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Korean vocabulary โ€” Qualities & Traits 3

300 words from the "Qualities & Traits 3" theme, with romanization, meaning, and example sentences where available.

๋ฌด์˜์‹์ 

muuisikjjeok
unconscious; automatic
๊ตฌ๋ถ€์ •ํ•œ ์ž์„ธ๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์˜์‹์  ์Šต๊ด€์œผ๋กœ ๊ตณ์–ด์ง€๋ฉด ๊ณ ์น˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
Once a slouched posture solidifies into an unconscious habit, it's hard to fix.
์ž์‹ ์ด ๋ฌด์˜์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ์Šต๋“ํ•œ ์‹์‚ฌ ์Šต๊ด€์„ ํŒŒ์•…ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ ์ฑ„ ๋‹ค์ด์–ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค.
It's not advisable to diet without grasping the eating habits one has unconsciously acquired.

๋ฌด์ง€

muji
very; really
์ด์•ผ, ๋‚ ์”จ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋ฌด์ง€ ๋ฅ๊ตฌ๋‚˜.
Wow, the weather is really hot.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งˆ์„ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๋ฌด์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ž‘์€ ํ•™๊ต๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ฆฝํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
We established a small school to help the village children escape ignorance.

๋ฌด์ง€ํ•˜๋‹ค

mujihada
tremendous; enormous
๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํž˜๋“  ํ›ˆ๋ จ์˜ ๋ฌด์ง€ํ•œ ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ์ฐธ์•„ ๋‚ด๊ณ  ๋˜ ์ฐธ์•„ ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค.
Thinking of my family, I endured the tremendous pain of the tough training over and over.
์ด ์ˆ˜์—…์€ ๊ธ€์“ฐ๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ฌด์ง€ํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ธฐ์ดˆ์ ์ธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค.
This class starts from the basics for students who are ignorant about writing.

๋ฌต์‹œ์ 

mukssijeok
implying
๊ณ„์•ฝ์—๋Š” ๊ธ€๋กœ ํ‘œํ˜„๋˜๋Š” ๋ช…์‹œ์  ๋™์˜์™€ ์€์—ฐ์ค‘์— ์•”๋ฌต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ๋ฌต์‹œ์  ๋™์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
In a contract, there is explicit consent expressed in writing and implicit consent shown subtly.
์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์œค๋ฆฌ ์˜์‹์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ–‰๋™ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฌต์‹œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค ์ค€๋‹ค.
A person's ethical awareness implicitly tells them how they should behave.

๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ 

munbeopjjeok
grammatical
์™ธ๊ตญ์–ด๋กœ ๊ธ€์„ ์“ธ ๋•Œ์—๋Š” ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์  ์˜ค๋ฅ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋งˆ๋ จ์ด๋‹ค.
When writing in a foreign language, grammatical errors are bound to occur.
์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ง์€ ๋ฌธ๋ฒ•์ ์ด์–ด๋„ ์–ด์ƒ‰ํ•  ๋•Œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค.
Foreigners' speech is often awkward even when it's grammatically correct.

๋ฌธํ•™์ 

munhakjjeok
literary
์Šน๊ทœ๊ฐ€ ์จ ์ค€ ํŽธ์ง€๋Š” ๋ฌธํ•™์  ํ‘œํ˜„๋“ค๋กœ ๋„˜์ณค๋‹ค.
The letter Seunggyu wrote was overflowing with literary expressions.
์ด ์ฑ…์€ ๋ฌธํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋†’์€ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
This book is highly regarded from a literary point of view.

๋ฌธํ™”์ 

munhwajeok
cultural
์‹œ๋Œ€๋‚˜ ์ง€์—ญ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฌธํ™”์  ํŠน์ง•์€ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚œ๋‹ค.
Cultural characteristics appear differently depending on the era or region.
์„ธ์ข… ๋Œ€์™•์€ ๋ฌธํ™”์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์—…์ ์„ ๋‚จ๊ฒผ๋‹ค.
King Sejong left behind a wide variety of cultural achievements.

๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ 

mullijeok
physical
์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ณต๊ธฐ ๋ถ„์ž๋“ค์ด ๋–จ๋ ค์„œ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์ด๋‹ค.
Sound is a physical phenomenon that occurs when air molecules vibrate.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กด์žฌํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฐ€์ƒ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์—์„œ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.
We first met in a virtual space that doesn't physically exist.

๋ฌผ์ 

muljeok
physical
์ค‘๊ตญ์€ ๋†์‚ฐ๋ฌผ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฌผ์  ์ž์›์ด ํ’๋ถ€ํ•œ ๋‚˜๋ผ์ด๋‹ค.
China is a country rich in material resources such as agricultural products.
์ด ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ํƒœํ’์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฐ€์˜ฅ๊ณผ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๋ฌด๋„ˆ์ง€๋Š” ๋“ฑ ๋ฌผ์ ์ธ ๋ฉด์—์„œ ํฐ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ๋‹ค.
This country suffered great material damage, with many houses and buildings collapsing due to the typhoon.

๋ฌผ์งˆ์ 

muljjiljeok
material
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ด๋ฒˆ ํ™”์žฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์–ด๋งˆ์–ด๋งˆํ•œ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์  ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์—ˆ๋‹ค.
Our company suffered enormous material damage due to this fire.
์ด ์ง€์—ญ์€ ํ™์ˆ˜๋กœ ํฐ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ์ž…์–ด ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ์ ์ธ ์ง€์›์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
This region suffered great damage from the flood and needs material support from the government.

๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์ง€ํ–ฅ์ 

mirae jihyangjeok
future-oriented
๋ฏผ์ค€์ด๋Š” ํ˜„์žฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์ง€ํ–ฅ์ ์ธ ๋ชฉํ‘œ๋งŒ์„ ์„ธ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Minjun isn't thinking about the present at all and is only setting excessively future-oriented goals.
์œ ๋ฏผ์ด์˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋Š” ํ˜„์‹ค์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ์ง€ํ–ฅ์ ์ธ ์ƒ์ƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
Yumin's idea was a future-oriented fantasy that could never be realized in reality.

๋ฏธ์†Œํ•˜๋‹ค

misohada
very little; microscopic
๋ฐ•ํ…Œ๋ฆฌ์•„ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฏธ์†Œํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋Š” ํ˜„๋ฏธ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€์ฐฐํ•ด์•ผ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Microscopic organisms like bacteria can only be seen by observing them under a microscope.
์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ๋Œ€๋Œ€์ ์ธ ๊ด‘๊ณ  ํ™๋ณด์—๋„ ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฏธ์†Œํ•˜์ž ๋Œ€์ฑ…์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
As the increase in tourists remained slight despite the massive ad campaign, the government decided to prepare countermeasures.
๋‘ ๋‚จ๋…€๋Š” ์„œ๋กœ์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด์„ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋ฉฐ ํ™œ์ง ๋ฏธ์†Œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
The man and woman looked at each other's faces and smiled brightly.

๋ฏธ์‹œ์ 

misijeok
being microscopic
๊ทธ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ œ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์›์ธ์„ ๋ฏธ์‹œ์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ณด๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์ด๋‹ค.
That economist takes the position of viewing the causes of economic problems from a microscopic perspective.
๊ทธ ๊ตญํšŒ์˜์›์€ ๋ฌผ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์•ˆ์ •์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฏธ์‹œ์  ์ ‘๊ทผ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
The lawmaker argued that a microscopic approach was needed to stabilize prices.

๋ฏธ์‹ ์ 

misinjeok
superstitious
์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋ถˆํ–‰์˜ ์ˆซ์ž๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฏฟ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ผ์ข…์˜ ๋ฏธ์‹ ์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์ด๋‹ค.
Believing that the number four is an unlucky number is a kind of superstitious thinking.
์ง•ํฌ์Šค๋Š” ์ผ์ข…์˜ ๋ฏธ์‹ ์ ์ธ ์ƒ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
A jinx can be seen as a kind of superstitious idea.

๋ฏธ์˜จ์ 

mionjeok
lukewarm; half-hearted
๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์˜ ๋ฏธ์˜จ์  ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ช‡ ๋‹ฌ์งธ ์ง„์ „์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค.
Due to the police's lukewarm investigation, there had been no progress for months.
์ •๋ถ€์˜ ๋ฏธ์˜จ์ ์ธ ํƒœ๋„๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ๊ตญ๋ฏผ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐœ์ด ๋”์šฑ ๊ฑฐ์„ธ์กŒ๋‹ค.
Because of the government's half-hearted attitude, the public's backlash grew even fiercer.

๋ฏธ์ 

mijeok
aesthetic
๋ฏธ์  ๊ธฐ์ค€์€ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•ด ์™”๋‹ค.
Aesthetic standards have changed in various ways along with the flow of the times.
์ง€์ˆ˜์™€ ์Šน๊ทœ๋Š” ๋ฏธ์ ์ธ ๊ด€์ ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ ์˜ท์„ ๊ณ ๋ฅด๊ณ  ์‚ด ๋•Œ ์ž์ฃผ ๋‹คํˆฐ๋‹ค.
Jisu and Seunggyu have different aesthetic points of view, so they often argue when choosing and buying clothes.

๋ฏธํ•™์ 

mihakjjeok
aesthetic
๋ฌธํ•™์€ ์–ธ์–ด์˜ ๋ฏธํ•™์  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๊ณผ ๋ฐ€์ ‘ํ•œ ๊ด€๋ จ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Literature is closely related to the aesthetic function of language.
ํ•œ ์˜ˆ์ˆ  ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์˜ ํ‰๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฏธํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๊ฒฐ์ •๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
The evaluation of a work of art is not determined by aesthetic factors alone.

๋ฏผ์กฑ์ 

minjokjjeok
ethnic; national
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ๋ฌด๋Œ€ ์ง„์ถœ์€ ๋ฏผ์กฑ์  ์ž๊ธ์‹ฌ์„ ๋А๋ผ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Our athlete's advance onto the world stage made people feel national pride.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ํ•œ๋•Œ ์ „์Ÿ์„ ๊ฒช์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์ธ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์ด๋‚˜ ์ค„์–ด ๋ฏผ์กฑ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฐ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งž์•˜๋‹ค.
Our country, having gone through a war at one point, faced a great ethnic crisis as its population suddenly dropped by half.

๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ 

minjujeok
democratic
ํ† ๋ก ๊ณผ ํˆฌํ‘œ๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์  ์˜์‚ฌ ๊ฒฐ์ • ๋ฐฉ์‹์˜ ์ผ์ข…์ด๋‹ค.
Debate and voting are a kind of democratic decision-making method.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ ์ด๊ณ  ์ˆ˜ํ‰์ ์ธ ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค.
We pursue a democratic and horizontal way of communicating in order to gather diverse opinions.

๋ฏผ์ค‘์ 

minjungjeok
popular
์ด๋ฒˆ ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น์€ ๋ฏผ์ค‘์  ์ง€์ง€์— ํž˜์ž…์–ด ๋‹น์„ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
This president was elected on the strength of popular support.
์˜ฌํ•ด ์ถœ์‹œํ•œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์‹ ์ œํ’ˆ์€ ๊ฐ€๊ฒฉ์ด ์‹ธ๊ณ  ์งˆ๋„ ์ข‹์•„ ๋ฏผ์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค.
Our company's new product released this year was widely loved by the public for being cheap and of good quality.

๋ฐ˜๋ฏผ์กฑ์ 

banminjokjjeok
being against one's own people
์นœ์ผ ์„ธ๋ ฅ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฐ˜๋ฏผ์กฑ์  ๋งŒํ–‰๋“ค์€ ๊ทœํƒ„ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ๋งˆ๋•…ํ•˜๋‹ค.
The anti-national atrocities of pro-Japanese forces deserve to be condemned.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ณ ์œ ์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”์œ ์‚ฐ์„ ์™ธ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ”์•„๋„˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ง“์€ ๋ฐ˜๋ฏผ์กฑ์ ์ธ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ด๋‹ค.
Selling off our own cultural heritage to foreign countries is an anti-national crime.

๋ฐ˜๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ 

banminjujeok
anti-democratic
๋ฐ˜๋ฏผ์ฃผ์  ๋…์žฌ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ค‘์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์€ ๋ฌด์‹œ๋˜๊ธฐ ์‹ญ์ƒ์ด๋‹ค.
In an anti-democratic dictatorship, the people's opinions are likely to be ignored.
๊น€ ์„ ์ƒ์€ ๋…์žฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ ์ธ ๋ฐœ์–ธ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Teacher Kim made anti-democratic remarks supporting dictatorship.

๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ 

banbokjjeok
being repetitive
์œ ๋ฏผ์ด๋Š” ๊ฐ™์€ ์ฆ์ƒ์ด ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜์„œ ๋ณ‘์›์— ๊ฐ”๋‹ค.
Yumin went to the hospital because the same symptom kept repeatedly appearing.
์™ธ๊ตญ์–ด ๊ต์œก์—์„œ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์  ํ•™์Šต์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
In foreign language education, repetitive learning is important.

๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ์ 

bansajeok
reflexive; instinctive
๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ์  ํ–‰๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋„˜์–ด์ง€๋Š” ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ๋ถ™์žก์•˜๋‹ค.
I caught the falling child in a reflexive action.
๋‚˜๋Š” ์œ„๊ธ‰ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šด์ „๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋น„ํ‹€์–ด ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋ฉดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
In the emergency, I reflexively turned the steering wheel and was able to avoid the accident.

๋ฐ˜์‚ฌํšŒ์ 

bansahoejeok
antisocial
ํˆฌ๊ธฐ, ํƒˆ์„ธ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ–‰์œ„๋Š” ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Antisocial acts such as speculation and tax evasion should be punished.
์–ผ๋งˆ ์ „ ๋ถ™์žกํžŒ ์—ฐ์‡„ ์‚ด์ธ๋ฒ”์€ ๋ฐ˜์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ์ธ๊ฒฉ ์žฅ์• ์ž๋กœ ํŒ๋ช…๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The serial killer caught not long ago was found to have an antisocial personality disorder.

๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์ 

banseongjeok
reflective; repentant
์ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์“ฐ๋ฉด ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์  ์„ฑ์ฐฐ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Writing a diary lets you have a time of reflective self-examination.
ํ‹€๋ฆฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ‹€๋ฆฌ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ ค๋ฉด ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ•ด ๋ณผ ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
To avoid getting the wrong answer again, you need to review it reflectively.

๋ฐ˜์–ด์ 

baneojeok
being ironic
์ž‘๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์–ด์ ์ธ ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋น„ํŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The writer criticized society using ironic expressions.
๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜์˜ ์‹ ๊ณก์€ ๋ฐ˜์–ด์  ์˜๋ฏธ์˜ ์ œ๋ชฉ์œผ๋กœ ํ™”์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
That singer's new song became a hot topic for its ironically-meant title.

