
I recorded the total amount of the company's income and expenses in the ledger.
์ด๋ฒˆ ์—ฌํ–‰ ๊ฒฝ๋น„ ์ด์•ก์ด ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚˜์™”์–ด์š”.
The total cost of this trip came out higher than expected.
์˜์ˆ˜์ฆ์— ์ ํžŒ ์ด์•ก์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ™•์ธํ•ด ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
Please check the total amount on the receipt again.

์ด์—ญ๋Ÿ‰

chongyeongnyang
all one's ability; total capacity
์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์˜ ์ด์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ๊ฒฐ์ง‘ํ•ด ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ทน๋ณตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The government tried to overcome the economic crisis by gathering the total capacity of the people.
ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‹ ์ œํ’ˆ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์— ์ด์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์Ÿ์•˜์–ด์š”.
The company poured its total capacity into developing the new product.
์ด๋ฒˆ ๋Œ€ํšŒ๋Š” ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์˜ ์ด์—ญ๋Ÿ‰์„ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž๋ฆฌ์˜ˆ์š”.
This competition is a chance to test the athletes' full abilities.

์ด์›

chongwon
total personnel; everyone
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ˜์˜ ์ด์›์€ ์„œ๋ฅธ ์—ฌ์„ฏ ๋ช…์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The total number of people in our class was thirty-six.
์˜ค๋Š˜ ํ›ˆ๋ จ์— ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•œ ์ด์›์€ ์Šค๋ฌด ๋ช…์ด์—์š”.
The total number of people at today's training is 20.
์ถœ๋ฐœ ์ „์— ์ด์›์ด ๋‹ค ๋ชจ์˜€๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
Check that everyone is present before departure.

์ด์ธ๊ตฌ

chongingu
total population
์ถœ์‚ฐ์œจ์ด ๊ฐ์†Œํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ด์ธ๊ตฌ๋„ ๊ฐ์†Œ ์ถ”์„ธ์— ์ ‘์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค.
As the birth rate declined, the total population also began to decline.
๊ทธ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์ด์ธ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์˜ค์ฒœ๋งŒ ๋ช…์ด ๋„˜์–ด์š”.
That country's total population exceeds 50 million.
์ด์ธ๊ตฌ ์ค‘ ๋…ธ์ธ์˜ ๋น„์œจ์ด ๊ณ„์† ๋Š˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
The proportion of elderly people in the total population keeps rising.

์ด์ 

chongjeom
total score
๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด์ ์„ ์‹œํ—˜ ๊ณผ๋ชฉ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ํ‰๊ท ์„ ๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
I found the average by dividing the total score by the number of exam subjects.
์ด๋ฒˆ ์‹œํ—˜ ์ด์ ์ด ์ง€๋‚œ๋ฒˆ๋ณด๋‹ค ์˜ฌ๋ž์–ด์š”.
My total score on this exam went up from last time.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒ€์ด ์ด์ ์—์„œ ํ•œ ์  ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ ์ด๊ฒผ์–ด์š”.
Our team won by one point in the total score.

์ด์ฒœ์—ฐ์ƒ‰

chongcheonyeonsaek
full natural color; full color
์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์ด์ฒœ์—ฐ์ƒ‰์˜ ์˜ท์„ ์ž…๊ณ  ์ฆ๊ฒ๊ฒŒ ๋›ฐ๋†€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
The children are playing happily, dressed in full-color clothes.
์–ด๋ฆด ๋•Œ ๊ทน์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ณธ ์ด์ฒœ์—ฐ์ƒ‰ ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์•„์ง๋„ ๊ธฐ์–ต๋‚˜์š”.
I still remember the full-color film I saw at the theater as a child.
๊ฐ€์„ ์‚ฐ์ด ์ด์ฒœ์—ฐ์ƒ‰ ๋‹จํ’์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌผ๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
The autumn mountains were dyed in the full colors of fall foliage.

์ด์ฒด

chongche
the whole; totality
๊ทธ ์ฑ…์€ ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ๊น€ ์ž‘๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์จ ์˜จ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ๋“ค์˜ ์ด์ฒด์˜€๋‹ค.
That book was the totality of the works writer Kim had written up to then.
๋ฌธํ™”๋ž€ ํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ƒํ™œ ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์ด์ฒด์˜ˆ์š”.
Culture is the totality of a society's way of life.
์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ์—๋Š” ์ง€๋‚œ ์‹ญ ๋…„๊ฐ„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ ์„ฑ๊ณผ์˜ ์ด์ฒด๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด๊ฒจ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
This report contains the totality of the research results from the past ten years.

์ด์ฒด์„ฑ

chongcheseong
totality
๊ทธ์˜ ์†Œ์„ค์€ ์‚ถ์˜ ์ด์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ์ž˜ ํ‘œํ˜„ํ•œ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋œ๋‹ค.
His novel is regarded as a work that well expresses the totality of life.
์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ทธ ์‚ถ์˜ ์ด์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ๋ด์•ผ ํ•ด์š”.
To understand a person, you need to look at the totality of their life.
์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋„์‹œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์ด์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๋ ค ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
This study tried to address the totality of urban problems.

์ด์นญ

chongching
collective term; generic name
์œ ์ œํ’ˆ์€ ๊ฐ€์ถ•์˜ ์ –์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ์‹ํ’ˆ์˜ ์ด์นญ์ด๋‹ค.
Dairy products is a collective term for foods made from livestock's milk.
์ฑ„์†Œ๋Š” ๋ฐญ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๋จน์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‹๋ฌผ์˜ ์ด์นญ์ด์—์š”.
"Vegetables" is the collective term for edible plants grown in fields.
๋™์–‘์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋ง์€ ์•„์‹œ์•„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ์ด์นญ์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ์˜€์–ด์š”.
The word "the East" was used as a collective term for various Asian countries.

์ด์นญํ•˜๋‹ค

chongchinghada
call collectively; refer to as a group
ํ•จ์ •์€ ํฌ๊ณ  ์ž‘์€ ๊ตฐํ•จ์„ ์ด์นญํ•˜๋Š” ๋ง์ด๋‹ค.
'Warship' is a term that collectively refers to naval vessels large and small.
๊ณ ์–‘์ด์™€ ํ˜ธ๋ž‘์ด ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ณ ์–‘์ž‡๊ณผ ๋™๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ด์นญํ•ด์š”.
Cats, tigers, and the like are collectively called felines.
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์Œ์‹๋“ค์„ ๋ญ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ด์นญํ•˜๋‚˜์š”?
What do you call these foods collectively?

์ดํ‰

chongpyeong
general review; overall rating
์‹ฌ์‚ฌ ์œ„์›์˜ ์ดํ‰์ด ์žˆ์€ ํ›„์— ์‹œ์ƒ์‹์ด ์ง„ํ–‰๋  ์˜ˆ์ •์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The awards ceremony was scheduled to proceed after the judges' general review.
์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด ํ•™๊ธฐ ๋ง์— ์ˆ˜์—…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ดํ‰์„ ํ•ด ์ฃผ์…จ์–ด์š”.
The teacher gave an overall review of the class at the end of the semester.
๊ฐ๋…์€ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ํ›„ ์ดํ‰์—์„œ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์„ ์นญ์ฐฌํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
In his overall review after the game, the coach praised the players.