๋ฐ˜์˜๊ตฌ์ 

banyeonggujeok
semi-permanent
์ธ๊ณต ์น˜์•„๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์˜๊ตฌ์  ์‚ฌ์šฉ์„ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Artificial teeth are intended for semi-permanent use.
์ด ํ™”๋ถ„์€ ๋ฐ˜์˜๊ตฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žฅ์ ์ด๋‹ค.
The advantage of this flowerpot is that it can be used semi-permanently.

๋ฐ˜์งˆ๋ฐ˜์งˆํ•˜๋‹ค

banjilbanjilhada
glossy; lustrous
ํ‰์†Œ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์— ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ์“ฐ๋Š” ์–ธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋งค๋ˆํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ˜์งˆ๋ฐ˜์งˆํ•œ ํ”ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ž๋ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค.
My older sister, who normally takes great care of her skin, boasts smooth, glossy skin.
๋”์œ„์— ์ง€์นœ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹ซ์–ด ๋ฐ˜์งˆ๋ฐ˜์งˆํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ตด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The students, exhausted by the heat, shirked their studies and lazed about.

๋ฐ˜ํ•ญ์ 

banhangjeok
being rebellious; being defiant
๊ทธ ํ•™์ƒ์˜ ๋ฐ˜ํ•ญ์ ์ธ ํƒœ๋„์— ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๊ป˜์„œ๋Š” ๋” ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์…จ๋‹ค.
The teacher grew even angrier at the student's rebellious attitude.
์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ป˜์„œ๋Š” ์ฒ ์—†๋˜ ์‹œ์ ˆ ๋‚ด ๋ฐ˜ํ•ญ์  ํ–‰๋™๋“ค์—๋„ ์นจ์ฐฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ˜์‘ํ•˜์…จ๋‹ค.
My mother reacted calmly even to my rebellious behavior during my immature years.

๋ฐœ์ „์ 

baljjeonjeok
being developmental
๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ์•ผ๋ง์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ๋งค์‚ฌ์— ๋ฐœ์ „์ ์ธ ์ž์„ธ๋กœ ์ž„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Ambitious about succeeding, that man approached everything with a developmental attitude.
์‚ฌ์ถ˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์–ด๋ฆฐ์ด๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ์ธ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๋ฐœ์ „์  ๋‹จ๊ณ„์ด๋‹ค.
Adolescence is a developmental stage for a child on the way to becoming an adult.

๋ฐ๋‹ค

baktta
bright; luminous
์‹œ๊ณจ ๋ณ„๋“ค์€ ์œ ๋‚œํžˆ ๋ฐ๋‹ค.
The stars in the countryside are especially bright.
๋ฐค์ƒˆ ๊ณผ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋‹ค ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ ๋ฐ–์ด ๋ฐ์•„ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
As I worked on my assignment all night, it had become light outside the window.

๋ฐฉ๊ด€์ 

banggwanjeok
onlooking; indifferent
์œ ๋ฏผ์ด๋Š” ์ฒญ์†Œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋งŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ๋ฐฉ๊ด€์  ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฏธ์›€์„ ์ƒ€๋‹ค.
Whenever cleaning time came, Yumin showed an indifferent bystander attitude and earned her friends' resentment.
์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๋Š” ์•„๋“ค ๊ต์œก์— ๋ฐฉ๊ด€์ ์ด์–ด์„œ ์•„๋“ค์ด ๋ฐ˜์—์„œ ๋ช‡ ๋“ฑ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์‹ ๋‹ค.
The father is indifferent to his son's education, so he doesn't even know what rank his son holds in class.

๋ฐฉ์–ด์ 

bangeojeok
defensive
๊ณจํ‚คํผ๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€ ํŒ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ณต์„ ์ฐจ๋ฉฐ ๋‹ค๊ฐ€์˜ค์ž ๋ฐฉ์–ด์  ์ž์„ธ๋ฅผ ์ทจํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The goalkeeper took a defensive stance as the opposing player approached, kicking the ball.
์œค ๊ณผ์žฅ์€ ์ž์‹ ์ด ํ•œ ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ง€์ ์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด ๋ฐฉ์–ด์ ์ธ ํƒœ๋„๋กœ ๋ณ€๋ช…ํ•œ๋‹ค.
When Manager Yoon is criticized for something he did, he makes excuses with a defensive attitude.

๋ฒ”๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ 

beomgungminjeok
pan-national; nationwide
๊ทธ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์€ ๋ฒ”๊ตญ๋ฏผ์  ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€์— ๋ถ€๋”ชํ˜€ ํ†ต๊ณผ๋˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
That law failed to pass, running into nationwide opposition.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋‚˜๋ผ์— ๋‹ฅ์ณค๋˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œ ์œ„๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ฒ”๊ตญ๋ฏผ์ ์ธ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๊ฒจ ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The economic crisis that hit our country was overcome through nationwide effort.

๋ฒ”์‹œ๋ฏผ์ 

beomsiminjeok
involving all citizens
์ž‘์€ ๋‹จ์ฒด์—์„œ ์‹œ์ž‘๋œ ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ๋ณดํ˜ธ ์šด๋™์ด ๋ฒ”์‹œ๋ฏผ์  ์šด๋™์œผ๋กœ ํ™•์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The environmental protection movement that started with a small group expanded into a citywide movement.
์ด ์บ ํŽ˜์ธ์€ ๋ฒ”์‹œ๋ฏผ์ ์ธ ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋กœ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
This campaign proceeded successfully with citywide participation.

๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ 

beomjoejeok
criminal
๊ทธ ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ž์˜ ๋ฒ”ํ–‰์—๋Š” ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์ ์ธ ์˜๋„๊ฐ€ ์ง™์–ด์„œ ๋†’์€ ํ˜•๋Ÿ‰์ด ๋ถ€๊ณผ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
That criminal's act carried a strong criminal intent, so a heavy sentence was imposed.
ํ”ผ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋ฒ”์ฃ„์  ์˜๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•ํ•ด์„œ ๋†’์€ ํ˜•๋Ÿ‰์„ ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค.
The defendant was sentenced to a heavy penalty due to strong criminal intent.

๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์ 

beomnyuljeok
being legal
๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž์˜ ๋ชป๋œ ์ง“์€ ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์ ์ธ ๊ทผ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด์„œ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒ์„ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋‹ค.
That man's misconduct cannot be punished because there is no legal basis for it.
์ด ์‚ฌ์—… ๊ณ„ํš๊ณผ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ฒ•๋ฅ ์  ๊ฒ€ํ† ๋ฅผ ํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
I will conduct all legal review related to this business plan.

๋ฒ•์ 

beopjjeok
legal; legalistic
๊ทธ ์ง€์นจ์€ ๋ฒ•์  ํšจ๋ ฅ์ด ์—†๋‹ค.
That guideline has no legal effect.
๊ทธ ๋ถ€๋ถ€๋Š” ๋ฒ•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ดํ˜ผํ•œ ์ƒํƒœ์ด๋‹ค.
That couple is legally divorced.

๋ณ€์น™์ 

byeonchikjjeok
irregular; anomalous
๊ทธ ์„ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๋ณ€์น™์  ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์— ์ƒ๋Œ€ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋‹นํ™ฉํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The opposing player was flustered by that player's irregular attack.
๊ทธ ์กฐ์ง์€ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์˜ ๋‹จ์†์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ณ€์น™์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋งˆ์•ฝ ๋ฐ€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ•ด ์™”๋‹ค.
That organization has been smuggling drugs by irregular methods to avoid police crackdowns.

๋ณ‘์ 

byeongjeok
pathological; abnormal
๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฒญ๊ฒฐ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋ณ‘์ ์ธ ์ง‘์ฐฉ์„ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค.
He showed a pathological obsession with cleanliness.
๊ทธ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์—๋Š” ๋ณ‘์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
There was something about his behavior that could be called pathological.

๋ณด์ˆ˜์ 

bosujeok
conservative
๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
He has a conservative way of thinking.
๊ทธ์˜ ์ •์น˜ ์„ฑํ–ฅ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ณด์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค.
His political leaning is very conservative.

๋ณดํŽธ์ 

bopyeonjeok
universal
์‚ฌ๋ž‘์€ ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ •์ด๋‹ค.
Love is a universal emotion.
์ด ์ด๋ก ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ด๋‹ค.
This theory is very universal.

๋ณต๊ณ ์ 

bokkkojeok
retro
๊ทธ ๊ฐ€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ณต๊ณ ์ ์ธ ์Šคํƒ€์ผ์˜ ์˜ท์„ ์ฆ๊ฒจ ์ž…๋Š”๋‹ค.
That singer likes to wear retro-style clothes.
์š”์ฆ˜ ํŒจ์…˜ ํŠธ๋ Œ๋“œ๋Š” ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ณต๊ณ ์ ์ด ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
These days, fashion trends are becoming retro again.

๋ณตํ•ฉ์ 

bokapjjeok
complex; combined
์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์›์ธ์ด ์–ฝํžŒ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋‹ค.
This is a complex problem with several intertwined causes.
๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์˜ ์›์ธ์€ ๋ณตํ•ฉ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The cause of the accident was complex.

๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ 

bongyeokjjeok
in full swing; full-scale
์žฅ๋งˆ์ฒ ์ด ๋˜์ž ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์ธ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
As the rainy season arrived, full-scale rain began to fall.
์ด ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋Š” ์ด์ œ ๋ณธ๊ฒฉ์ ์ด๋‹ค.
This project is now in full swing.

๋ณธ๋Šฅ์ 

bonneungjeok
instinctive
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณธ๋Šฅ์ ์ธ ๋ฐ˜์‘์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
It was an instinctive reaction.
์œ„ํ—˜์„ ํ”ผํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ํƒœ๋„๋Š” ๋ณธ๋Šฅ์ ์ด๋‹ค.
The attitude of avoiding danger is instinctive.

๋ณธ์›์ 

bonwonjeok
fundamental; original
์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ๋ณธ์›์  ์š•๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ƒ์กด์ด๋‹ค.
The fundamental human desire is survival.
๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์›์ธ์€ ๋ณธ์›์ ์ด๋‹ค.
The cause of that problem is fundamental.

๋ณธ์งˆ์ 

bonjiljeok
essential; fundamental
๋‘ ์ด๋ก ์€ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์ธ ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
The two theories have an essential difference.
์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜ ์›์ธ์€ ๋ณธ์งˆ์ ์ด๋‹ค.
The cause of this problem is essential/fundamental.

๋ด‰๊ฑด์ 

bonggeonjeok
feudal
๊ทธ ์†Œ์„ค์€ ๋ด‰๊ฑด์ ์ธ ์‹ ๋ถ„ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
The novel is set against the backdrop of a feudal class society.
๊ทธ ์ง€์—ญ์˜ ๊ด€์Šต์€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ๋ด‰๊ฑด์ ์ด๋‹ค.
The customs of that region are still feudal.

๋ถ€์ˆ˜์ 

busujeok
additional; ancillary
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณธ๋ž˜ ๋ชฉ์ ์— ๋ถ€์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ผ ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค.
That is merely an ancillary issue to the original purpose.
์ด ๋น„์šฉ์€ ์ „์ฒด ์˜ˆ์‚ฐ์—์„œ ๋ถ€์ˆ˜์ ์ด๋‹ค.
This cost is ancillary within the overall budget.

๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ 

bunsanjeok
dispersed
์ด ์กฐ์ง์€ ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์  ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋กœ ์šด์˜๋œ๋‹ค.
This organization operates with a dispersed structure.
๊ทธ ๋งˆ์„์˜ ์ฃผ๊ฑฐ ํ˜•ํƒœ๋Š” ๋ถ„์‚ฐ์ ์ด๋‹ค.
The residential pattern of that village is dispersed.

๋ถ„์„์ 

bunseokjjeok
being analytic
๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ถ„์„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•œ๋‹ค.
He approaches problems analytically.
์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋Š” ๋ถ„์„์ ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ž‘์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
This report was written with an analytic perspective.

๋ถ„์ ˆ์ 

bunjeoljeok
breaking; segmentable
์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ๋ถ„์ ˆ์  ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ ๋‚˜๋ˆŒ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Language can be divided into segmentable units.
์ด ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ๋ถ„์ ˆ์ ์ด๋‹ค.
The structure of this sound is segmental.

๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ํ•ญ๋ ฅ์ 

bulgahangnyeokjjeok
unavoidable; uncontrollable
ํƒœํ’์€ ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ํ•ญ๋ ฅ์  ์ž์—ฐ์žฌํ•ด๋‹ค.
A typhoon is an unavoidable natural disaster.
๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ฐ€ํ•ญ๋ ฅ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
That accident was unavoidable.

๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™์ 

bulgyuchikjjeok
irregular
๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™œ ์Šต๊ด€์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
He has irregular living habits.
๊ทธ์˜ ์ˆ˜๋ฉด ํŒจํ„ด์€ ๋ถˆ๊ทœ์น™์ ์ด๋‹ค.
His sleep pattern is irregular.

๋ถˆ๋ฒ•์ 

bulbeopjjeok
illegal
๊ทธ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋Š” ๋ช…๋ฐฑํžˆ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
That transaction was clearly an illegal method.
๊ทธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ด€ํ–‰์€ ๋ถˆ๋ฒ•์ ์ด๋‹ค.
That company's practice is illegal.

๋ถˆ์—ฐ์†์ 

buryeonsokjjeok
being discontinuous
๊ทธ์˜ ์ธ์ƒ์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฒˆ์˜ ๋ถˆ์—ฐ์†์ ์„ ๊ฒช์—ˆ๋‹ค.
His life went through several instances of discontinuity.
๊ทธ ๊ทธ๋ž˜ํ”„๋Š” ๋ถˆ์—ฐ์†์ ์ธ ์„ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ค์กŒ๋‹ค.
That graph was drawn with a discontinuous line.

๋ถˆํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ 

bulhamnijeok
being unreasonable
๊ทธ์˜ ์ฃผ์žฅ์—๋Š” ๋ถˆํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ด ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค.
There were many unreasonable points in his argument.
๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ์ •์€ ๋ถˆํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค.
That decision seemed unreasonable.

๋น„๊ฒฉ์‹์ 

bigyeokssikjjeok
being informal
๊ทธ ๋ชจ์ž„์€ ๋น„๊ฒฉ์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The gathering proceeded informally.
๊ทธ๋Š” ๋น„๊ฒฉ์‹์ ์ธ ์ž๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ํŽธํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
He spoke comfortably at the informal gathering.

๋น„๊ณต์‹์ 

bigongsikjjeok
being unofficial
๊ทธ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋Š” ๋น„๊ณต์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค.
That announcement was made unofficially.
๋‘ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ๋น„๊ณต์‹์  ํšŒ๋‹ด์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค.
The two countries held an unofficial meeting.

๋น„๊ด€์ 

bigwanjeok
pessimism
๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ฏธ๋ž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋น„๊ด€์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค.
He thinks pessimistically about the future.
๊ทธ์˜ ๋น„๊ด€์ ์ธ ํƒœ๋„๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฑ์ •์Šค๋Ÿฝ๋‹ค.
His pessimistic attitude is worrying.

๋น„๊ทน์ 

bigeukjjeok
tragic
๊ทธ ์˜ํ™”๋Š” ๋น„๊ทน์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๋ง๋กœ ๋๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.
The movie ended with a tragic conclusion.
๊ทธ์˜ ์‚ถ์€ ๋น„๊ทน์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
His life was tragic.

๋น„๋„๋•์ 

bidodeokjjeok
being immoral
๊ทธ ํ–‰๋™์€ ๋น„๋„๋•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ฒจ์กŒ๋‹ค.
That behavior was considered immoral.
๊ทธ์˜ ๋น„๋„๋•์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋™์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ๋“œ๋Ÿฌ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.
His immoral behavior was eventually revealed.

๋น„์ƒ์‚ฐ์ 

bisaengsanjeok
being unproductive
๊ทธ ํšŒ์˜๋Š” ๋น„์ƒ์‚ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.
That meeting ended unproductively.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์€ ๋น„์ƒ์‚ฐ์ ์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋‚ญ๋น„๋‹ค.
Such an argument is an unproductive waste of time.

๋น„์•ฝ์ 

biyakjjeok
rapidly-rising; fast-developing
๊ทธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋น„์•ฝ์  ์„ฑ์žฅ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
That company achieved rapid growth.
์ด ์‚ฐ์—…์˜ ๋ฐœ์ „์€ ๋น„์•ฝ์ ์ด๋‹ค.
The development of this industry is rapid.

๋น„์–‘์‹ฌ์ 

biyangsimjeok
unconscientious; unscrupulous
๋ฐฉ์†ก์—์„œ ์œ ํ†ต ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด ์ง€๋‚œ ์Œ์‹์„ ํŒ๋งคํ•œ ์—…์ฒด์˜ ๋น„์–‘์‹ฌ์  ํ–‰์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ณ ๋ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The broadcast exposed the unscrupulous practice of a company selling food past its expiration date.
์œ ์ ์ง€์— ๋‚™์„œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰์œ„๋Š” ๋น„์–‘์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋™์ด๋‹ค.
Graffitiing a historical site is an unscrupulous act.

๋น„์œ„์ƒ์ 

biwisaengjeok
unhygienic; unsanitary
๊ทธ๋Š” ๋น„์œ„์ƒ์  ์Œ์‹์„ ๋จน๊ณ  ์‹์ค‘๋…์— ๊ฑธ๋ ธ๋‹ค.
He got food poisoning after eating unhygienic food.
์ด๋“ค ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์‹ํ’ˆ ๊ฐ€์šด๋ฐ๋Š” ๋น„์œ„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ œํ’ˆ์ด ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค.
Many of these health foods were products made unhygienically.

๋น„์œ ์ 

biyujeok
figurative; metaphorical
์‹œ๋ฅผ ์“ธ ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋น„์œ ์  ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์ ์ ˆํžˆ ํ™œ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
When writing poetry, you should use figurative expressions appropriately.
์ด ๊ธ€์€ ๋น„์œ ์ ์ธ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ํ‘œํ˜„์˜ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋†’์˜€๋‹ค.
This piece of writing enhanced its expressive effect by using figurative language.

๋น„์œค๋ฆฌ์ 

biyullijeok
unethical; immoral
๋น„ ์˜ค๋Š” ๋‚  ํ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ชฐ๋ž˜ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋น„์œค๋ฆฌ์  ํ–‰์œ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์— ์ ๋ฐœ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The unethical act of secretly dumping wastewater on a rainy day was caught by police.
์žฅ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋งค๋งคํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋น„์œค๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ํ–‰์œ„์ด๋‹ค.
Trading organs is an unethical act.

๋น„์ด์„ฑ์ 

biiseongjeok
irrationality
์Šน๊ทœ๋Š” ํฅ๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋น„์ด์„ฑ์ ์ธ ๋ง์„ ๋‚ด๋ฑ‰์—ˆ๋‹ค.
Seunggyu got excited and blurted out an irrational remark.
๊ฐ์ •์—๋งŒ ์น˜์šฐ์น˜๋ฉด ๋น„์ด์„ฑ์  ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
If you're swayed only by emotion, you can act irrationally.

๋น„์ธ๊ฐ„์ 

biinganjeok
inhumanity
๊ทธ ์˜ํ™”์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์€ ๋น„์ธ๊ฐ„์ ์ผ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ ์ด๋‹ค.
The main character of that movie is self-centered to the point of inhumanity.
๋‰ด์Šค์—์„œ ๋น„์ธ๊ฐ„์  ๋ฒ”์ฃ„๋ฅผ ์ €์ง€๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ณด๋„๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค.
The news reported on a person who committed an inhumane crime.

๋น„์ „๋ฌธ์ 

bijeonmunjeok
being non-specialist; being unprofessional
๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์€ ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ๋น„์ „๋ฌธ์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์•ผ๋ผ ๊ด€๋ จ ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
Economics is outside my area of expertise, so it's hard for me to understand papers on the subject.
๊ทธ ์ฑ…์€ ๋น„์ „๋ฌธ์  ์šฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์ฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํŽธํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
That book used non-specialist terms, which actually made it easier to read.

๋น„ํŒ์ 

bipanjeok
critical
์‹ ๋ฌธ ์‚ฌ์„ค์„ ์ฝ์„ ๋•Œ๋Š” ๋น„ํŒ์  ์‹œ๊ฐ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
You need a critical perspective when reading newspaper editorials.
๊ทธ ์• ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ์— ๋น„ํŒ์ ์ด๋‹ค.
That kid is always critical about everything.

๋น„ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ 

bihamnijeok
being irrational; unreasonableness
๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋น„ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐจ๋งˆ ์ˆ˜์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค.
I just couldn't bring myself to accept that person's irrational demand.
๋ฏผ์ค€์ด๋Š” ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋ฉด ๋น„ํ•ฉ๋ฆฌ์  ์‹œ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•œ๋‹ค.
When Minjun gets angry, he handles things from an irrational point of view.

๋น„ํ˜„์‹ค์ 

bihyeonsiljeok
being unrealistic; unreality
๋‚˜๋Š” ๋น„ํ˜„์‹ค์ ์ธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์˜ ์†Œ์„ค์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
I don't like novels with unrealistic content.
ํ•œ ํ›„๋ณด๋Š” ์ƒ๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ณด๋ฅผ ๋น„ํ˜„์‹ค์  ๊ณต์•ฝ์„ ๋‚ด์„ธ์šด๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ๋น„ํŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
One candidate criticized the opposing candidate for making unrealistic campaign promises.

๋น„ํšจ์œจ์ 

bihyoyuljeok
being inefficient
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‘ ๋ถ€์„œ๊ฐ€ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋น„ํšจ์œจ์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์„ ๊ฐœ์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
We decided to fix the inefficient situation of two departments doing similar work.
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋น„ํšจ์œจ์  ์˜์‚ฌ์†Œํ†ต ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ผ์„ ๋๋‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
They couldn't finish the work easily because of inefficient communication.

์‚ฌ๋ฌด์ 

samujeok
official; businesslike
์œ ๋ฏผ์ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ์–ด์šธ๋ ค ์ผํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์  ์—…๋ฌด๋ฅผ ๋” ์ข‹์•„ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Yumin prefers office/paperwork tasks over working together with people.
๋‚˜๋Š” ์‹œ์ฒญ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์ ์ธ ์ผ์„ ์ฃผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ณต๋ฌด์›์ด๋‹ค.
I'm a civil servant who mainly does office/paperwork tasks at city hall.

์‚ฌ๋ณ€์ 

sabyeonjeok
speculative; theoretical
๊ทธ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ณ€์  ์ด๋ก ์„ ์‹คํ—˜์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ฒจ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ฆ๋ช…ํ•ด ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค.
He moved a speculative theory into an experiment and actually proved it.
๊ณผํ•™์ž์ธ ๊ทธ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋ณ€์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์„์€ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ†ตํ•ด ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๊ฒ€์ฆ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
As a scientist, he said that speculative analysis must always be verified through experiments.

์‚ฌ์ƒ์ 

sasangjeok
ideological
์„ฑ๋ฆฌํ•™์€ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์œ ๊ต์˜ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค.
Neo-Confucianism was heavily influenced ideologically by Confucianism.
์ตœ๊ทผ์—๋Š” ์—ฐ์˜ˆ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ๋„ ์‚ฌ์ƒ์  ๊ฒ€์ฆ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Recently, ideological scrutiny has become important even for celebrities.

์‚ฌ์ƒ‰์ 

sasaekjjeok
being contemplative; being meditative
๋…์„œ์™€ ํ† ๋ก ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์˜ ๋ชจ์Šต์€ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ์ƒ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค.
The teacher, who enjoyed reading and discussion, appeared contemplative to the students.
์ฒ ํ•™์„ ์ „๊ณตํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ค€์ด๋Š” ํ† ๋ก ๊ณผ ๋…์„œ๋ฅผ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ƒ‰์  ๋ฉด๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋…”๋‹ค.
Minjun, who majors in philosophy, has a contemplative side that enjoys discussion and reading.

์‚ฌ์‹ค์ 

sasiljeok
real; realistic
๋ฐ• ๊ฐ๋…์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์  ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋กœ ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ์‹ค๊ฐ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค.
Director Park made the movie feel realistic with his realistic depiction.
์‹  ์ž‘๊ฐ€๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ ์ธ ๋ฌ˜์‚ฌ๋กœ ํ˜„์‹ค๊ฐ์ด ๋„˜์น˜๋Š” ์†Œ์„ค์„ ์ผ๋‹ค.
Writer Shin wrote a novel brimming with a sense of reality through realistic depiction.

์‚ฌ์ 

sajeok
private (noun)
ํšŒ์‚ฌ ํšŒ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹๋‹ค.
It's best not to bring up personal matters during a company meeting.
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ˆœ์ „ํžˆ ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ๊ฐ์ •์—์„œ ๋‚˜์˜จ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
That was a decision that came purely from personal feelings.
์ด ์ง€์—ญ์—๋Š” ์‚ผ๊ตญ ์‹œ๋Œ€์˜ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์‚ฌ์ ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚จ์•„ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Many important historical sites from the Three Kingdoms period remain in this area.

์‚ฌํšŒ์ 

sahoejeok
social (adj.)
๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์˜ ์ž˜๋ชป์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ์ด๋‹ค.
That problem is not an individual's fault but a social problem.
๊ทธ๋Š” ์–ด๋ ค์„œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ์ง€๋…€์„œ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค.
He has had a sociable nature since childhood, so he has many friends.

์‚ฐ๋ฐœ์ 

sanbaljeok
being sporadic (noun)
๊ทธ ์ง€์—ญ์—์„œ๋Š” ํญ๋ ฅ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์‚ฐ๋ฐœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Violent incidents are occurring sporadically in that area.
์˜ค๋Š˜ ์˜คํ›„์—๋Š” ์‚ฐ๋ฐœ์  ์†Œ๋‚˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Sporadic showers are expected this afternoon.

์‚ฐ์ˆ ์ 

sansuljeok
arithmetical (adj.)
์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์‚ฐ์ˆ ์  ๊ณ„์‚ฐ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋„ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ํ’€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
This problem can be easily solved just with arithmetical calculation.
๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ๋‹จ์ˆœํ•œ ์‚ฐ์ˆ ์  ํ‰๊ท ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•˜๋‹ค.
The result is nothing more than a simple arithmetical average.

์‚ด์ธ์ 

sarinjeok
murderous; backbreaking (adj.)
์—ฌ๋ฆ„์ฒ  ์„œ์šธ์˜ ์‚ด์ธ์  ๋”์œ„์— ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ง€์ณ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
People are exhausted by the murderous summer heat in Seoul.
๊ณต์žฅ ๋…ธ๋™์ž๋“ค์€ ์‚ด์ธ์ ์ธ ๋…ธ๋™ ๊ฐ•๋„์— ์‹œ๋‹ฌ๋ ค ์™”๋‹ค.
The factory workers have suffered from a backbreaking workload.

์ƒ๋ณด์ 

sangbojeok
complementary (adj.)
๋‘ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ณด์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋งบ๊ณ  ์„œ๋กœ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ž์›์„ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•œ๋‹ค.
The two countries have a complementary relationship and exchange resources they each need.
๋‘ ์ด๋ก ์€ ์ƒ๋ณด์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ์ง€๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
The two theories have a complementary nature and should be studied together.

์ƒ์Šต์ 

sangseupjjeok
habitual (adj.)
๊ทธ๋Š” ์ƒ์Šต์  ์ง€๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ํ•ด๊ณ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
He was eventually fired from the company for habitual tardiness.
๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์€ ์ƒ์Šต์ ์ธ ์Œ์ฃผ ์šด์ „์ž๋ฅผ ์ง‘์ค‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋‹จ์†ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The police decided to intensively crack down on habitual drunk drivers.

์ƒ์‹์ 

sangsikjjeok
sensible; commonsensical (adj.)
๊ทธ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ƒ์‹์ ์ธ ํŒ๋‹จ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•œ๋‹ค.
He always solves problems with sensible judgment.
๊ทธ ๊ทœ์น™์€ ์ง€๊ทนํžˆ ์ƒ์‹์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค.
That rule was made at an extremely commonsense level.

์ƒ์—…์ 

sangeopjjeok
commercial (adj.)
๊ทธ ์˜ํ™”๋Š” ์ƒ์—…์  ์„ฑ๊ณต์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‘์–ด ์†ํŽธ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ œ์ž‘๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The movie achieved commercial success and even a sequel was made.
์ด ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์€ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์„ฑ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ƒ์—…์ ์ธ ๋ฉด์ด ๋” ๊ฐ•์กฐ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
This work emphasizes the commercial aspect more than the artistic one.

์ƒ์ง•์ 

sangjingjeok
symbolic (adj.)
๋น„๋‘˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ‰ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚ด๋Š” ์ƒ์ง•์  ๋™๋ฌผ์ด๋‹ค.
The dove is a symbolic animal representing peace.
๊ทธ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ํšจ๊ณผ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ƒ์ง•์ ์ธ ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ปธ๋‹ค.
That event had a symbolic meaning greater than its practical effect.

์ƒ๋“์ 

saengdeukjjeok
innate; inherent (adj.)
์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์€ ์ƒ๋“์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ฃผ์žฅ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
There is an argument that the ability to learn language is innate.
๊ทธ์˜ ์žฌ๋Šฅ์€ ์ƒ๋“์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์˜€๋‹ค.
His talent was not innate but the result of effort.