์ดํ•ฉ

chonghap
total
๋‚˜๋Š” ์ข…์ด์— ์ ํžŒ ์ˆซ์ž๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋”ํ•ด ์ดํ•ฉ์„ ๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
I added up all the numbers written on the paper to find the total.
์„ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๋ฅผ ๋”ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ดํ•ฉ์ด ๋ฐฑ ์‚ด์ด ๋„˜์–ด์š”.
If you add up the three people's ages, the total is over 100.
๊ฐ ๊ณผ๋ชฉ ์ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ดํ•ฉ์ด ํ•ฉ๊ฒฉ ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๋„˜์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
The total of my scores in each subject exceeded the passing mark.

์ตœ๊ฐ•

choegang
the strongest; the most powerful
๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋ณด์œ ํ•œ ๊ตฐ์‚ฌ๋ ฅ์€ ์ตœ๊ฐ•์œผ๋กœ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค.
Their military power was rated as the strongest.
๊ทธ ํŒ€์€ ์˜ฌํ•ด ๋ฆฌ๊ทธ ์ตœ๊ฐ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ผฝํ˜€์š”.
That team is considered the strongest in the league this year.
์ตœ๊ฐ•์˜ ์ƒ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
Don't give up even if you face the strongest opponent.

์ตœ๊ณ ๊ฐ€

choegoga
the highest price; top price
๊ทธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ฃผ์‹์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์˜ค๋ฅด๋ฉด์„œ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ตœ๊ณ ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The company's stock rose sharply and hit a record high price today.
๊ธˆ๊ฐ’์ด ์˜ฌํ•ด ์ตœ๊ณ ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๊ฒฝ์‹ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
The price of gold hit a new high for the year again.
๊ทธ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์€ ๊ฒฝ๋งค์—์„œ ์ตœ๊ณ ๊ฐ€์— ํŒ”๋ ธ์–ด์š”.
That painting sold at the highest price at the auction.

์ตœ๊ณ ๊ธ‰

choegogeup
the highest grade; top-level
๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์‹œ๊ณ„๋ผ๋ฉด ์ตœ๊ณ ๊ธ‰๋งŒ ์ฐพ๋Š”๋‹ค.
When it comes to watches, she only looks for the top-level ones.
์ด ํ˜ธํ…”์€ ์ตœ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ์ œ๊ณตํ•ด์š”.
This hotel provides top-level service.
์ƒ์ผ ์„ ๋ฌผ๋กœ ์ตœ๊ณ ๊ธ‰ ์ดˆ์ฝœ๋ฆฟ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์–ด์š”.
I received top-grade chocolate as a birthday present.

์ตœ๊ณ ๋„

choegodo
the highest degree
๋ฌด๋Šฅํ•œ ๊ตญ์ • ์šด์˜์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์€ ์ตœ๊ณ ๋„์— ๋‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Due to incompetent governance, the public's discontent reached its highest degree.
์ด ๋ง์›๊ฒฝ์€ ์ตœ๊ณ ๋„์˜ ์ •๋ฐ€์„ฑ์„ ์ž๋ž‘ํ•ด์š”.
This telescope boasts the highest degree of precision.
๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์ตœ๊ณ ๋„๋กœ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌํ•œ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
Imagine a society where technology has developed to the highest degree.

์ตœ๊ณ ๋ น

choegoryeong
the oldest
์˜ฌํ•ด ๋ฐฑ ์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋„˜๊ธฐ์‹  ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ๋งˆ์„์—์„œ ์ตœ๊ณ ๋ น์ด์‹œ๋‹ค.
My father, who turned a hundred this year, is the oldest in the village.
๊ทธ๋Š” ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์ตœ๊ณ ๋ น ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋กœ ํ™”์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
He made headlines as the oldest participant in the competition.
์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ๋ น ํ• ๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋ช‡ ์‚ด์ด์„ธ์š”?
How old is the world's oldest woman?

์ตœ๊ณ ์•ก

choegoaek
the highest amount
์–ด์ œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๊ฒฝ๋งค์—์„œ ๊ทธ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ ์ตœ๊ณ ์•ก์„ ์จ ๋‚ธ ์ž…์ฐฐ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚™์ฐฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
At yesterday's auction, the work was won by the bidder who offered the highest amount.
์ด๋ฒˆ ๋ณต๊ถŒ ๋‹น์ฒจ๊ธˆ์€ ์—ญ๋Œ€ ์ตœ๊ณ ์•ก์ด์—์š”.
This lottery prize is the highest amount ever.
๊ทธ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ตฌ๋‹จ ์ตœ๊ณ ์•ก ์—ฐ๋ด‰์„ ๋ฐ›๊ฒŒ ๋์–ด์š”.
That player will receive the highest salary on the team.

์ตœ๊ณ ์ 

choegojeom
the highest score; top score
๋‚˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ฒ• ์‹œํ—˜์—์„œ ์ตœ๊ณ ์ ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๋ฉฐ ์ˆ˜์„์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๊ฒฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
I scored the highest on the bar exam and passed at the top of my class.
์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ฒด์กฐ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๊ณ ์ ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์–ด์š”.
She received the top score in today's gymnastics competition.
์‹ฌ์‚ฌ ์œ„์› ๋‹ค์„ฏ ๋ช… ์ค‘ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๊ณ ์ ์„ ์คฌ์–ด์š”?
Which of the five judges gave the highest score?

์ตœ๊ณ ์น˜

choegochi
highest value
์˜ฌํ•ด ํŒ”์›”์— ์ „๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ตœ๊ณ ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Electricity usage hit a record high this August.
์˜ฌ์—ฌ๋ฆ„ ๊ธฐ์˜จ์ด ์—ญ๋Œ€ ์ตœ๊ณ ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
This summer's temperature hit an all-time high.
์‹ค์—…๋ฅ ์ด ์ตœ๊ณ ์น˜์— ๋‹ฌํ•˜์ž ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€์ฑ…์„ ๋‚ด๋†“์•˜์–ด์š”.
When the unemployment rate reached its highest level, the government announced measures.

์ตœ๋‹ค

choeda
the most; the largest; maximum
๊ทธ ์•ผ๊ตฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ตœ๋‹ค ํ™ˆ๋Ÿฐ์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
That baseball player set the record for the most home runs in Korean history.
๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์˜ฌํ•ด ์ตœ๋‹ค ์ˆ˜์ƒ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ์„ธ์› ์–ด์š”.
That singer set the record for the most awards this year.
์ด๋ฒˆ ์ถ•์ œ์—๋Š” ์—ญ๋Œ€ ์ตœ๋‹ค ์ธ์›์ด ๋ชจ์˜€์–ด์š”.
The largest crowd ever gathered for this festival.

์ตœ๋‹จ

choedan
the shortest
์ธํ„ฐ๋„ท์— ์‹๋‹น ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ธธ์„ ๊ฒ€์ƒ‰ํ•˜์ž ์ตœ๋‹จ ๊ฒฝ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์•ˆ๋‚ดํ•ด ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
When I searched online for the way to the restaurant, it guided me along the shortest route.
๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ตœ๋‹จ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋„์ฐฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด์—์š”.
Going by plane is the way to arrive in the shortest time.
๊ทธ๋Š” ํ•™๊ต ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ƒ ์ตœ๋‹จ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ ํ•™์œ„๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜์–ด์š”.
He earned his doctorate in the shortest time in the school's history.

์ตœ๋Œ€

choedae
the largest; the most; maximum
์„œ์šธ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ์ตœ๋Œ€์˜ ๋„์‹œ์ด๋‹ค.
Seoul is our country's largest city.
์ด ์—˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ดํ„ฐ๋Š” ์ตœ๋Œ€ ์—ด ๋ช…๊นŒ์ง€ ํƒˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
This elevator can hold a maximum of 10 people.
์˜ฌํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋Š” ํ•ด์™ธ ์ง„์ถœ์ด์—์š”.
Our company's biggest goal this year is expanding overseas.

์ตœ๋Œ€์น˜

choedaechi
the maximum value
๋ฌด๋”์šด ๋‚ ์”จ ํƒ“์— ์˜ฌํ•ด ๋“ค์–ด ์ „๋ ฅ ์ˆ˜์š”๊ฐ€ ์ตœ๋Œ€์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Because of the sweltering weather, electricity demand hit its maximum value this year.
์Šคํ”ผ์ปค ๋ณผ๋ฅจ์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€์น˜๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
Don't turn the speaker volume up to the maximum.
์ด๋ฒˆ ๋‹ฌ ํŒ๋งค๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ฐฝ์‚ฌ ์ด๋ž˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
This month's sales hit their highest level since the company was founded.

์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋„

choedaehando
maximum; utmost limit
๊ฐ๊ตญ์˜ ์ •์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์ œํ•œ๋œ ์ž์›์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋„๋กœ ํ™œ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋…ผ์˜ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The leaders of each country discussed how to make maximum use of limited resources.
๋Œ€์ถœ์€ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋„๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐ›์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์•„์š”.
It's better not to borrow up to the maximum limit.
์ด ์นด๋“œ์˜ ํ•œ ๋‹ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋„๋Š” ์–ผ๋งˆ์˜ˆ์š”?
What is this card's maximum monthly spending limit?

์ตœ๋Œ€ํ™”

choedaehwa
maximization
์‚ฌ์žฅ์€ ์‚ฌ์› ๊ต์œก์„ ๊ฐ•ํ™”ํ•ด์„œ ์ง์›๋“ค์˜ ์—…๋ฌด ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊พ€ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The president strengthened employee training to seek the maximization of staff work ability.
๊ธฐ์—…์€ ์ด์œค์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Companies aim for the maximization of profit.
๊ณต๊ฐ„ ํ™œ์šฉ์„ ์ตœ๋Œ€ํ™”ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ์ ‘์ด์‹ ๊ฐ€๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ƒ€์–ด์š”.
I bought folding furniture to maximize the use of space.

์ตœ๋Œ“๊ฐ’

choedaetkkap
maximum
ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ํ•จ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ“๊ฐ’๊ณผ ์ตœ์†Ÿ๊ฐ’์„ ๊ตฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The students found the maximum and minimum values of the function.
์ด ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„์—์„œ ์ตœ๋Œ“๊ฐ’์€ ์–ด๋””์— ์žˆ์–ด์š”?
Where is the maximum value on this graph?
์„ผ์„œ๊ฐ€ ์ธก์ •ํ•œ ์˜จ๋„์˜ ์ตœ๋Œ“๊ฐ’์„ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•ด ๋‘์„ธ์š”.
Please record the maximum temperature the sensor measured.

์ตœ์ƒ

choesang
the highest
์ด๊ณณ์˜ ์ˆ˜์šฉ ์ธ์›์˜ ์ตœ์ƒ์˜ ํ•œ๊ณ„๋Š” ์˜ค๋ฐฑ ๋ช…์ด๋‹ค.
The highest limit on the number of people this place can hold is five hundred.
์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ์ปจ๋””์…˜์ด ์ตœ์ƒ์ด์—์š”.
I'm in top condition today.
์†๋‹˜๋“ค๊ป˜ ์ตœ์ƒ์˜ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
We will provide our guests with the highest level of service.

์ตœ์ƒ๊ธ‰

choesanggeup
the highest level; the highest grade
๊ทธ๋Š” ์†๋‹˜์—๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์ ‘ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ตœ์ƒ๊ธ‰ ์™€์ธ์„ ์ฃผ๋ฌธํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
He ordered a top-grade wine to serve his guest.
์ด ์†Œ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ตœ์ƒ๊ธ‰ ํ•œ์šฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
This beef is top-grade Korean hanwoo.
๊ทธ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ด๋ฏธ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ์ƒ๊ธ‰ ์‹ค๋ ฅ์„ ๊ฐ–์ท„์–ด์š”.
That athlete already has world-class, top-level skills.

์ตœ์ƒ์œ„

choesangwi
the highest rank; the highest grade
์Šน๊ทœ์˜ ์„ฑ์ ์€ ํ•™๊ต ์ „์ฒด์—์„œ ์ตœ์ƒ์œ„์— ์†ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Seunggyu's grades ranked at the very top of the whole school.
๊ทธ ๋Œ€ํ•™์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋Œ€ํ•™ ์ˆœ์œ„์—์„œ ์ตœ์ƒ์œ„๊ถŒ์ด์—์š”.
That university is in the top tier of world university rankings.
๊ณ ๊ฐ ๋งŒ์กฑ์„ ์ตœ์ƒ์œ„ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋กœ ๋‘๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
We have made customer satisfaction our highest goal.

์ตœ์ƒํ’ˆ

choesangpum
the best product
์œ ๋ช…ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ง‘๊ฐ€๋Š” ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ต๊ณ  ์งˆ์ด ์ข‹์€ ์ตœ์ƒํ’ˆ ๋„์ž๊ธฐ๋“ค๋งŒ ๋ชจ์•˜๋‹ค.
The famous collector gathered only the finest, top-quality pieces of pottery.
์ด ์‚ฌ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋†์žฅ์—์„œ ๊ณ ๋ฅธ ์ตœ์ƒํ’ˆ์ด์—์š”.
These apples are the finest ones picked out at the farm.
์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ์ตœ์ƒํ’ˆ ๋ฉธ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋น„์‹ธ๊ฒŒ ์ƒ€์–ด์š”.
I paid a lot for top-quality anchovies at the market.

์ตœ์„ 

choeseon
the best
๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ธ€์„ ์ž˜ ์“ฐ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊พธ์ค€ํžˆ ์ฑ…์„ ์ฝ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
I read books consistently as the best way to write well.
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์™€ ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด ์ตœ์„ ์„ ๋‹คํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
Regardless of the result, I did my best.
์ง€๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ์„œ๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์ตœ์„ ์ด์—์š”.
For now, waiting is the best option.

์ตœ์„ ์ฑ…

choeseonchaek
the best plan
๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์ง„์ฐฐํ•˜์‹  ์˜์‚ฌ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์€ ์šด๋™์ด ๋ณ‘์„ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋‚ซ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ตœ์„ ์ฑ…์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง์”€ํ•˜์…จ๋‹ค.
The doctor who examined me said exercise was the best way to recover quickly.
๋Œ€ํ™”๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ตœ์„ ์ฑ…์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์š”.
I think solving it through dialogue is the best plan.
์ตœ์„ ์ฑ…์ด ์—†์œผ๋ฉด ์ฐจ์„ ์ฑ…์ด๋ผ๋„ ์ฐพ์•„์•ผ ํ•ด์š”.
If there's no best plan, we have to find at least a second-best one.