์ƒ๋ฆฌ์ 

saengnijeok
physiological (adj.)
๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ํ”ˆ ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ƒ๋ฆฌ์  ํ˜„์ƒ์ด๋‹ค.
Feeling hungry is a physiological phenomenon.
์ด ๋ฐ˜์‘์€ ์ƒ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ์›์ธ์—์„œ ๋น„๋กฏ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
This reaction originates from a physiological cause.

์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ 

saengmulhakjjeok
being biological (noun)
๊ทธ ๋‘˜์˜ ์œ ์‚ฌ์„ฑ์€ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€ ๋ฌธํ™”์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The similarity between the two is biological, not cultural.
์Œ๋‘ฅ์ด๋ผ๋„ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์  ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ์กด์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Even twins can have biological differences.

์ƒ์‚ฐ์ 

saengsanjeok
being productive (noun)
์ด๋ฒˆ ํšŒ์˜๋Š” ์ƒ์‚ฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ ์—†์ด ๋๋‚˜ ๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋‹ค.
This meeting ended without any productive results.
๊ทธ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐ์  ํ™œ๋™์— ์“ฐ๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ•œ๋‹ค.
He tries to spend his time on productive activities.

์„œ๊ตฌ์ 

seogujeok
being western (noun)
๊ทธ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์˜ ๋””์ž์ธ์€ ์„œ๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ๋А๋‚Œ์„ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ’๊ธด๋‹ค.
The building's design strongly gives off a western feel.
์ Š์€ ์„ธ๋Œ€๋Š” ์„œ๊ตฌ์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฐฉ์‹์„ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์ธ๋‹ค.
The younger generation naturally accepts a western way of thinking.

์„œ๋ฏผ์ 

seominjeok
folksy (adj.)
๊ทธ ์‹๋‹น์€ ์„œ๋ฏผ์  ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๋กœ ์†๋‹˜๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค.
That restaurant is popular with customers for its folksy atmosphere.
์ƒˆ ์‹œ์žฅ์€ ์„œ๋ฏผ์ ์ธ ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋กœ ์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํฐ ์ง€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค.
The new mayor received strong support from citizens for his folksy image.

์„œ์‚ฌ์ 

seosajeok
descriptive; narrative (adj.)
๊ทธ ์†Œ์„ค์€ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์„ ์„œ์‚ฌ์  ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ฐจ๋ถ„ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ’€์–ด๋‚ธ๋‹ค.
That novel calmly unfolds the events in a narrative manner.
์ด ์˜ํ™”๋Š” ์„œ์ •์ ์ด๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์„œ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ์š”์†Œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋‹ค.
This movie has stronger narrative elements rather than lyrical ones.

์„œ์–‘์ 

seoyangjeok
Western (adj.)
๊ทธ ๊ฑด์ถ•๋ฌผ์€ ์„œ์–‘์  ์–‘์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ง€์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค.
That building was constructed in a Western style.
์ด ์Œ์‹์€ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋Š” ํ•œ์‹์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์กฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฒ•์€ ์„œ์–‘์ ์ด๋‹ค.
This dish uses Korean ingredients, but its cooking method is Western.

์„œ์ •์ 

seojeongjeok
being lyrical (noun)
๊ทธ ์‹œ๋Š” ์„œ์ •์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ํŠน์ง•์ด๋ผ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค.
That poem's characteristic lyrical quality earned it much love.
๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์„œ์ •์  ๋ฉœ๋กœ๋””์˜ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์ฆ๊ฒจ ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค.
She enjoys singing songs with lyrical melodies.

์„ ๊ตฌ์ 

seongujeok
pioneering (noun)
๊ทธ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๋Š” ์‹ ์žฌ์ƒ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์„ ๊ตฌ์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
That scientist played a pioneering role in renewable energy research.
๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์„ ๊ตฌ์  ๋…ธ๋ ฅ ๋•๋ถ„์— ์—ฌ์„ฑ ์ธ๊ถŒ์ด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ์‹ ์žฅ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
Thanks to her pioneering efforts, women's rights advanced greatly.

์„ ๋„์ 

seondojeok
leading (adj.)
๊ทธ ๋Œ€ํ•™์€ ์ธ๊ณต์ง€๋Šฅ ๋ถ„์•ผ์—์„œ ์„ ๋„์  ์œ„์น˜๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
That university holds a leading position in the field of artificial intelligence.
์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ํ™˜๊ฒฝ ์ •์ฑ…์—์„œ ์„ ๋„์ ์ธ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค.
The government announced it would play a leading role in environmental policy.

์„ ๋™์ 

seondongjeok
instigative; inciting (adj.)
๊ทธ ์ •์น˜์ธ์˜ ์„ ๋™์  ์—ฐ์„ค์ด ํฐ ๋…ผ๋ž€์„ ์ผ์œผ์ผฐ๋‹ค.
That politician's inciting speech caused a big controversy.
๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ์™œ๊ณกํ•œ ์„ ๋™์ ์ธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์œผ๋กœ ๋น„ํŒ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค.
The article was criticized for its inflammatory content that distorted facts.

์„ ๋ณ„์ 

seonbyeoljeok
selective (adj.)
์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ง€์›๊ธˆ์„ ์„ ๋ณ„์  ๊ธฐ์ค€์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ง€๊ธ‰ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The government decided to distribute the subsidy according to selective criteria.
์ด๋ฒˆ ์ฑ„์šฉ์€ ์—ฌ๋А ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ์„ ๋ณ„์ ์ธ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฑฐ์ณค๋‹ค.
This hiring went through a more selective process than usual.

์„ ์–ธ์ 

seoneonjeok
declaring; proclaiming (adj.)
๊ทธ ์กฐํ•ญ์€ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ธ ํšจ๋ ฅ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์„ ์–ธ์  ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋‹ค.
That clause has more of a declaratory meaning than practical effect.
๊ทธ์˜ ๋ฐœ์–ธ์€ ์ •์ฑ…์ด๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์„ ์–ธ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์— ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์› ๋‹ค.
His remarks were closer to being declaratory than an actual policy.

์„ ์ •์ 

seonjeongjeok
suggestive; sensationalized (adj.)
๊ทธ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋Š” ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ์„ ์ •์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋น„ํŒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค.
That advertisement was criticized for being excessively suggestive.
์ผ๋ถ€ ์–ธ๋ก ์˜ ์„ ์ •์ ์ธ ๋ณด๋„๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌํšŒ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ์ง€์ ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The sensationalized reporting by some media was pointed out as a social problem.

์„ ์ œ์ 

seonjejeok
preemption; taking the first strike
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒ€์€ ์„ ์ œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๋Œ€์˜ ๊ณต๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ง‰์•„ ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค.
Our team preemptively blocked the opponent's attack.
์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์œ„๊ธฐ์— ๋Œ€์‘ํ•ด ์„ ์ œ์ ์ธ ์กฐ์น˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The government announced preemptive measures in response to the crisis.

์„ ์ง„์ 

seonjinjeok
advanced; progressive
์ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์„ ์ง„์ ์ธ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ค.
This company is famous for its advanced technology.
๊ทธ ๋‚˜๋ผ์˜ ๋ณต์ง€ ์ œ๋„๋Š” ์„ ์ง„์ ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค.
That country's welfare system is regarded as advanced.

์„ ์ฒœ์ 

seoncheonjeok
innate; congenital
๊ทธ๋Š” ์„ ์ฒœ์ ์ธ ์žฌ๋Šฅ์„ ํƒ€๊ณ ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.
He was born with innate talent.
์˜์‚ฌ๋Š” ์•„์ด์˜ ์‹ฌ์žฅ๋ณ‘์ด ์„ ์ฒœ์ ์ž„์„ ํ™•์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The doctor confirmed that the child's heart disease was congenital.

์„ ํƒ์ 

seontaekjjeok
selective; optional
์ด ์ˆ˜์—…์€ ์„ ํƒ์ ์ธ ๊ณผ๋ชฉ์ด๋ผ์„œ ๋“ฃ์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ๋œ๋‹ค.
This class is an optional subject, so you don't have to take it.
ํšŒ์˜ ์ฐธ์„ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋Š” ์„ ํƒ์ ์ด๋‹ค.
Whether to attend the meeting is optional.

์„ ํ’์ 

seonpungjeok
sensational; craze-inducing
๊ทธ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋Š” ์„ ํ’์ ์ธ ์ธ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
That song gained sensational popularity.
์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์Šค๋งˆํŠธํฐ์€ ์ถœ์‹œ๋˜์ž๋งˆ์ž ์„ ํ’์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The new smartphone was a sensation as soon as it was released.

์„ ํ•˜๋‹ค

seonhada
vivid (as if seen before one's eyes)
๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์‹  ํ• ๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์–ผ๊ตด์ด ์•„์ง๋„ ๋ˆˆ์— ์„ ํ•˜๋‹ค.
My late grandmother's face is still vivid in my mind.
๊ทธ๋Š” ๋งˆ์Œ์ด ์„ ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์œผ๋กœ ์†Œ๋ฌธ์ด ๋‚˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
He is known as a good-natured person.

์„ฑ๊ณต์ 

seonggongjeok
being successful
์ด๋ฒˆ ํ–‰์‚ฌ๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค.
This event was evaluated as having been successful.
๊ทธ๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์—…๊ฐ€๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
He is known as a successful businessman.

์„ธ๊ณ„์‚ฌ์ 

segyesajeok
being of world-historical significance
์ด ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ์˜๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ๋‹ค.
This discovery holds world-historical significance.
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์‚ฌ์  ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์œผ๋กœ ๊ธฐ๋ก๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
It was recorded as a world-historical event.

์„ธ๋ถ€์ 

sebujeok
detailed
๊ณ„ํš์„ ์„ธ์šธ ๋•Œ๋Š” ์„ธ๋ถ€์ ์ธ ๋ถ€๋ถ„๊นŒ์ง€ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ ์จ์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
When making a plan, you must pay attention even to the detailed parts.
์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์„ธ๋ถ€์ ์ด๋‹ค.
This report is very detailed.

์„ธ์†์ 

sesokjjeok
secular; worldly
๊ทธ๋Š” ์„ธ์†์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ณต๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งˆ์Œ์˜ ํ‰ํ™”๋ฅผ ์ค‘์‹œํ•œ๋‹ค.
He values peace of mind over worldly success.
์ˆ˜๋„์ž๋Š” ์„ธ์†์ ์ธ ์‚ถ์„ ๋– ๋‚˜ ์ˆ˜๋„์›์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”๋‹ค.
The monk left worldly life and entered the monastery.

์„ธ์Šต์ 

seseupjjeok
hereditary
๊ทธ ๊ฐ€๋ฌธ์€ ์„ธ์Šต์ ์ธ ์ง€์œ„๋ฅผ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ด ์™”๋‹ค.
That family has long maintained a hereditary status.
์ด ์ œ๋„๋Š” ์„ธ์Šต์ ์ธ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋น„ํŒ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค.
This system is criticized for having a strongly hereditary character.

์…‹์งธ

setjjae
third (ordinal)
๊ทธ๋Š” ์‚ผ ๋‚จ๋งค ์ค‘ ์…‹์งธ ์•„๋“ค์ด๋‹ค.
He is the third son among three siblings.
์ค„์„ ์„œ์„œ ์…‹์งธ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ƒํ’ˆ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค.
People lined up and received prizes up to the third person.
์•„์ด๋“ค ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์„ธ์–ด ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ์…‹์งธ์˜€๋‹ค.
When I counted the children, there turned out to be three.

์†Œ๋ชจ์ 

somojeok
wasteful; draining
๊ทธ ๋…ผ์Ÿ์€ ์†Œ๋ชจ์ ์ธ ์‹ธ์›€์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์กŒ๋‹ค.
That debate spread into a draining fight.
๊ฐ์ • ์†Œ๋ชจ์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค.
An emotionally draining relationship is not good for one's health.

์†Œ๋ฐ•ํ•˜๋‹ค

sobakada
to be simple; unadorned; modest
๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฐ•ํ•œ ์˜ท์ฐจ๋ฆผ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์‹์— ์ฐธ์„ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
She attended the wedding in simple attire.
์˜›์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์—์„œ ๋‚จํŽธ์ด ์•„๋‚ด๋ฅผ ์†Œ๋ฐ•ํ•˜๋Š” ์žฅ๋ฉด์ด ๋‚˜์˜จ๋‹ค.
In the old tale, there is a scene where the husband mistreats his wife.

์†Œ์†Œํ•˜๋‹ค

sosohada
to be trivial; minor
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์†Œ์†Œํ•œ ์ผ์ƒ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๋ฉฐ ํ–‰๋ณต์„ ๋А๊ผˆ๋‹ค.
We felt happy sharing trivial everyday moments together.
์ด๋ฒˆ ๋‹ฌ ์ˆ˜์ž…์€ ์†Œ์†Œํ•ด์„œ ์ €์ถ•ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์› ๋‹ค.
This month's income was so small that it was hard to save.

์†Œ์‹œ๋ฏผ์ 

sosiminjeok
being petit-bourgeois (moderate, non-committal)
๊ทธ์˜ ํƒœ๋„๋Š” ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ์†Œ์‹œ๋ฏผ์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๋น„ํŒ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค.
His attitude was criticized as being excessively petit-bourgeois.
์†Œ์„ค์€ ํ•œ ์†Œ์‹œ๋ฏผ์  ์ธ๋ฌผ์˜ ์‚ถ์„ ๊ทธ๋ ธ๋‹ค.
The novel portrayed the life of a petit-bourgeois character.

์†Œ์‹ 

sosin
your humble servant (archaic, to a king)
์‹ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž„๊ธˆ ์•ž์—์„œ ์†Œ์‹ ์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ์ด๋ ‡์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค๋ผ๊ณ  ์•„๋ขฐ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The subject reported before the king, saying, 'This humble servant's thoughts are as follows.'
๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์˜ ์†Œ์‹ ์„ ๊ตฝํžˆ์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.
He did not bend his firm convictions.

์†๋ฌผ์ 

songmuljeok
snobbish; materialistic
๊ทธ๋Š” ๋ˆ๋งŒ ์ข‡๋Š” ์†๋ฌผ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋‹ค.
He is a materialistic person who only chases money.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ํƒœ๋„๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์†๋ฌผ์ ์ด๋‹ค.
That kind of attitude is too materialistic.

์†์„ฑ

soksseong
attribute; property (inherent)
๋ฌผ์˜ ์†์„ฑ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋Š” ๋†’์€ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋‚ฎ์€ ๊ณณ์œผ๋กœ ํ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
One of water's properties is flowing from high to low places.
๊ทธ๋Š” ์†์„ฑ์œผ๋กœ ์šด์ „์„ ๋ฐฐ์› ๋‹ค.
He learned to drive quickly (in a crash course).