์ตœ์†Œ์น˜

choesochi
minimum
๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ ์ข‹์•„์ง€๋ฉด์„œ ์นด๋“œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์•ก์ด ์˜ค ๋…„ ๋งŒ์— ์ตœ์†Œ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
As the economy worsened, card spending hit its lowest level in five years.
์˜ฌํ•ด ๋ด„ ๊ฐ•์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์ด ๊ด€์ธก ์ด๋ž˜ ์ตœ์†Œ์น˜๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
This spring's rainfall hit its lowest level since records began.
์ด๋ฒˆ ๋‹ฌ ์ „๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋Ÿ‰์ด ์ผ ๋…„ ์ค‘ ์ตœ์†Œ์น˜์˜€์–ด์š”.
This month's electricity use was the lowest of the year.

์ตœ์†Œํ•œ๋„

choesohando
the minimum; being the least
๋‚˜๋Š” ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ๋„์˜ ์›€์ง์ž„์œผ๋กœ ์ฒด๋ ฅ์„ ์•„๊ผˆ๋‹ค.
I conserved my energy by moving as little as possible.
์ง์€ ์ตœ์†Œํ•œ๋„๋กœ๋งŒ ์ฑ™๊ฒจ ๊ฐ€์„ธ์š”.
Pack only the bare minimum of luggage.
์ตœ์†Œํ•œ๋„์˜ ์˜ˆ์˜๋Š” ์ง€์ผœ์•ผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ์š”?
Shouldn't we at least keep a minimum of courtesy?

์ตœ์†Ÿ๊ฐ’

choesotkkap
minimum
์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ ค ๋ฌธ์ œ์—์„œ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•œ ์ตœ์†Ÿ๊ฐ’์„ ์ฐพ์•˜๋‹ค.
Jisoo drew a graph and found the minimum value the problem asked for.
์ธก์ •๊ฐ’ ์ค‘ ์ตœ์†Ÿ๊ฐ’์„ ๋นผ๊ณ  ํ‰๊ท ์„ ๋ƒˆ์–ด์š”.
I excluded the minimum from the measurements and calculated the average.
ํ‘œ์—์„œ ์ตœ์†Ÿ๊ฐ’๊ณผ ์ตœ๋Œ“๊ฐ’์˜ ์ฐจ์ด๋Š” ์–ผ๋งˆ์˜ˆ์š”?
What's the difference between the minimum and maximum in the table?

์ตœ์‹ 

choesin
latest; newest; up-to-date
์ด ๋ณ‘์€ ์ผ๋‹จ ์ง„ํ–‰์ด ๋˜๋ฉด ์ตœ์‹  ์˜ํ•™์˜ ํž˜์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์ข€์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค.
Once this disease progresses, it can hardly be cured even with the power of the latest medicine.
์ตœ์‹  ๋‰ด์Šค๋Š” ์ด ์•ฑ์—์„œ ํ™•์ธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
You can check the latest news in this app.
์ด ๋…ธํŠธ๋ถ์— ์ตœ์‹  ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋žจ์„ ๊น”์•˜์–ด์š”.
I installed the latest programs on this laptop.

์ตœ์‹ ์‹

choesinsik
the latest; being up-to-date
๋งŽ์€ ํ™˜์ž๋“ค์ด ์ตœ์‹ ์‹ ์‹œ์„ค์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ˜ ๋ณ‘์›์— ์ฐพ์•„์™”๋‹ค.
Many patients came to the hospital equipped with the latest facilities.
์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌํ•œ ์ง‘์€ ๋ถ€์—Œ์ด ์ตœ์‹ ์‹์ด์—์š”.
The kitchen in the house we just moved into is state-of-the-art.
ํ•™๊ต์— ์ตœ์‹ ์‹ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ์‹ค์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ์–ด์š”.
The school got an up-to-date computer lab.

์ตœ์‹ ํ˜•

choesinhyeong
the latest model
๋‚˜๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜จ ์ตœ์‹ ํ˜• ํ•ธ๋“œํฐ์„ ์‚ฌ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ์—„๋งˆ๋ฅผ ์กธ๋ž๋‹ค.
I nagged my mom to buy me the latest model phone that had just come out.
์ด ์ฐจ๋Š” ์˜ฌํ•ด ๋‚˜์˜จ ์ตœ์‹ ํ˜• ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด์—์š”.
This car is the latest model released this year.
์ตœ์‹ ํ˜• ๋ƒ‰์žฅ๊ณ ๋Š” ์ „๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋œ ์“ด๋Œ€์š”.
They say the latest-model refrigerators use less electricity.

์ตœ์•…

choeak
the worst
์ด๋ฒˆ ์‹œํ—˜์—์„œ๋Š” ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ํ•ด์„œ ์ตœ์•…์˜ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค.
I made a lot of mistakes on this exam and got the worst score.
์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ๋น„๋„ ์˜ค๊ณ  ์ง€๊ฐ‘๋„ ์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ ค์„œ ์ตœ์•…์ด์—์š”.
Today it rained and I lost my wallet. It's the worst.
์ตœ์•…์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์—๋Š” ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ์ทจ์†Œํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
In the worst case, we might have to cancel the trip.

์ตœ์—ฐ์†Œ

choeyeonso
the youngest
์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ์ตœ์—ฐ์†Œ์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๋กœ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ํ•ฉ๊ฒฉํ•œ ์‹ ์ž…์‚ฌ์›์ด๋‹ค.
Jisoo is a new employee who joined the company at the youngest age.
๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ตœ์—ฐ์†Œ๋กœ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋Œ€ํ‘œ์— ๋ฝ‘ํ˜”์–ด์š”.
She was selected for the national team as its youngest member.
์ด๋ฒˆ ๋Œ€ํšŒ์˜ ์ตœ์—ฐ์†Œ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€์ž๋Š” ๋ช‡ ์‚ด์ด์—์š”?
How old is the youngest participant in this competition?

์ตœ์šฐ์„ 

choeuseon
top priority; the highest priority
๋‚˜๋Š” ์—ฌํ–‰์ง€์—์„œ ์„ ๋ฌผ์„ ์‚ด ๋•Œ ์–ด๋ฆฐ ๋™์ƒ์„ ์ตœ์šฐ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
When buying souvenirs at the destination, I thought of my young sibling as the top priority.
๋ฌด์—‡๋ณด๋‹ค ์•ˆ์ „์„ ์ตœ์šฐ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Above all, safety must be the top priority.
์ง€๊ธˆ ์ตœ์šฐ์„  ๊ณผ์ œ๋Š” ์ƒˆ ์ง์›์„ ๋ฝ‘๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
The top-priority task right now is hiring new employees.

์ตœ์šฐ์ˆ˜

choeusu
the best; top-notch
์˜ฌํ•ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ์„ฑ์ ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘” ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์šฐ์ˆ˜ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ฝ‘ํ˜”๋‹ค.
The player with the best record this year was chosen as the top player.
๊ทธ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด ์ตœ์šฐ์ˆ˜ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜์–ด์š”.
That work won the award for best work.
์ตœ์šฐ์ˆ˜ ํ•™์ƒ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์žฅํ•™๊ธˆ์ด ์ฃผ์–ด์ง‘๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Scholarships are given to the top students.

์ตœ์žฅ

choejang
the longest
๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ๋›ฐ๊ธฐ ์—ฐ์Šต์„ ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋›ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ตœ์žฅ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ ์  ๋Š˜๋ ธ๋‹ค.
I practiced the long jump hard and gradually increased the longest distance I could jump.
์˜ฌํ•ด ์žฅ๋งˆ๋Š” ์—ญ๋Œ€ ์ตœ์žฅ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„ ์ด์–ด์กŒ์–ด์š”.
This year's rainy season lasted the longest ever.
์ด ํ„ฐ๋„์€ ๊ตญ๋‚ด ์ตœ์žฅ ํ„ฐ๋„์ด์—์š”.
This tunnel is the longest tunnel in the country.

์ตœ์ €์น˜

choejeochi
the lowest value
๋‚˜๋Š” ์•„ํ”„๊ณ  ๋‚ฌ๋”๋‹ˆ ๋ชธ๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๊ฐ€ ์ตœ์ €์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
After being sick, my weight hit its lowest point.
์ถœ์‚ฐ์œจ์ด ์˜ฌํ•ด ์—ญ๋Œ€ ์ตœ์ €์น˜๋กœ ๋–จ์–ด์กŒ์–ด์š”.
The birth rate fell to an all-time low this year.
ํ™˜์œจ์ด ์ตœ์ €์น˜์ผ ๋•Œ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ ๋‘์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
I bought dollars when the exchange rate was at its lowest.

์ตœ์ 

choejeok
the most suitable; optimal
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ตœ์ ์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์ฐพ๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ํšŒ์˜๋ฅผ ๊ณ„์†ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
We kept meeting to find the optimal way to solve the problem.
์ด ๋ฐฉ์€ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ์— ์ตœ์ ์˜ ์žฅ์†Œ์˜ˆ์š”.
This room is the most suitable place for studying.
์‹๋ฌผ์ด ์ž๋ผ๊ธฐ์— ์ตœ์ ์ธ ์˜จ๋„๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๋„์˜ˆ์š”?
What's the optimal temperature for plants to grow?

์ตœ์ข…

choejong
the last; final
ํ˜•์€ ์ž…์‚ฌ ์‹œํ—˜์— ์ตœ์ข…์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๊ฒฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ฃผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ถœ๊ทผํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.
My brother passed the final round of the job exam, so he starts work next week.
์ตœ์ข… ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์Œ ์ฃผ ์›”์š”์ผ์— ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋ผ์š”.
The final results will be announced next Monday.
๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ตœ์ข… ํ™•์ธํ•œ ๋’ค ์ œ์ถœํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
Submit the report after giving it a final check.

์ตœ์ฒจ๋‹จ

choecheomdan
the most advanced; state-of-the-art
์œ ๋ช… ๋ชจ๋ธ์€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์˜ท๋“ค๋กœ ์ตœ์ฒจ๋‹จ ํŒจ์…˜์„ ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค.
The famous model always showed off state-of-the-art fashion with new clothes.
์ด ๊ณตํ•ญ์€ ์ตœ์ฒจ๋‹จ ๋ณด์•ˆ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๊ฐ–์ท„์–ด์š”.
This airport is equipped with a state-of-the-art security system.
์ตœ์ฒจ๋‹จ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋„ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
Even the most advanced technology is made by people in the end.

์ตœํ•˜

choeha
the lowest
๋‚˜๋Š” ์‹œํ—˜์—์„œ ์ตœํ•˜ ์ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๊ผด์ฐŒ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
I got the lowest score on the test and came in last.
์ด ์ œํ’ˆ์€ ํ’ˆ์งˆ์ด ์ตœํ•˜๋ผ์„œ ๋ฐ˜ํ’ˆํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
This product was of the lowest quality, so I returned it.
๊ฒฝ๋งค ์‹œ์ž‘ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์€ ์ตœํ•˜ ๋งŒ ์›๋ถ€ํ„ฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
The auction's starting price begins at a minimum of 10,000 won.

์ตœํ•˜๊ธ‰

choehageup
the lowest level; the lowest grade
์‹œํ—˜์„ ๋ง์นœ ์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ตœํ•˜๊ธ‰ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์˜ ์„ฑ์  ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค.
Jisoo, who bombed the test, received the lowest grade evaluation.
๊ทธ ํ˜ธํ…”์€ ์„œ๋น„์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ตœํ•˜๊ธ‰์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
That hotel's service was of the lowest grade.
์ตœํ•˜๊ธ‰ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋กœ๋Š” ์ข‹์€ ์Œ์‹์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์—†์–ด์š”.
You can't make good food with the lowest-grade ingredients.

์ตœํ•˜์œ„

choehawi
the lowest rank
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒ€์€ ๊ณ„์† ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์— ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ ์ตœํ•˜์œ„์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋ €๋‹ค.
Because our team kept losing, we stayed in last place in the competition.
์ง€๋‚œ ์‹œ์ฆŒ ์ตœํ•˜์œ„์˜€๋˜ ํŒ€์ด ์˜ฌํ•ด๋Š” ์šฐ์Šนํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
The team that finished last the previous season won the championship this year.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ˜ ์ˆ˜ํ•™ ํ‰๊ท ์ด ํ•™๋…„ ์ตœํ•˜์œ„๋ผ๋‹ˆ ๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
I can't believe our class's math average is the lowest in the grade.

์ตœํ•˜์œ„๊ถŒ

choehawigwon
the lowest group; bottom bracket
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒ€์€ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ์„ฑ์ ์ด ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์•„ ์ตœํ•˜์œ„๊ถŒ์— ๋จธ๋ฌผ๋ €๋‹ค.
Our team's match results were poor, so we stayed in the bottom bracket.
๊ทธ ํ•™์ƒ์€ ์ตœํ•˜์œ„๊ถŒ์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•ด ์ƒ์œ„๊ถŒ๊นŒ์ง€ ์˜ฌ๋ž์–ด์š”.
That student started in the bottom bracket and rose to the top ranks.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ ํ–‰๋ณต ์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ตœํ•˜์œ„๊ถŒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ดค์–ด์š”.
I saw an article saying our country's happiness index is in the bottom bracket.

์ตœํ•˜์ธต

choehacheung
the bottom floor; lowest floor
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์ตœํ•˜์ธต์—๋Š” ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ง€ํ•˜์‹ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
On the bottom floor of our building, there was an unused basement.
์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ์€ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์ตœํ•˜์ธต์— ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
The parking lot is on the lowest floor of the building.
์ตœํ•˜์ธต๊นŒ์ง€ ์—˜๋ฆฌ๋ฒ ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ํƒ€๊ณ  ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ”์–ด์š”.
I took the elevator down to the lowest floor.

์ถ”์‚ฐ

chusan
estimation
๊ทธ์˜ ์žฌ์‚ฐ์€ ์•ฝ ์˜ค์ฒœ์–ต ์› ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ถ”์‚ฐ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค.
His fortune is estimated at around 500 billion won.
๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ ์ถ”์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์•ฝ ๋งŒ ๋ช…์ด ๋ชจ์˜€์–ด์š”.
According to police estimates, about 10,000 people gathered.
ํ”ผํ•ด์•ก์€ ์•„์ง ์ •ํ™•ํ•œ ์ถ”์‚ฐ์ด ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ƒํƒœ์˜ˆ์š”.
It's still difficult to make an accurate estimate of the damage.