์ˆ˜๋™

sudong
manual (operated by hand)
์ด ์ฐจ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋™ ๋ณ€์†๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค.
This car uses a manual transmission.
๊ทธ๋Š” ํšŒ์˜์—์„œ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ˆ˜๋™์ ์ธ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค.
He always showed a passive attitude in meetings.

์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์ 

suryangjeok
quantitative
์ด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์  ๋ถ„์„์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ท„๋‹ค.
This study focused on quantitative analysis.
ํ’ˆ์งˆ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์ ์ธ ๋ฉด์„ ๋” ์ค‘์‹œํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
They emphasized the quantitative aspect more than quality.

์ˆ˜์ƒํ•˜๋‹ค

susanghada
to receive an award
๊ทธ ์˜ํ™”๋Š” ์ด๋ฒˆ ์˜ํ™”์ œ์—์„œ ๋Œ€์ƒ์„ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
That movie received the grand prize at this film festival.
๊ทธ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์ด ์˜ค๋Š˜๋”ฐ๋ผ ์ˆ˜์ƒํ•˜๋‹ค.
His behavior is suspicious today, more than usual.

์ˆ˜์„ธ์ 

susejeok
defensive
ํŒ€์€ ํ›„๋ฐ˜์ „ ๋‚ด๋‚ด ์ˆ˜์„ธ์ ์ธ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํŽผ์ณค๋‹ค.
The team played defensively throughout the second half.
๊ทธ์˜ ํƒœ๋„๋Š” ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์„ธ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
His attitude was excessively defensive.

์ˆ˜์šฉ์ 

suyongjeok
receptive
๊ทธ๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์˜๊ฒฌ์— ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ ์ธ ์ž์„ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์˜€๋‹ค.
He showed a receptive attitude toward new opinions.
๊ต์œก ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์ ์  ๋” ์ˆ˜์šฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
The educational approach is becoming increasingly receptive.

์ˆ˜์ 

sujeok
numerical
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒ€์€ ์ˆ˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๋Œ€ํŒ€๋ณด๋‹ค ์—ด์„ธ์˜€๋‹ค.
Our team was numerically inferior to the opposing team.
์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ ์ธ ์ ‘๊ทผ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
This problem requires a numerical approach.

์ˆ˜์ง์ 

sujikjjeok
being vertical; hierarchical
์ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์กฐ์ง ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ง์ ์ด๋‹ค.
This company's organizational structure is vertical.
๊ทธ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ง์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ณด๋‹ค ์ˆ˜ํ‰์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•œ๋‹ค.
He prefers horizontal relationships over vertical ones.

์ˆ˜ํ‰์ 

supyeongjeok
being horizontal; egalitarian
์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ‰์ ์ธ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ–ฅํ•œ๋‹ค.
The new company aims for an egalitarian culture.
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ˆ˜ํ‰์  ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋…ธ๋ ฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
They tried to maintain a horizontal relationship.

์ˆ˜ํ•™์ 

suhakjjeok
mathematical
๊ทธ๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ•™์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ ฅ์ด ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.
He had excellent mathematical thinking ability.
์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ•™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
This problem must be approached mathematically.

์ˆ™๋ช…์ 

sungmyeongjeok
fateful; destined (unavoidable)
๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์ˆ™๋ช…์  ๋งŒ๋‚จ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค.
The two had a fateful encounter.
๊ทธ์˜ ์‚ถ์€ ์ˆ™๋ช…์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋А๊ปด์กŒ๋‹ค.
His life felt destined.

์ˆœ

sun
pure; unmixed
์ด ๋ฐ˜์ง€๋Š” ์ˆœ๊ธˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค.
This ring is made of pure gold.
๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ˆœ ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋ง์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
That was an utter lie.
๋ด„์ด ๋˜๋‹ˆ ๋‚˜๋ญ‡๊ฐ€์ง€์—์„œ ์ƒˆ์ˆœ์ด ๋‹์•˜๋‹ค.
As spring came, new sprouts emerged from the tree branches.

์ˆœ๋ฆฌ์ 

sullijeok
being reasonable; following natural order
๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์ˆœ๋ฆฌ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
His decision was very reasonable, following the natural order of things.
ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ˆœ๋ฆฌ์  ์ ˆ์ฐจ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The company resolved the issue following reasonable procedures.

์ˆœ์ˆœํ•˜๋‹ค

sunsunhada
to be gentle and docile
๊ทธ ๊ฐ•์•„์ง€๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ์ˆœ์ˆœํ•ด์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฃจ๊ธฐ ์‰ฝ๋‹ค.
That puppy is gentle and docile, so it's easy to handle.
์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์€ ์ˆœ์ˆœํ•œ ๋งํˆฌ๋กœ ํ•™์ƒ์„ ํƒ€์ผ๋ €๋‹ค.
The teacher gently persuaded the student in a kind tone.

์ˆœ์ˆœํžˆ

sunsunhi
gently; docilely
๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์˜ ์ง€์‹œ์— ์ˆœ์ˆœํžˆ ๋”ฐ๋ž๋‹ค.
He obediently followed the police's instructions.
๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์•„์ด์—๊ฒŒ ์ˆœ์ˆœํžˆ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
She spoke to the child warmly and kindly.

์ˆœ์ข…์ 

sunjongjeok
being obedient
๊ทธ๋Š” ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ์ˆœ์ข…์ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค.
He was evaluated as being excessively obedient.
๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์ˆœ์ข…์  ํƒœ๋„๋กœ ๋ช…๋ น์„ ๋”ฐ๋ž๋‹ค.
She followed the order with an obedient attitude.

์Šค๋ฌด์งธ

seumujjae
the twentieth (in order)
๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋Œ€ํšŒ์—์„œ ์Šค๋ฌด์งธ๋กœ ์ž…์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
She entered the competition twentieth.
์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ์ด ํ–‰์‚ฌ์˜ ์Šค๋ฌด์งธ ๋‚ ์ด๋‹ค.
Today is the twentieth day of this event.

์Šต๊ด€์ 

seupkkwanjeok
habitual
๊ทธ๋Š” ์Šต๊ด€์  ์ง€๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ง€์ ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค.
He was reprimanded by his boss for habitual lateness.
์†ํ†ฑ์„ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋œฏ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์Šต๊ด€์ ์ด ๋˜์–ด ๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋‹ค.
Biting his nails became habitual.

์‹œ๊ฐ์ 

sigakjjeok
visual
์ด ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚˜๋‹ค.
This advertisement has excellent visual effects.
๊ทธ ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ์ ์ด๋‹ค.
That painting is very visual.

์‹œ๊ฐ„์ 

siganjeok
being temporal; time-related
๊ทธ ๊ณ„ํš์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
That plan had an unreasonable time-related aspect.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์  ์—ฌ์œ ๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด์„œ ๊ธ‰ํžˆ ๋– ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.
We left in a hurry because we had no time to spare.

์‹œ๊ธฐ์ 

sigijeok
being related to timing
๊ทธ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ ์ ˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
That announcement was timely.
์ด๋ฒˆ ํˆฌ์ž๋Š” ์‹œ๊ธฐ์  ์กฐ๊ฑด์ด ์ข‹์•˜๋‹ค.
This investment had good timing-related conditions.

์‹œ๋Œ€์ 

sidaejeok
characteristic of the era
์ด ์˜ํ™”๋Š” ์‹œ๋Œ€์  ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์„ ์ž˜ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ค€๋‹ค.
This movie shows the era's characteristic background well.
๊ทธ ์œ ํ–‰์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์‹œ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ํ˜„์ƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
That trend was a very era-characteristic phenomenon.

์‹œ๋ฒ”์ 

sibeomjeok
being demonstrative; exemplary
์ด ์ •์ฑ…์€ ์•„์ง ์‹œ๋ฒ”์ ์ธ ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ์žˆ๋‹ค.
This policy is still in a demonstrative/trial stage.
ํ•™๊ต๋Š” ์‹œ๋ฒ”์  ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The school conducted a demonstration class.

์‹œ์ 

sijeok
being poetic
๊ทธ์˜ ๋ฌธ์žฅ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์‹œ์ ์ด๋‹ค.
His writing is very poetic.
๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์‹œ์  ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ์ฆ๊ฒจ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค.
She likes to use poetic expressions.

์‹œํ—˜์ 

siheomjeok
experimental; trial
์ด ์ œํ’ˆ์€ ์‹œํ—˜์  ํŒ๋งค ๋‹จ๊ณ„์— ์žˆ๋‹ค.
This product is in an experimental sales stage.
๊ทธ ์ •์ฑ…์€ ์•„์ง ์‹œํ—˜์ ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์ด๋‹ค.
That policy is still at an experimental level.

์‹ ๊ฒฝ์งˆ์ 

singyeongjiljeok
irritable; nervy
๊ทธ๋Š” ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์งˆ์  ๋ฐ˜์‘์„ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉฐ ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค.
He showed an irritable reaction and got angry.
์š”์ฆ˜ ๊ทธ์˜ ํƒœ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์งˆ์ ์ด๋‹ค.
His attitude has been very irritable lately.

์‹ ๊ธฐํ•˜๋‹ค

singihada
marvelous; amazing
์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋Š” ์ •๋ง ์‹ ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ž‘๋™ํ•œ๋‹ค.
This machine works in a truly amazing way.
์•„์ด๋Š” ๋ˆˆ์„ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ ๊ธฐํ•ดํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The child found snow curious, seeing it for the first time.

์‹ ์‚ฌ์ 

sinsajeok
gentlemanly
๊ทธ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ์‹ ์‚ฌ์  ํƒœ๋„๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค.
He always treats people with a gentlemanly attitude.
๊ทธ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์‹ ์‚ฌ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
His behavior was very gentlemanly.

์‹ ์„ธ๋Œ€์ 

sinsedaejeok
characteristic of the new generation
๊ทธ ๊ด‘๊ณ ๋Š” ์‹ ์„ธ๋Œ€์  ๊ฐ๊ฐ์„ ์ž˜ ์‚ด๋ ธ๋‹ค.
That advertisement made good use of a new-generation sensibility.
๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ํŒจ์…˜์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์‹ ์„ธ๋Œ€์ ์ด๋‹ค.
Her fashion is very new-generation.

์‹ ์ 

sinjeok
divine; godlike
๊ทธ์˜ ์—ฐ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์‹ ์  ๊ฒฝ์ง€์— ์ด๋ฅด๋ €๋‹ค.
His acting reached a divine level.
๊ทธ ์กฐ๊ฐ์ƒ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์‹ ์ ์ธ ๋А๋‚Œ์„ ์ค€๋‹ค.
That statue gives a very divine feeling.

์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ 

sillijeok
being practical; utilitarian
๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฒฐ์ •์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
His decision was very practical.
ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‹ค๋ฆฌ์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ๊ทธ ๊ณ„์•ฝ์„ ๊ฒ€ํ† ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The company reviewed the contract from a practical perspective.

์‹ค๋ฌด์ 

silmujeok
practical; hands-on (work-related)
๊ทธ๋Š” ์‹ค๋ฌด์  ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ํ’๋ถ€ํ•˜๋‹ค.
He has abundant practical, hands-on experience.
์ด ๊ต์œก์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์‹ค๋ฌด์ ์ด๋‹ค.
This training is very practical.

์‹ค์šฉ์ 

siryongjeok
practical; useful
๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์‹ค์šฉ์  ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ž‘์€ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์„ ํƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
She chose a small car for practical reasons.
์ด ๋””์ž์ธ์€ ์˜ˆ์˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์‹ค์šฉ์ ์ด๋‹ค.
This design is pretty yet practical.

์‹ค์ œ์ 

siljejeok
being actual; being just as it is
๊ทธ ๊ณ„ํš์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์‹ค์ œ์ ์ด๋‹ค.
That plan is very realistic.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ค์ œ์  ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
We need to solve the actual problems first.

์‹ค์กด์ 

siljonjeok
being existential
๊ทธ์˜ ๊ธ€์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์‹ค์กด์ ์ด๋‹ค.
His writing is very existential.
๊ทธ๋Š” ์‹ค์กด์  ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์— ๋น ์กŒ๋‹ค.
He fell into an existential struggle.

์‹ค์ฆ์ 

siljeungjeok
empirical; evidence-based
๊ทธ ์ด๋ก ์€ ์‹ค์ฆ์  ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋กœ ๋’ท๋ฐ›์นจ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
That theory was backed by empirical research.
์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฒ•์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์‹ค์ฆ์ ์ด๋‹ค.
This paper's approach is very empirical.

์‹ค์งˆ์ 

siljiljeok
substantive; real (matching actual content)
์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์‹ค์งˆ์  ์ง€์›์ฑ…์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The government announced substantive support measures.
๊ทธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์‹ค์งˆ์ ์ด๋‹ค.
That change is very substantive.

์‹ค์ฒœ์ 

silcheonjeok
practical (action-oriented)
๊ทธ๋Š” ์‹ค์ฒœ์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
He solved the problem in a practical, action-oriented way.
์ด ์ˆ˜์—…์€ ์ด๋ก ๋ณด๋‹ค ์‹ค์ฒœ์ ์ด๋‹ค.
This class is more action-oriented than theoretical.

์‹คํ—˜์ 

silheomjeok
experimental (scientific)
์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์–ป์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค.
This result was obtained through an experimental method.
๊ทธ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์‹คํ—˜์ ์ด๋‹ค.
That research is very experimental.

์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ 

simnijeok
psychological
๊ทธ๋Š” ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์  ์••๋ฐ•์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋А๊ผˆ๋‹ค.
He felt great psychological pressure.
๊ทธ ์ฆ์ƒ์€ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
That symptom is psychological.

์‹ฌ์ 

simjeok
being mental/emotional
๊ทธ ์†Œ์‹์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์ถฉ๊ฒฉ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
That news was a great mental shock.
๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์‹ฌ์  ๋ถ€๋‹ด์„ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋А๊ผˆ๋‹ค.
She felt a great mental burden.

์‘ฅ

ssuk
mugwort (a wild herb)
ํ• ๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋ด„๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋“ค์—์„œ ์‘ฅ์„ ์บ์„œ ๋–ก์„ ๋งŒ๋“œ์…จ๋‹ค.
Every spring, grandmother picked mugwort in the fields to make rice cakes.
๊ทธ๋Š” ์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ์— ์†์„ ์‘ฅ ๋„ฃ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
He stuck his hand deep into his pocket.