์ถ”์ƒ

chusang
abstraction
์ฒ ํ•™์—์„œ๋Š” ์ •์‹ ์  ์ถ”์ƒ ๊ด€๋…์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค.
In philosophy, mental abstract concepts are considered important.
๊ทธ ํ™”๊ฐ€๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹คํ™”์—์„œ ์ถ”์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ํ™”ํ’์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟจ์–ด์š”.
That painter changed his style from realism to abstraction.
์ถ”์ƒ ๊ฐœ๋…์€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด ์„ค๋ช…ํ•˜๋ฉด ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‰ฌ์›Œ์š”.
Abstract concepts are easier to understand when explained with examples.

์ถ”์ƒ๊ฐ™๋‹ค

chusanggattta
stern; severe
์™•์€ ์‹ ํ•˜๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ถ”์ƒ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ช…์„ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค.
The king gave his subjects a stern order.
์‚ฌ์žฅ๋‹˜์˜ ์ถ”์ƒ๊ฐ™์€ ํ˜ธ๋ น์— ๋ชจ๋‘ ๊ธด์žฅํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
Everyone tensed up at the boss's stern command.
๊ทธ ํŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํŒ๊ฒฐ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆด ๋•Œ ์ถ”์ƒ๊ฐ™์ด ์—„๊ฒฉํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
That judge was as stern as autumn frost when handing down rulings.

์ถ”์ƒ์„ฑ

chusangseong
abstractness
์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ถ”์ƒ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์€ ๊ฐœ๋…์ด๋ผ ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ž˜ ์‹ค๊ฐ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
This is a highly abstract concept, so it doesn't feel very real.
ํ˜„๋Œ€ ๋ฏธ์ˆ ์€ ์ถ”์ƒ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•ด์„œ ์–ด๋ ต๊ฒŒ ๋А๊ปด์ ธ์š”.
Modern art feels difficult because it is highly abstract.
์ด ์‹œ์˜ ์ถ”์ƒ์„ฑ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์„ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
How should we interpret the abstractness of this poem?

์ถ”์„ธ

chuse
trend; tendency
์ฃผ์‹์ด ๋ฉฐ์น ์งธ ์ƒ์Šน ์ถ”์„ธ์— ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Stocks have been on an upward trend for several days.
์š”์ฆ˜์€ ํ˜ผ์ž ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋Š˜์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ์ถ”์„ธ์˜ˆ์š”.
These days, the number of people living alone is trending upward.
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ถ”์„ธ๋ผ๋ฉด ๋‚ด๋…„์—๋Š” ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ๋” ์˜ค๋ฅผ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
If this trend continues, prices will rise further next year.

์ถ”์•…

chuak
ugliness; being vile
๋‚˜๋Š” ๋งˆ์Œ์†์— ์ž๋ฆฌ ์žก๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ถ”์•…๊ณผ ์š•์‹ฌ์„ ๋–จ์ณ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ์• ์ผ๋‹ค.
I tried hard to shake off the ugliness and greed that had settled in my heart.
์ „์Ÿ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ถ”์•…ํ•œ ๋ฉด์„ ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋ƒˆ์–ด์š”.
The war laid bare the ugly side of humanity.
๊ทธ ์†Œ์„ค์€ ๊ถŒ๋ ฅ์˜ ์ถ”์•…ํ•œ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋‚ ์นด๋กญ๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
That novel sharply exposed the ugly face of power.

์ถ”์•…ํ•˜๋‹ค

chuakada
dirty; ugly; disgusting
๋‚˜๋Š” ์˜จ๊ฐ– ๋น„ํ–‰์„ ์ผ์‚ผ๋˜ ์ถ”์•…ํ•œ ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—์„œ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜ ์ƒˆ ์ถœ๋ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋งˆ์Œ๋จน์—ˆ๋‹ค.
I decided to escape my ugly past full of misdeeds and make a fresh start.
๋ˆ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ผ๋ฆฌ ์‹ธ์šฐ๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ด ์ถ”์•…ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
The sight of family members fighting over money was ugly.
๊ทธ ์ •์น˜์ธ์˜ ์ถ”์•…ํ•œ ๋น„๋ฐ€์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋ฐํ˜€์กŒ์–ด์š”.
That politician's disgusting secret was eventually revealed.

์ถ”์ด

chui
development; trend; change
์ฆ๊ถŒ์‚ฌ ์ง์›๋“ค์€ ์ฃผ์‹ ์‹œ์žฅ์˜ ์ถ”์ด๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Securities firm employees need to have a good grasp of the trends in the stock market.
ํ™˜์ž์˜ ์ƒํƒœ ์ถ”์ด๋ฅผ ๋งค์ผ ๊ธฐ๋กํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
We are recording the changes in the patient's condition every day.
์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌํƒœ์˜ ์ถ”์ด๋ฅผ ์ง€์ผœ๋ด์•ผ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”.
We'll have to watch how the situation develops from here.

์ถ”์žก์Šค๋Ÿฝ๋‹ค

chujapsseureoptta
dirty; filthy; disgusting
๋‚˜๋Š” ์ถ”์žก์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋†๋‹ด์„ ๋˜์ง€๋ฉฐ ๋Šฅ๊ธ€๋งž๊ฒŒ ์›ƒ๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด์ž ๋ชน์‹œ ๋ถˆ์พŒํ•ด์กŒ๋‹ค.
Seeing him crack a filthy joke and grin slyly made me very uncomfortable.
๋‚จ์˜ ๋ถˆํ–‰์„ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ถ”์žก์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›Œ์š”.
Exploiting other people's misfortune is so disgusting.
์ถ”์žก์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ์†Œ๋ฌธ์ด ํผ์ ธ์„œ ๊ทธ๋Š” ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚ฌ์–ด์š”.
A filthy rumor spread, and he left the company.

์ถ”์žกํ•˜๋‹ค

chujapada
dirty; filthy; disgusting
๊ทธ๋Š” ๋’ค์—์„œ ์˜จ๊ฐ– ์ถ”์žกํ•œ ์ง“์„ ๋‹ค ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๋‚จ๋“ค ์•ž์—์„œ๋Š” ๊นจ๋—ํ•œ ์ฒ™์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
He did all sorts of filthy things behind people's backs while pretending to be clean in front of others.
๋ˆ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ถ”์žกํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‹คํˆฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์•„์š”.
I don't want to have a dirty fight over money.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ถ”์žกํ•œ ๋ง์€ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
I don't want to hear such filthy words.

์ถ”์ 

chujeok
chasing; running after
๋ฒ”์ธ์€ ํ˜•์‚ฌ์˜ ์ถ”์ ์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ผ๋ถ€๋Ÿฌ ์ „๊ตญ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์„ ๋Œ์•„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋ฉฐ ๋ชธ์„ ์ˆจ๊ฒผ๋‹ค.
The criminal deliberately wandered all over the country to hide from the detective's pursuit.
๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ๋„๋‚œ ์ฐจ๋Ÿ‰์˜ ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
The police tracked the location of the stolen car.
ํƒ๋ฐฐ ๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์†ก ์ถ”์ ์ด ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ด์š”.
You can track the delivery with the parcel number.

์ถ”์ ์ถ”์ 

chujeokchujeok
drizzly; wetly (rain falling steadily)
์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ํ•˜๋ฃจ ์ข…์ผ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์ถ”์ ์ถ”์  ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค.
Today it rained steadily and wetly all day long.
์ถ”์ ์ถ”์  ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋น„๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉฐ ์ปคํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์…จ์–ด์š”.
I drank coffee while watching the rain drizzle steadily.
๋ฐค์ƒˆ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์ถ”์ ์ถ”์  ์˜ค๋”๋‹ˆ ์•„์นจ์— ๊ทธ์ณค์–ด์š”.
It drizzled all night and then stopped in the morning.