์•„ํ™‰์งธ

ahopjjae
ninth (in order)
์ด ์ค„์—์„œ ์•„ํ™‰์งธ ์ž๋ฆฌ์— ์•‰์•„ ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
Please sit in the ninth seat in this row.
์ฐธ์„์ž๋ฅผ ์„ธ์–ด ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ์•„ํ™‰์งธ์˜€๋‹ค.
Counting the attendees, it came to nine in total.
๋ฐœํ‘œ ์ˆœ์„œ๋Š” ์•„ํ™‰์งธ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ๋‹ค.
The presentation order starts from the ninth.

์•…๋งˆ์ 

angmajeok
devilish, demonic
๊ทธ์˜ ์›ƒ์Œ์—๋Š” ์•…๋งˆ์ ์ธ ๋ฌด์–ธ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋А๊ปด์กŒ๋‹ค.
There was something devilish in his laughter.
๊ทธ ์บ๋ฆญํ„ฐ๋Š” ์•…๋งˆ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ƒ์ง•ํ•œ๋‹ค.
That character symbolizes something demonic.

์•…์˜์ 

aguijeok
malicious, ill-intentioned
๊ธฐ์‚ฌ์—๋Š” ์•…์˜์ ์ธ ์†Œ๋ฌธ์ด ๊ทธ๋Œ€๋กœ ์‹ค๋ ธ๋‹ค.
The article printed malicious rumors as they were.
๊ทธ์˜ ๋Œ“๊ธ€์€ ์•…์˜์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ถ„๋ช…ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
His comment was clearly malicious.

์•ˆ์ •์ 

anjeongjeok
stable, steady
๊ทธ๋Š” ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ์ง์žฅ์„ ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด ํ•œ๋‹ค.
He wants to have a stable job.
์ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์žฌ์ •์€ ์•ˆ์ •์ ์ธ ํŽธ์ด๋‹ค.
This company's finances are relatively stable.

์•”๋ฌต์ 

ammukjjeok
implicit, tacit (not openly expressed)
๋‘ ํšŒ์‚ฌ ์‚ฌ์ด์—๋Š” ์•”๋ฌต์ ์ธ ํ•ฉ์˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
There was a tacit agreement between the two companies.
๊ทธ์˜ ์นจ๋ฌต์€ ์•”๋ฌต์ ์ธ ๋™์˜๋กœ ๋ฐ›์•„๋“ค์—ฌ์กŒ๋‹ค.
His silence was taken as tacit consent.

์••๋„์ 

apttojeok
overwhelming (attributive)
๊ทธ ํŒ€์€ ์••๋„์ ์ธ ์‹ค๋ ฅ ์ฐจ์ด๋กœ ์šฐ์Šนํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The team won by an overwhelming gap in skill.
์„ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ก์€ ์••๋„์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The player's record was overwhelming.

์•ผ๋งŒ์ 

yamanjeok
barbaric, uncivilized (attributive)
๊ทธ ํ–‰๋™์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์•ผ๋งŒ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
That behavior was too barbaric.
์ „์Ÿ์€ ์•ผ๋งŒ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
War was a barbaric thing.

์•ผ์„ฑ์ 

yaseongjeok
wild, untamed (attributive)
๊ทธ๋Š” ์•ผ์„ฑ์ ์ธ ๋งค๋ ฅ์„ ์ง€๋…”๋‹ค.
He has a wild charm.
๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ๋ˆˆ๋น›์€ ์•ผ์„ฑ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
Her gaze was wild.

์–‘์„ฑ

yangseong
a positive, active quality (as opposed to yin)
์ด ์„ฑ๋ถ„์€ ์–‘์„ฑ์˜ ๊ธฐ์šด์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.
This ingredient is said to have a positive, active energy.
์ด ํ™”์žฅ์‹ค์€ ์–‘์„ฑ์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•œ๋‹ค.
This restroom is used by both sexes.
ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์‹ ์ž… ์‚ฌ์› ์–‘์„ฑ์— ํž˜์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
The company is putting effort into training new employees.

์–‘์‹ฌ์ 

yangsimjeok
conscientious (attributive)
๊ทธ๋Š” ์–‘์‹ฌ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ์—…๊ฐ€๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
He is known as a conscientious businessman.
๊ทธ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์€ ์–‘์‹ฌ์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
His actions were conscientious.

์–‘์ 

yangjeok
quantitative (attributive)
์–‘์  ์„ฑ์žฅ๋ณด๋‹ค ์งˆ์  ์„ฑ์žฅ์ด ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
Qualitative growth is more important than quantitative growth.
์ด ์กฐ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์–‘์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์„์— ์ดˆ์ ์„ ๋งž์ท„๋‹ค.
This survey focused on quantitative analysis.

์–ต์••์ 

eogapjjeok
oppressive (attributive)
๊ทธ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์–ต์••์ ์ธ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ํŽผ์ณค๋‹ค.
That government carried out oppressive policies.
๊ทธ์˜ ํƒœ๋„๋Š” ์–ต์••์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
His attitude was oppressive.

์–ธ์–ด์ 

eoneojeok
linguistic (attributive)
๋‘ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด์  ์ฐจ์ด๊ฐ€ ํฌ๋‹ค.
The two countries have great linguistic differences.
์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
This problem is a linguistic one.

์—ญ๋™์ 

yeokttongjeok
dynamic, energetic (attributive)
์ด ๋„์‹œ๋Š” ์—ญ๋™์ ์ธ ์—๋„ˆ์ง€๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋“ํ•˜๋‹ค.
This city is full of dynamic energy.
๊ทธ์˜ ๋ชธ์ง“์€ ์—ญ๋™์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
His movements were dynamic.

์—ญ์‚ฌ์ 

yeokssajeok
historical (attributive)
์ด๊ณณ์€ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์  ์˜๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ์ด๋‹ค.
This is a place with historical significance.
๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์—ญ์‚ฌ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
That event was very historical.

์—ญ์„ค์ 

yeoksseoljeok
paradoxical (attributive)
๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์—ญ์„ค์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๋‚ณ์•˜๋‹ค.
That produced a paradoxical result.
๊ทธ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ณต์€ ์—ญ์„ค์ ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
His success was paradoxical.

์—ฐ์†์ 

yeonsokjjeok
continuous, successive (attributive)
๊ทธ๋Š” ์—ฐ์†์ ์ธ ์‹คํŒจ์—๋„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.
He did not give up despite continuous failures.
์ด ๊ณผ์ •์€ ์—ฐ์†์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
This process is continuous.

์—ฐ์‡„์ 

yeonswaejeok
chain-like, serial (attributive)
๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ์—ฐ์‡„์ ์ธ ์ถฉ๋Œ๋กœ ์ด์–ด์กŒ๋‹ค.
That accident led to a chain collision.
์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด ์—ฐ์‡„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์–ด๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.
Several incidents occurred in a chain.

์—ฐ์—ญ์ 

yeonyeokjjeok
deductive (a way of reasoning that draws specific conclusions from general facts or principles)
์ด ๋…ผ๋ฌธ์€ ์—ฐ์—ญ์  ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋…ผ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ „๊ฐœํ•ด์š”.
This paper develops its argument using a deductive method.
๊ฒฐ๋ก ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ์‹์ด ์—ฐ์—ญ์ ์ด์—์š”.
The way the conclusion is reached is deductive.

์—ด๊ด‘์ 

yeolgwangjeok
frenzied, wildly excited (jumping around out of joy or excitement)
ํŒฌ๋“ค์€ ์—ด๊ด‘์  ํ™˜ํ˜ธ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ์–ด์š”.
The fans sent a frenzied cheer.
์ฝ˜์„œํŠธ์žฅ์˜ ๋ถ„์œ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์—ด๊ด‘์ ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
The atmosphere at the concert venue was frenzied.

์—ด์„ฑ์ 

yeolseongjeok
devoted, enthusiastic (pouring great sincerity into something)
๊ทธ๋Š” ์—ด์„ฑ์  ์ง€์ง€์ž๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•ด์š”.
He's known as a devoted supporter.
๋ด‰์‚ฌ ํ™œ๋™์— ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•˜๋Š” ํƒœ๋„๊ฐ€ ์—ด์„ฑ์ ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
Her attitude toward volunteering was devoted.

์—ด์ •์ 

yeoljeongjeok
passionate (having a burning affection for something and working hard at it)
๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์—ด์ •์  ๋ฌด์šฉ์ˆ˜๋กœ ์œ ๋ช…ํ•ด์š”.
She's known as a passionate dancer.
๊ทธ์˜ ์—ฐ์„ค์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์—ด์ •์ ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
His speech was very passionate.

์—ด์งธ

yeoljjae
tenth (in order)
๊ทธ๋Š” ์ค„์—์„œ ์—ด์งธ๋กœ ์„œ ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
He was standing tenth in line.
์˜ค๋Š˜๋กœ ์—ด์งธ ๋˜๋Š” ๋‚ ์ด์—์š”.
Today is the tenth day, counting from the start.

์—ผ์„ธ์ 

yeomsejeok
pessimistic, misanthropic (viewing the world negatively and disliking it)
๊ทธ๋Š” ์—ผ์„ธ์  ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ด€์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
He holds a pessimistic worldview.
๊ทธ์˜ ํƒœ๋„๋Š” ์ ์  ์—ผ์„ธ์ ์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
His attitude gradually became pessimistic.

์—ฝ๊ธฐ์ 

yeopkkijeok
grotesque, bizarre (finding abnormal, strange things interesting)
๊ทธ ์˜ํ™”๋Š” ์—ฝ๊ธฐ์  ์†Œ์žฌ๋กœ ํ™”์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋์–ด์š”.
That movie became a topic of conversation for its grotesque subject matter.
๊ทธ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์—ฝ๊ธฐ์ ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
His behavior was too bizarre.

์˜๊ตฌ์ 

yeonggujeok
permanent (continuing endlessly without change, no matter how much time passes)
์ด ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์˜๊ตฌ์  ํšจ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
This treatment has a permanent effect.
๊ทธ ์†์ƒ์€ ์˜๊ตฌ์ ์ด ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
That damage could become permanent.

์˜์†์ 

yeongsokjjeok
being eternal / eternity (as a state, continuing forever)
ํ‰ํ™”๋Š” ์˜์†์ ์ด์–ด์•ผ ํ•ด์š”.
Peace should be eternal.
๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์˜์†์  ์šฐ์ •์„ ์•ฝ์†ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
They promised an eternal friendship.

์˜์ 

yeongjeok
spiritual (related to the mind/soul rather than the physical)
๋ช…์ƒ์€ ์˜์  ์„ฑ์žฅ์— ๋„์›€์ด ๋ผ์š”.
Meditation helps with spiritual growth.
๊ทธ ๊ฒฝํ—˜์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์˜์ ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
That experience was very spiritual.

์˜ˆ๋‹๊ณฑ

yenilgop
six or seven, about six or seven
๊ต์‹ค์— ์˜ˆ๋‹๊ณฑ ๋ช…์˜ ํ•™์ƒ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
There were about six or seven students in the classroom.

์˜ˆ์ˆ ์ 

yesuljeok
artistic (having the qualities of art)
๊ทธ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์€ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์  ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ๋†’์•„์š”.
That building has high artistic value.
๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์†๊ธ€์”จ๋Š” ์ •๋ง ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์ ์ด์—์š”.
Her handwriting is really artistic.

์˜ˆ์™ธ์ 

yeoejeok
exceptional (deviating from a general rule or example)
์ด๋ฒˆ ๊ฒฐ์ •์€ ์˜ˆ์™ธ์  ์กฐ์น˜์˜€์–ด์š”.
This decision was an exceptional measure.
๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋Š” ์˜ˆ์™ธ์ ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
His case was exceptional.

์˜ค๋งŒ

oman
a great many, various kinds of (an old, general way of saying a large quantity)
์˜ค๋งŒ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ๋จธ๋ฆฟ์†์„ ์Šค์ณค์–ด์š”.
All sorts of thoughts crossed my mind.
๊ทธ์˜ ์˜ค๋งŒํ•œ ํƒœ๋„๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ถˆ์พŒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
His arrogant attitude offended people.

์˜ณ๋‹ค

olta
to be right, correct (in line with a norm or standard)
๊ทธ์˜ ํŒ๋‹จ์ด ์˜ณ์•˜์–ด์š”.
His judgment was correct.
"์˜ณ๋‹ค, ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ๊ฑฐ์•ผ!"๋ผ๊ณ  ์™ธ์ณค์–ด์š”.
I shouted, "That's it, exactly!"

์™์ž์ง€๊ป„ํ•˜๋‹ค

wakjjajikkeolhada
to be noisy with many people talking loudly together
์‹๋‹น ์•ˆ์ด ์™์ž์ง€๊ป„ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
The inside of the restaurant was noisy with everyone talking loudly.
์ถ•์ œ ํ˜„์žฅ์ด ์™์ž์ง€๊ป„ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
The festival grounds were very boisterous.

์™„๋งŒํ•˜๋‹ค

wanmanhada
to be slow-paced (a process or trend proceeding slowly)
๊ฒฝ์ œ ์„ฑ์žฅ ์†๋„๊ฐ€ ์™„๋งŒํ•ด์กŒ์–ด์š”.
The pace of economic growth has slowed down.
์ด ์‚ฐ๊ธธ์€ ๊ฒฝ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์™„๋งŒํ•ด์š”.
This mountain trail has a gentle slope.

์™ธ๊ต์ 

oegyojeok
diplomatic (related to diplomacy)
์–‘๊ตญ์€ ์™ธ๊ต์  ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์„ ๋ชจ์ƒ‰ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
The two countries sought a diplomatic solution.
๊ทธ์˜ ๋ฐœ์–ธ์€ ๋งค์šฐ ์™ธ๊ต์ ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
His remarks were very diplomatic.

์™ธ๋ฉด์ 

oemyeonjeok
external, superficial (relating only to what shows on the outside)
๊ทธ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋Š” ์™ธ๋ฉด์  ๊ฐœ์„ ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณผํ•ด์š”.
That change is nothing more than a superficial improvement.
๊ทธ์˜ ํƒœ๋„๋Š” ์™ธ๋ฉด์ ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
His attitude was superficial.

์™ธ๋ถ€์ 

oebujeok
external (appearing outside or related to the outside)
์™ธ๋ถ€์  ์š”์ธ์ด ์‹คํŒจ์˜ ์›์ธ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
External factors were the cause of the failure.
๊ทธ ์••๋ฐ•์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์™ธ๋ถ€์ ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
That pressure was entirely external.

์™ธํ–ฅ์ 

oehyangjeok
extroverted (showing outwardly, expressive)
๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์™ธํ–ฅ์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด์—์š”.
She has an extroverted personality.
๊ทธ์˜ ํƒœ๋„๋Š” ๋งค์šฐ ์™ธํ–ฅ์ ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
His attitude was very extroverted.