์ถ”์ •

chujeong
estimation; assumption
์ง€์ง„ ํ˜„์žฅ์— ๋ถˆ์–ด๋‹ฅ์นœ ํƒœํ’์œผ๋กœ ํ”ผํ•ด ์ƒํ™ฉ ์ถ”์ •์ด ๋”์šฑ ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ์กŒ๋‹ค.
The typhoon that hit the earthquake site made it even harder to estimate the extent of the damage.
์ด ๋„์ž๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ณ ๋ ค ์‹œ๋Œ€ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์ถ”์ •๋ผ์š”.
This pottery is estimated to be from the Goryeo period.
์‚ฌ๊ณ  ์›์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถ”์ •๋งŒ ์žˆ์„ ๋ฟ ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ๊ฑด ์—†์–ด์š”.
There are only assumptions about the cause of the accident; nothing is certain.

์ถ”์ง€๋‹ค

chujida
moist; damp
๋‚˜๋Š” ๋œ ๋ง๋ผ ์ถ”์ง„ ๋นจ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ํ–‡๋ณ•์— ๋ง๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ๋ฐ–์— ๋„์–ด๋†“์•˜๋‹ค.
I hung the laundry, which was still damp and not fully dry, outside to dry in the sun.
์žฅ๋งˆ์ฒ ์ด๋ผ ์ด๋ถˆ์ด ๋Š˜ ์ถ”์ง€๊ณ  ๋ˆ…๋ˆ…ํ•ด์š”.
It's the rainy season, so the blankets are always damp and musty.
์ง€ํ•˜์‹ค ๋ฒฝ์ด ์ถ”์ง€๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๊ณฐํŒก์ด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธฐ์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒŒ ์กฐ์‹ฌํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
The basement walls are damp, so be careful that mold doesn't form.

์ถ”์ถœ

chuchul
extraction
์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ํ†ต๊ณ„ํ•™ ์ˆ˜์—…์—์„œ ํ†ต๊ณ„ ์กฐ์‚ฌ ์‹œ์˜ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํ‘œ๋ณธ ์ถ”์ถœ ๋ฐฉ์‹๊ณผ ๊ทธ ์žฅ๋‹จ์ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฐฐ์› ๋‹ค.
Today in statistics class, I learned about various sampling extraction methods used in statistical surveys and their pros and cons.
์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋Š” ์ปคํ”ผ ์›์•ก์„ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ถ”์ถœํ•ด์š”.
This machine quickly extracts coffee concentrate.
์‹๋ฌผ์—์„œ ๊ธฐ๋ฆ„์„ ์ถ”์ถœํ•ด ํ™”์žฅํ’ˆ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์š”.
They extract oil from plants to make cosmetics.

์ถ”ํ˜ธ

chuho
a tiny bit (figurative)
๊น€ ํ˜•์‚ฌ์˜ ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋Š˜ ์ถ”ํ˜ธ์˜ ์†Œํ™€ํ•จ๋„ ์—†๋‹ค.
Detective Kim's investigations are never careless, not even the slightest bit.
์ €๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ์„ ์†์ผ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ์ถ”ํ˜ธ๋„ ์—†์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
I never had the slightest intention of deceiving you.
๊ทธ์˜ ๋ง์—๋Š” ์ถ”ํ˜ธ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋„ ์—†์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
There wasn't a shred of falsehood in his words.

์ถ•์†Œ

chuksso
reduction
์ด ์‹œํ—˜์€ ์˜ฌํ•ด ์„ ๋ฐœ ์ธ์›์˜ ์ถ•์†Œ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ฒฝ์Ÿ๋ฅ ์ด ์ž‘๋…„์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋†’์•„์กŒ๋‹ค.
Due to the reduction in the number of selected candidates this year, the competition rate for this exam is higher than last year.
ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์˜๋‚œ์œผ๋กœ ์ธ๋ ฅ ์ถ•์†Œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
The company decided to reduce its workforce due to financial difficulties.
์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜ ํฌ๊ธฐ๋กœ ์ถ•์†Œํ•ด์„œ ๋ณด๋‚ด ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
Please shrink the photo to half its size and send it.

์ถ•์ 

chukjjeok
accumulation
์„ฑ๊ณต์€ ์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๊ฑธ์นœ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์˜ ์ถ•์ ์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋œ๋‹ค.
Success comes from the accumulation of experience over a long time.
๊พธ์ค€ํ•œ ๋…์„œ๋Š” ์ง€์‹์˜ ์ถ•์ ์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋ผ์š”.
Steady reading helps with the accumulation of knowledge.
๋ชธ์— ์ง€๋ฐฉ์ด ์ถ•์ ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋„๋ก ์šด๋™ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
Exercise so that fat doesn't accumulate in your body.

๋‚ฎ๋‹ค

natda
to be low
์˜์ž๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋„ค์š”.
The chair seems too low.
ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ํฐ ์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ตฝ์ด ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ตฌ๋‘๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฒจ ์‹ ๋Š”๋‹ค.
Jisoo, who is tall, likes to wear low-heeled shoes.
์ฑ…์ƒ์ด ๋‚ฎ์•„์„œ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉด ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„ํ”„๋‹ค.
The desk is low, so my back hurts if I study for a long time.

๋„“๋‹ค

neolda
to be broad; to be spacious
๊ทธ๋Š” ๋„“์€ ์ด๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ์•ž๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค.
He let his bangs down to cover his broad forehead.
๋„“๊ณ  ๋„“์€ ๋“คํŒ์—๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ฌด ํ•œ ๊ทธ๋ฃจ๋งŒ ์™ธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ ์„œ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
In the vast, wide field, only a single tree stood there lonely.
๋ฐฉ์˜ ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ง๋“ค์„ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๋‹ˆ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๋„“์–ด ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค.
After clearing out the unnecessary clutter in the room, the space looked very spacious.

๋†’๋‹ค

nopda
to be high
์ด ๋‚˜๋ฌด๋Š” ํ•˜๋Š˜์— ๋‹ฟ์„ ์ •๋„๋กœ ํฌ๊ณ  ๋†’๋‹ค.
This tree is so tall and high it seems to touch the sky.
์ € ๋†’์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ๋ƒ‡๋ฌผ์ด ํ˜๋Ÿฌ ๋‚ด๋ ค์˜จ๋‹ค.
The stream flows down from that high place.
๋‹ด์žฅ์ด ๋†’์•„์„œ ๋‹ด์žฅ ๋„ˆ๋จธ๋กœ ์ง‘ ์•ˆ์ด ์ž˜ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
The wall is high, so you can't see inside the house over it.

๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค

dareuda
to be different
๋ง์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋™๋ฌผ์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ์ด๋‹ค.
Speaking is the biggest way humans differ from other animals.
๊ทธ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์ „๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ์ž˜ ์›ƒ์ง€๋„ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ง๋„ ์ค„์–ด์„œ ํ‰๋ช…ํ•ด ๋ณด์ด๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Unlike before, he barely smiled and spoke less, so he even seemed a bit curt.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‹๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ์ œ๊ฐ๊ฐ ์‹์„ฑ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์„œ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฉ”๋‰ด๋กœ ์‹์‚ฌ ์ค€๋น„๋ฅผ ํ•˜์…จ๋‹ค.
Each member of our family has different tastes, so Mother prepared meals with different menus.