์™ธํ˜•์ 

oehyeongjeok
related to the outer shape or appearance
์™ธํ˜•์  ๋””์ž์ธ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
The outer design has changed a lot.
๋‘ ์ œํ’ˆ์€ ์™ธํ˜•์ ์ด์—ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ ์ด ๋งŽ์•˜์–ด์š”.
The two products were outwardly similar, but had many differences.

์šฉ๊ธฐ

yonggi
courage, bravery
๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์šฉ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚ด์–ด ๋ฐœํ‘œํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
She mustered courage and gave the presentation.
์Œ์‹์„ ์šฉ๊ธฐ์— ๋‹ด์•„ ํฌ์žฅํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
I packed the food into a container.

์šฐ๋ฐœ์ 

ubaljeok
accidental, unforeseen (happening unexpectedly and by chance)
๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฐœ์  ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
That accident was an unforeseen incident.
๊ทธ ๋งŒ๋‚จ์€ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์šฐ๋ฐœ์ ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
That meeting was completely accidental.

์šฐํ˜ธ์ 

uhojeok
friendly, amicable (between people or nations)
๋‘ ๋‚˜๋ผ๋Š” ์šฐํ˜ธ์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
The two countries maintain a friendly relationship.

์šฐํšŒ์ 

uhoejeok
roundabout, indirect (not going straight there)
๊ทธ๋Š” ์šฐํšŒ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ๋„์ฐฉํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
He arrived at the company by a roundabout route.

์šด๋ช…์ 

unmyeongjeok
fated, destined (already determined by fate)
๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋งŒ๋‚จ์€ ์šด๋ช…์ ์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
Their meeting was fated.

์›๋ก ์ 

wollonjeok
fundamental, in principle (relating to the basic principles of something)
๊ทธ๊ฑด ์›๋ก ์ ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋งž๋Š” ๋ง์ด์—์š”.
That's true, in principle.

์›์ƒ‰์ 

wonsaekjjeok
vivid, in bold primary colors
๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์›์ƒ‰์ ์ธ ์˜ท์„ ์ฆ๊ฒจ ์ž…์–ด์š”.
She likes to wear clothes in vivid colors.

์›์‹œ์ 

wonsijeok
primitive (still in its original, undeveloped state)
๊ทธ ๋ถ€์กฑ์€ ์•„์ง๋„ ์›์‹œ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ƒฅ์„ ํ•ด์š”.
That tribe still hunts in a primitive way.

์›์ฒœ์ 

woncheonjeok
fundamental, at the root (relating to the very origin of something)
๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์›์ฒœ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ด์š”.
That problem needs to be resolved at its root.

์›์น™์ 

wonchikjjeok
in principle, on principle (following basic rules or standards)
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์›์น™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ผ๊ทผ์„ ๊ธˆ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
As a rule, our company prohibits working overtime.

์œ„๋ฒ•์ 

wibeopjjeok
illegal, unlawful (breaking the law)
๊ทธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์œ„๋ฒ•์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ์ด์ต์„ ์ฑ™๊ฒผ์–ด์š”.
That company profited through illegal means.

์œ„์ƒ์ 

wisaengjeok
hygienic, sanitary (having conditions that promote health)
์ด ์‹๋‹น์€ ์•„์ฃผ ์œ„์ƒ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
This restaurant is managed very hygienically.

์œ„์„ ์ 

wiseonjeok
hypocritical (pretending to be good on the outside)
๊ทธ์˜ ์œ„์„ ์ ์ธ ํƒœ๋„์— ์‹ค๋งํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
I was disappointed by his hypocritical attitude.

์œ„์••์ 

wiapjjeok
overbearing, intimidating (mentally overpowering someone through a fearsome attitude or force)
๊ทธ์˜ ์œ„์••์ ์ธ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์— ๋ชจ๋‘ ์กฐ์šฉํ•ด์กŒ์–ด์š”.
Everyone fell silent at his intimidating voice.

์œ„ํ˜‘์ 

wihyeopjjeok
threatening, menacing (making someone feel fear through scary words or actions)
๊ทธ ๊ฐœ๋Š” ์œ„ํ˜‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ง–์–ด ๋Œ”์–ด์š”.
The dog barked in a threatening way.

์œ ๊ต์ 

yugyojeok
Confucian (following the ways of, or related to, Confucianism)
ํ• ๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์œ ๊ต์ ์ธ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ด€์„ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
My grandmother values Confucian principles.

์œ ๊ธฐ์ 

yugijeok
organic, interconnected (parts closely related, forming a whole that can't be separated)
ํŒ€์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋ถ€์„œ๊ฐ€ ์œ ๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•ด์•ผ ํ•ด์š”.
Every department on the team has to cooperate organically.

์œ ๋™์ 

yudongjeok
fluid, changeable (continuously flowing, moving, or changing)
์ผ์ •์€ ์•„์ง ์œ ๋™์ ์ด์—์š”.
The schedule is still fluid.

์œ ๋ฆฌํ•˜๋‹ค

yurihada
to be advantageous, beneficial
์ด ์กฐ๊ฑด์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ๋” ์œ ๋ฆฌํ•ด์š”.
These terms are more advantageous for our company.
์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๋ฒฝ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋ฒฝ์—์„œ ์œ ๋ฆฌ๋˜์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
The old wallpaper became detached from the wall.

์œ ์‚ฌ

yusa
the dawn of recorded history (when human civilization developed and history began)
์œ ์‚ฌ ์ด์ „์˜ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ฅผ ์„ ์‚ฌ ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์š”.
The era before recorded history began is called prehistory.
๋‘ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ฉด์—์„œ ์œ ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
The two incidents have similarities in many respects.

์œ ์ˆ˜

yusu
leading, outstanding (remarkably prominent or excellent in some field)
์ด ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์œ ์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ธฐ์—… ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ˆ์š”.
This company is one of the world's leading companies.
์œ ์ˆ˜์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์„ธ์›”์ด ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ํ˜๋ €์–ด์š”.
Time flowed by quickly, like flowing water.

์œ ์—ฐํ•˜๋‹ค

yuyeonhada
to be calm and composed, unhurried
๊ทธ๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋„ ์œ ์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•ด์š”.
He handles any situation calmly and composedly.
์š”๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ชธ์ด ์œ ์—ฐํ•ด์ ธ์š”.
Doing yoga makes your body flexible.

์œ ์—ฐํžˆ

yuyeonhi
softly, flexibly
๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ๋ชธ์„ ์œ ์—ฐํžˆ ์›€์ง์˜€์–ด์š”.
She moved her body flexibly.
๊ทธ๋Š” ์œ„๊ธฐ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ๋„ ์œ ์—ฐํžˆ ํ–‰๋™ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
He acted calmly even in a crisis.

์œ ํ˜•

yuhyeong
a type, category (a group of things bundled together by similar properties or features)
์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ž์ฃผ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š” ์œ ํ˜•์ด์—์š”.
This problem is a frequently appearing type.
ํŠนํ—ˆ๊ถŒ์€ ์œ ํ˜• ์ž์‚ฐ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ๋ฌดํ˜• ์ž์‚ฐ์ด์—์š”.
A patent right is an intangible asset, not a tangible one.

์œ ํ˜•์ 

yuhyeongjeok
typological (belonging to, or forming, a certain category or type)
์ด ์†Œ์„ค์˜ ์ธ๋ฌผ๋“ค์€ ์œ ํ˜•์ ์ธ ํŠน์ง•์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์š”.
The characters in this novel show typological traits.

์œ ํ˜น์ 

yuhokjjeok
seductive, tempting (having a quality that captures one's heart or mind)
๋””์ €ํŠธ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ์—์„œ ์œ ํ˜น์ ์ธ ๋ƒ„์ƒˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฌ์–ด์š”.
A tempting smell came from the dessert shop.

์œ ํฌ์ 

yuhuijeok
playful, recreational (playing around and having fun)
์ด ์ˆ˜์—…์€ ์œ ํฌ์ ์ธ ํ™œ๋™์œผ๋กœ ์ง„ํ–‰๋ผ์š”.
This class is conducted with playful activities.

์œค๋ฆฌ์ 

yullijeok
ethical (related to, or following, the proper standards of behavior a person should uphold)
์ด ์‹คํ—˜์€ ์œค๋ฆฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ฌธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
This experiment is ethically problematic.

์œจ๋™์ 

yuldongjeok
rhythmic (a person's or object's movement repeating regularly and harmoniously at set intervals)
๋ฌด์šฉ์ˆ˜๋“ค์ด ์œจ๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋ชธ์„ ์›€์ง์˜€์–ด์š”.
The dancers moved their bodies rhythmically.

์Œ์„ฑ์ 

eumseongjeok
covert, hidden away (not shown openly, but secretly concealed)
๊ทธ ๊ฑฐ๋ž˜๋Š” ์Œ์„ฑ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์กŒ์–ด์š”.
That transaction was carried out covertly.

์˜

ui
righteousness, duty (the right path a person should uphold and follow)
๊ทธ๋Š” ์˜๋ฅผ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฉฐ ์‚ด์•„์™”์–ด์š”.
He has lived valuing righteousness above all.

์˜๋„์ 

uidojeok
intentional, deliberate (doing something on purpose to achieve a certain plan or idea)
๊ทธ๋Š” ์˜๋„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ํ”ผํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
He deliberately avoided that question.

์˜๋ก€์ 

uiryejeok
ceremonial, perfunctory (matching the fixed format and procedure for holding an event)
๊ทธ์˜ ์ธ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์˜๋ก€์ ์ธ ๋ง์ด์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
His greeting was just a perfunctory remark.

์˜๋ฌด์ 

uimujeok
obligatory, mandatory (something that must be done)
์•ˆ์ „๋ฒจํŠธ ์ฐฉ์šฉ์€ ์˜๋ฌด์ ์ด์—์š”.
Wearing a seatbelt is mandatory.

์˜์‹์ 

uisikjjeok
conscious, deliberate (doing something on purpose, aware of what one is doing)
๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ์˜์‹์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ํ”ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด์š”.
She was consciously avoiding him.

์˜์š•์ 

uiyokjjeok
eager, motivated (overflowing with an active desire or will to do something)
์‹ ์ž… ์‚ฌ์›์€ ์˜์š•์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
The new employee is eagerly learning the job.

์˜์กด์ 

uijonjeok
dependent; reliant
๊ฒฐํ˜ผ ์ „์—๋Š” ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฌด๋Šฅ๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜์กด์  ์กด์žฌ๊ฐ€ ๋  ์ค„ ๋ชฐ๋ž๋‹ค.
Before getting married, I never knew I would become such an incompetent, dependent person.

์˜์ง€

uiji
will; willpower
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋“ค์€ ์ด๋ฒˆ ์›”๋“œ์ปต์—์„œ๋„ ๊ผญ ์Šน๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐํ˜”๋‹ค.
Our players expressed a strong will to win at this World Cup as well.
๋‚˜๋Š” ์นจ๋Œ€์— ๋ชธ์„ ๋น„์Šค๋“ฌํžˆ ์˜์ง€๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์•‰์•„์„œ ํŽ‘ํŽ‘ ์šธ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
I sat leaning my body against the bed and cried my eyes out.

์ด๊ตญ์ 

igukjjeok
exotic
์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์Œ๊บผํ’€์ด ์ง™์€ ์ด๊ตญ์  ์™ธ๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋…”๋‹ค.
Jisu has an exotic look with pronounced double eyelids.

์ด๊ธฐ์ 

igijeok
selfish; self-centered
๊ทธ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๊ณต์žฅ ํ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ•์—๋‹ค ํ˜๋ ค ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ์ด๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ํ–‰๋™์„ ์ผ์‚ผ์•˜๋‹ค.
That company repeatedly engaged in the selfish act of dumping factory wastewater into the river.

์ด๊ธฐ์ฃผ์˜์ 

igijuuijeok
egoistic; selfish
๋ถ€์žฅ๋‹˜์€ ์ด๊ธฐ์ฃผ์˜์  ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ธ ๋ถ€ํ•˜๋ฅผ ํƒ€์ด๋ฅด์…จ๋‹ค.
The department head reprimanded a subordinate who showed an egoistic attitude.

์ด๋…์ 

inyeomjeok
ideological
๋ฏผ์ฃผ์ฃผ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ๋Š” ์ž์œ ์™€ ํ‰๋“ฑ์˜ ์ด๋…์  ํ† ๋Œ€ ์œ„์— ์„ธ์›Œ์กŒ๋‹ค.
Democratic society was built on the ideological foundation of freedom and equality.

์ด๋‹จ์ 

idanjeok
heretical; unorthodox
๋ชฉ์‚ฌ๋‹˜ ๋ง์”€์— ๋น„ํŒ์ ์ธ ๊ทธ์˜ ์ด๋‹จ์  ์„ฑํ–ฅ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ต์ธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ๋ถ€๋‹ด์Šค๋Ÿฌ์›Œํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Because of his heretical tendency to criticize the pastor's words, the congregation found him uncomfortable to be around.

์ด๋ก€์ 

iryejeok
unprecedented; unusual
๊ทธ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ์ด๋ก€์  ์ˆ˜์ƒ ์†Œ๊ฐ์œผ๋กœ ์ฃผ๋ชฉ์„ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค.
The actor drew attention with an unprecedented acceptance speech.

์ด์ƒ์ 

isangjeok
ideal
์ด์ƒ์ ์ธ ์ •์น˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์— ์˜ํ•œ, ๊ตญ๋ฏผ์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ์ •์น˜์ด๋‹ค.
Ideal politics is politics by the people, for the people.

์ด์ƒ‰์ 

isaekjjeok
unique; novel
๋ฏผ์ค€์ด์™€ ์ง€์ˆ˜์˜ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์‹์€ ์ด์ƒ‰์ ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ํ™”๊ด€์—์„œ ์ง„ํ–‰๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
Minjun and Jisu's wedding was held, uniquely, at a movie theater.

์ด์„ฑ์ 

iseongjeok
rational
์ด์„ฑ์ ์ธ ์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ฐ์ •๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์„ฑ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ํŽธ์ด๋‹ค.
The rational Jisu tends to act according to reason rather than emotion.

์ด์ค‘์ 

ijungjeok
dual; having two sides
์ด ์˜ํ™”์˜ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์˜ ์ด์ค‘์ ์ธ ๋ฉด๋ชจ๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ค€๋‹ค.
The protagonist of this movie clearly shows the dual nature of human beings.

์ด์ง€์ 

ijijeok
intellectual
๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐ์ •์— ํ”๋“ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ๋‹ค์žก๊ณ  ์ด์ง€์ ์œผ๋กœ ํŒ๋‹จํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
I steadied my emotionally wavering mind and made an intellectual judgment.

์ด์งˆ์ 

ijiljeok
heterogeneous
์ฒ˜์Œ ์™ธ๊ตญ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ณณ์˜ ์ด์งˆ์  ๋ฌธํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ชน์‹œ ๋‚ฏ์„ค์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The first time I traveled abroad, that place's heterogeneous culture felt very unfamiliar to me.