๋˜‘๊ฐ™๋‹ค

ttokgatda
to be exactly the same
๋‚ด ์ด๋ฆ„์€ ํ”ํ•ด์„œ ๋‚˜์™€ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ์ด๋ฆ„์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค.
My name is common, so there are many people with exactly the same name as me.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‘˜์€ ์‹œํ—˜ ์ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์‹ญ์˜ค ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์•„์„œ ์ˆœ์œ„๋ฅผ ๋งค๊ธธ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค.
Our two exam scores were exactly the same at ninety-five points, so we couldn't rank us.
์ด ์Œ๋‘ฅ์ด๋Š” ์–ผ๊ตด์ด ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์•„์„œ ๊ตฌ๋ณ„ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
These twins have exactly the same face, so it's hard to tell them apart.

๋œจ๊ฒ๋‹ค

tteugeopda
to be hot
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ•œ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์˜ ๋œจ๊ฑฐ์šด ํƒœ์–‘์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค.
We went into the shop to avoid the scorching midsummer sun.
๋‚˜๋Š” ๋œจ๊ฒ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ฌ๊ตฌ์–ด์ง„ ์‡ ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ์กŒ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์†์— ํ™”์ƒ์„ ์ž…๊ณ  ๋ง์•˜๋‹ค.
I touched a piece of iron that had been heated up hot and ended up burning my hand.
๋ถˆ ์œ„์— ์˜ฌ๋ ค์ง„ ๋ƒ„๋น„๋Š” ๋œจ๊ฑฐ์› ๋‹ค.
The pot placed on the fire was hot.

๋งŽ๋‹ค

manta
to be many; to be plentiful
์Šน๊ทœ๋Š” ์žฅ๋‚œ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐœ๊ตฌ์Ÿ์ด์ด๋‹ค.
Seunggyu is a mischievous kid full of pranks.
๊ณ„์†๋˜๋Š” ํญ์šฐ๋กœ ์ „๊ตญ ๊ณณ๊ณณ์—์„œ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค.
Due to the ongoing heavy rain, there is a lot of damage all across the country.
๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ๋งŽ์•„์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด ์ข‹๋‹ค.
She has a lot of social experience, so she's good at dealing with people.

๋ง‘๋‹ค

makda
to be clear; to be clean
์ˆ ์ด ์ต์œผ๋ฉด ์ฐŒ๊บผ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ฒด๋กœ ๊ฑธ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ด ๋ง‘์€ ์ˆ ๋งŒ ์ˆ ๋ณ‘์— ๋‹ด๋Š”๋‹ค.
Once the alcohol ferments, the sediment is strained out with a sieve, and only the clear liquor is put into the bottle.
๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์ด ๋ณด์ผ ์ •๋„๋กœ ๋ฐ”๋‹ท๋ฌผ์ด ๋ง‘์•˜๋‹ค.
The sea water was clear enough to see the bottom.
์‚ฐ ์†์˜ ๊ณต๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ง‘์•„ ๋‚ด ๋งˆ์Œ ์†๊นŒ์ง€ ๊นจ๋—ํ•ด์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•˜๋‹ค.
The air in the mountains was so clear that it felt like even my mind became clean.

๋ง›์—†๋‹ค

maseopda
to be unsavory; to taste bad
์—„๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ์Œ์‹์€ ์‹ฑ๊ฒ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์งœ์„œ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ๋ง›์—†๋Š” ์Œ์‹๋“ค์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The food my mom made was either bland or salty, generally unsavory food.
๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ ์ง€๊ธˆ์€ ์–ด๋–ค ์Œ์‹์„ ๋จน์–ด๋„ ๋ง›์—†์„ ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ ๊ฐ™์•˜๋‹ค.
I was full, so it felt like any food would taste bad right now.
๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด ์˜จ ๋ฐ˜์ฐฌ์ด ๋ง›์—†์–ด ๋จน๋Š” ๋‘ฅ ๋งˆ๋Š” ๋‘ฅ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The side dish he brought was so unsavory that I barely touched it.

๋ง›์žˆ๋‹ค

masitda
to be delicious; to be tasty
์ง€์ˆ˜๋„ค ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ํ•ด ์ฃผ์‹  ์Œ์‹์€ ๋ง›์žˆ๋Š” ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๋งŒํผ์ด๋‚˜ ๋ง›๋„ ์ข‹์•˜๋‹ค.
The food Jisoo's mother made tasted as good as it smelled delicious.
๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ํŒ ๋˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์ฐฌ๋„ ์—†์ด ๋ฐฅ์„ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋ง›์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋จน์—ˆ๋‹ค.
We were so hungry that we ate the rice deliciously even without side dishes.
์ด ์‹๋‹น์€ ์Œ์‹์ด ์ •๋ง ๋ง›์žˆ์–ด์„œ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์†๋‹˜์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค.
This restaurant's food is really delicious, so it always has many customers.

๋งต๋‹ค

maepda
to be spicy
์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ฒจ์ž์˜ ํ†ก ์˜๋Š” ๋งค์šด ๋ง›์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Jisoo likes the sharp, spicy taste of mustard.
๊ณ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ์–ด์ฐŒ๋‚˜ ๋งค์šด์ง€ ๋ˆˆ๋ฌผ์ด ๋‚  ์ •๋„์ด๋‹ค.
The chili pepper is so spicy it brings tears to your eyes.
์˜ฌํ•ด ๋‹ด๊ทผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ง‘ ๊ณ ์ถ”์žฅ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ์œ ๋‚œํžˆ ๋งต๋‹ค.
The gochujang our family made this year is unusually spicy compared to other years.

๋ฉ‹์žˆ๋‹ค

meositda
to be nice; to be stylish
๋ฏผ์ค€์ด๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ์ œ์ผ ๋ฉ‹์žˆ๋Š” ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋ผ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค.
Minjun is the coolest student at our school, so he's very popular.
์œ ๋ฏผ์ด๋Š” ํŠผํŠผํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฉ‹์žˆ๋Š” ๋„์ž๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์„œ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๊ป˜ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‹ค์งํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Yumin resolved to make a sturdy, nice piece of pottery and give it to her favorite teacher.
์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์˜ ๋ฉ‹์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ด์š”.
I like that actor's cool voice.

๋ฐ˜๊ฐ‘๋‹ค

bangapda
to be glad; to be joyful
์œ ๋ฏผ์ด๋Š” ์ง€์ˆ˜์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ‘๊ฒŒ ์ธ์‚ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Yumin greeted Jisoo warmly.
๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•œ ์ง€ ์‚ผ ๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋„๋ก ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜ ์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์–ผ๋งˆ ์ „ ์ž„์‹ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ€์šด ์†Œ์‹์„ ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Jisoo, who hadn't been able to have a child even three years after marriage, recently gave me the glad news that she was pregnant.
๋‚˜๋Š” ์˜ค๋žœ๋งŒ์— ๋งŒ๋‚œ ๊ณ ํ–ฅ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด๋‚˜ ๋ฐ˜๊ฐ€์›Œ์„œ ํ•œ์ฐธ ๋™์•ˆ์ด๋‚˜ ์†์„ ๋ถ™์žก๊ณ  ๋†“์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.
I was so glad to see my hometown friend after a long time that I held his hand for a long while without letting go.
Practice for free in the app โ†’