์ด์ฐจ์ 

ichajeok
secondary; second in order
๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ฐœํ‘œ ์‚ฌ์ด์‚ฌ์ด์— ์ดํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋•๋Š” ์ด์ฐจ์  ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
Between parts of my presentation, I showed secondary material to help with understanding.

์ธ๊ฐ„์ 

inganjeok
human; humane
๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜์„ ์ €๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„์  ๋„๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Abandoning one's parents is not a humane duty.

์ธ๊ฒฉ์ 

ingyeokjjeok
based on one's character/dignity
์ €๋Š” ์ธ๊ฒฉ์  ๋Œ€์šฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด์„œ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
I want to work at a company where I'm treated with dignity.

์ธ๊ณต์ 

ingongjeok
artificial
์ด ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ธ๊ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ์กฐ์„ฑ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
This lake was created artificially.

์ธ๋„์ 

indojeok
humane; humanitarian
์ด์‚ฐ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋Š” ์ด๋…์„ ๋– ๋‚œ ์ธ๋„์  ๊ด€์ ์—์„œ ์ ‘๊ทผ๊ณผ ์ดํ•ด๋กœ ํ’€์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
The issue of separated families should be approached and understood from a humanitarian perspective, apart from ideology.

์ธ๋„์ฃผ์˜์ 

indojuuijeok
humanitarian
์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ธ๋„์ฃผ์˜์  ์ฐจ์›์—์„œ ์‹๋Ÿ‰๋‚œ์„ ๊ฒช๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€์— ์Œ€์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The government decided, on humanitarian grounds, to provide rice to a country suffering from a food shortage.

์ธ์ƒ

insang
a raise; an increase (in price/wage)
๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ๋งค ํ•™๊ธฐ ๋˜ํ’€์ด๋˜๋Š” ๋“ฑ๋ก๊ธˆ ์ธ์ƒ์— ํ•ญ์˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‹œ์œ„ํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
College students protested against the tuition hikes that repeated every semester.
๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋‰ด์š•์— ๊ฐ€์„œ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ธ์ƒ์€ ํ™œ๊ธฐ์ฐฌ ๋„์‹œ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค.
The impression I got from visiting New York was that it's a lively city.
๋ฏผ์ค€์ด๋Š” ์ฐฉํ•ด ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ธ์ƒ์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๋‹ค.
Minjun has a kind-looking face.

์ธ์ƒ์ 

insangjeok
impressive; memorable
๊ทธ์˜ ๋ฌด๋Œ€๋Š” ํ‰์ƒ ์žŠํžˆ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ธ์ƒ์  ๋ฌด๋Œ€์˜€๋‹ค.
His performance was an impressive one that would never be forgotten.

์ธ์Šต์ 

inseupjjeok
conventional
๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์—๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ์„ ํ˜ธํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ์Šต์  ์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ง€๋‹Œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค.
In the past, many people held the conventional thinking of preferring boys.

์ธ์œ„์ 

inwijeok
artificial
์ธ์œ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ์„ฌ ์œ„์— ๋Œ€๊ทœ๋ชจ ํœด์–‘์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ฑด์„ค๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
A large-scale resort was built on an artificially created island.

์ธ์ •

injeong
human feelings; human nature
๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฉด ๊ฐ€์งˆ์ˆ˜๋ก ๋” ์š•์‹ฌ๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ธ์ •์ด๋‹ค.
The more one has, the more one wants -- that is human nature.
๊ทธ๋Š” ๋…ผ๋ฌธ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋กœ ํ•™๊ณ„์—์„œ ์ธ์ •์„ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ๊ณง ๊ต์ˆ˜๋กœ ์ž„์šฉ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
He gained recognition in academia through his paper presentation and was soon appointed as a professor.

์ธ์ข…์ 

injongjeok
racial
์•„์ด๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•„์ด๋“ค๊ณผ ํ”ผ๋ถ€์ƒ‰์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅด๋‹ค๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋กœ ์ธ์ข…์  ์ฐจ๋ณ„์„ ๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The child suffered racial discrimination because his skin color was different from other children's.

์ผ๊ด„์ 

ilgwaljeok
blanket; comprehensive
์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์ด๋ฒˆ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ผ๊ด„์  ๋ณด์ƒ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋งˆ๋ จํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The government prepared a blanket compensation plan for this accident.

์ผ๋ฅ ์ 

illyuljeok
uniform; even
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ์ง์›์—๊ฒŒ ์›” ์‹ญ๋งŒ ์›์”ฉ ์ผ๋ฅ ์  ์‹๋น„ ์ง€๊ธ‰์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Our company decided to pay every employee a uniform meal allowance of one hundred thousand won a month.

์ผ๋ฉด์ 

ilmyeonjeok
one-sided; one-dimensional
์•ผ๋‹น์€ ์ •๋ถ€์˜ ์ •์ฑ…์„ ๊ธ์ •์ ์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ๋ณด๋Š” ์—ฌ๋‹น์˜ ์ผ๋ฉด์  ํ‰๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋น„ํŒํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The opposition party criticized the ruling party's one-sided evaluation that viewed the government's policy only positively.

์ผ๋ฐฉ์ 

ilbangjeok
one-sided; unilateral
์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์„ ๋ฐฐ๋“ค์˜ ์ผ๋ฐฉ์  ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์•ผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Jisu had to follow her seniors' one-sided decision.

์ผ์ฐจ์ 

ilchajeok
first; primary
๋ถ€์‹ค ๊ณต์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์ž„์€ ์ผ์ฐจ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณต์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€์‹œํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
The primary responsibility for the shoddy construction lies with the person who ordered the work.

์ผํŽธ

ilpyeon
a small piece; a fragment
๋†์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ง“๋Š” ๋†๋ถ€์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ผํŽธ์˜ ๋•…๋„ ๊ท€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์†Œ์ค‘ํ•˜๋‹ค.
To a farmer who tills the soil, even a small piece of land is precious and dear.
ํ˜•์€ ๋ญ๋“ ์ง€ ์ž๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋™์ƒ์ด ๊ธฐํŠนํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ์ผํŽธ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ๋ฐ‰๊ธฐ๋„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The older brother thought his little brother, who was better than him at everything, was admirable, but on one side he also felt some resentment.

์ž„์˜์ 

imuijeok
optional; arbitrary; discretionary
ํ•™๊ต ๊ทœ์ •์— ์ž„์˜์  ์‚ฌํ•ญ์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
An optional provision was added to the school regulations.

์ž…์‹ 

ipssin
reaching divine mastery
์Šค์Šน๋‹˜์˜ ํ•™๋ฌธ์€ ์ž…์‹ ์˜ ๊ฒฝ์ง€์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Ÿฌ ๊ทธ ๊นŠ์ด๋ฅผ ํ—ค์•„๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค.
My master's scholarship reached a level of divine mastery whose depth could not be fathomed.
์œ ๋ฏผ์ด๋Š” ์ž…์‹ ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ผ๋งŒ ํ•œ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค๋„ ์ž์ฃผ ๋ชป ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.
Yumin worked so hard to establish himself that he rarely got to see his family.

์ž๊ทน์ 

jageukjjeok
provocative; stimulating
ํ›„๋ณด๋Š” ์ž๊ทน์  ๋ฐœ์–ธ์œผ๋กœ ์ƒ๋Œ€ ํ›„๋ณด๋ฅผ ํฅ๋ถ„์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค.
The candidate provoked the opposing candidate with a provocative remark.

์ž๊ธฐ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ 

jagijungsimjeok
self-centered
์ƒˆ๋กœ ์˜จ ๋ถ€์žฅ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ผ์„ ์ž๊ธฐ์ค‘์‹ฌ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„ํšํ•œ๋‹ค.
The newly arrived department head plans everything in a self-centered way.

์ž๋™์ 

jadongjeok
automatic
์ด ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋Š” ์ž๋™์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ฆ๋Š”๋‹ค.
This machine automatically cleans the windows.

์ž๋ฆฝ์ 

jaripjjeok
independent; self-reliant
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋Š” ํˆฌ์ž์ž์˜ ๊ฐ„์„ญ์ด ์—†๋Š” ์ž๋ฆฝ์  ๊ฒฝ์˜ ๊ตฌ์กฐ๋ฅผ ์ถ”๊ตฌํ•œ๋‹ค.
Our company pursues an independent management structure free from investor interference.

์ž๋ฐœ์ 

jabaljeok
voluntary; spontaneous
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋‹จ์ฒด๊ฐ€ ์ง„ํ–‰ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธธ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ณต์—ฐ์€ ์˜ˆ์ˆ ์ธ์ด๋‚˜ ์Œ์•…๊ฐ€๋“ค์˜ ์ž๋ฐœ์  ์ฐธ์—ฌ๋กœ ์ด๋ฃจ์–ด์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
The street performances our organization runs are made possible by the voluntary participation of artists and musicians.

์ž์ƒ์ 

jasaengjeok
spontaneous; naturally occurring
์‹์š•์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์ธ๊ฐ„์ด ๋ฐฐ๊ณ ํ”Œ ๋•Œ ์ƒ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ž์ƒ์  ์š•๊ตฌ์ด๋‹ค.
Appetite is a natural desire that all humans feel when hungry.

์ž์—ฐ์ 

jayeonjeok
natural
์ด ๊ฐ•์€ ์บ๋‚˜๋‹ค์™€ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ ์‚ฌ์ด์—์„œ ์ž์—ฐ์  ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃฌ๋‹ค.
This river forms a natural border between Canada and the United States.

์ž์œจ์ 

jayuljeok
autonomous; self-governing
์ž์œจ์  ์˜์ง€์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅธ ๊ฒฐ์ •์—๋Š” ์ฑ…์ž„๋„ ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๊ธฐ ๋งˆ๋ จ์ด๋‹ค.
A decision made according to one's own autonomous will naturally comes with responsibility.

์ž์˜์ 

jauijeok
arbitrary
๋ฒ•์„ ์ž์˜์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•ด์„ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ ์šฉํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค.
One must not interpret and apply the law arbitrarily.

์ž์ „์ 

jajeonjeok
autobiographical
์ด ์ˆ˜ํ•„์€ ์ž‘๊ฐ€์˜ ์ธ์ƒ์„ ๋‹ด์€ ์ฑ…์œผ๋กœ ์ž์ „์  ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์„ ๋ ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
This essay collection contains the author's life story and has an autobiographical character.

์ž์ฃผ์ 

jajujeok
independent, self-reliant
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ •๋ถ€๋Š” ์™ธ๊ตญ์˜ ๋„์›€ ์—†์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ž์ฃผ์  ์ž์„ธ๋ฅผ ์ทจํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Our government took an independent stance, resolving to solve the problem without foreign help.

์ž์ฒด์ 

jachejeok
self-based, on one's own
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž์ฒด์  ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์‹œ์žฅ์—์„œ ์‚ด์•„๋‚จ๋Š” ๋ฐ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
We succeeded in surviving in the market through our own efforts.

์ž ์žฌ์ 

jamjaejeok
potential, latent
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ•™๊ต๋Š” ์ž ์žฌ์  ๋ฐœ์ „ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ์„ ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ‚ค์šฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
Our school is developing athletes who have potential for growth.

์ž ์ •์ 

jamjeongjeok
provisional, temporary
์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ž ์ •์  ์„ ํƒ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค.
Jisu made a provisional choice and tried the experiment once.

์žฅ๊ธฐ์ 

janggijeok
long-term
๋งค๋…„ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ํ™ฉ์‚ฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์žฅ๊ธฐ์  ๋Œ€์ฑ…์ด ๋งˆ๋ จ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Long-term measures must be prepared against the yellow dust that occurs every year.

์žฅ๋Œ€ํ•˜๋‹ค

jangdaehada
burly, well-built
์žฅ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๋ชธ์ง‘์˜ ๊ฒฝํ˜ธ์›๋“ค์ด ๊ฑด๋ฌผ ์•ž์„ ๊ฐ€๋กœ๋ง‰๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค.
Burly bodyguards were blocking the front of the building, so people could not go inside.
๋„์‹ฌ์„ ๋ฒ—์–ด๋‚˜์ž ๋์—†๋Š” ์ˆฒ์ด ํŽผ์ณ์ง€๋ฉฐ ์žฅ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ž์—ฐ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜๊ฒผ๋‹ค.
As soon as we left the city center, an endless forest unfolded and magnificent nature welcomed us.

์ €๋Œ์ 

jeodoljeok
aggressive, reckless
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํŒ€์˜ ์ €๋Œ์  ๊ณต์„ธ์— ์ƒ๋Œ€ํŒ€์€ ์ ์  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ „์ˆ ์— ๋ง๋ ค๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค.
Due to our team's aggressive offense, the opposing team was gradually drawn into our tactics.

์ ๊ทน์ 

jeokkkeukjjeok
active, positive, proactive
ํ•™๊ต ํญ๋ ฅ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋“ค์˜ ์ ๊ทน์  ํ˜‘์กฐ๊ฐ€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค.
To solve the problem of school violence, parents' active cooperation is important.

์ ๋Œ€์ 

jeokttaejeok
hostile
๋‘ ๋‚˜๋ผ๊ฐ€ ์„œ๋กœ ์ ๋Œ€์ ์ธ ํƒœ๋„๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ด๋ฉด์„œ ํ˜‘์ƒ์ด ๊ฒฐ๋ ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค.
As the two countries showed hostile attitudes toward each other, the negotiations broke down.

์ „๊ฒฉ์ 

jeongyeokjjeok
sudden, swift
๊น€ ์˜์›์ด ๊ฐ‘์ž‘์Šค๋ ˆ ์ „๊ฒฉ์  ์‚ฌ์ž„์„ ๋ฐœํ‘œํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
Representative Kim suddenly announced his abrupt resignation.

์ „๊ทผ๋Œ€์ 

jeongeundaejeok
outdated, pre-modern
๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ฆฌ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฌด์กฐ๊ฑด ํ•˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ „๊ทผ๋Œ€์  ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด๋‹ค.
Unconditionally talking down to someone just because they are young is an outdated way of thinking.

์ „๋ฉด์ 

jeonmyeonjeok
complete, all-out
์‹œ๋ฏผ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ „๋ฉด์  ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ์ด‰๊ตฌํ•˜์˜€๋‹ค.
Citizens urged a full-scale investigation into the matter.

์ „์„ค์ 

jeonseoljeok
legendary
์ด ์ฑ…์—๋Š” ๊ทธ์˜ ๋‚˜์ด๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฐฑ ์‚ด ์ด์ƒ์ด์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ ๋„ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ „์„ค์  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์†Œ๊ฐœ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
This book introduces a legendary story that even claims he was over two hundred years old.
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