Korean grammar — TOPIK II · Level 4
158 grammar patterns for this level, each with a full explanation and examples.
-(으)ㄴ/는 듯
Seeming like, bare form (-(으)ㄴ/는 듯)
TOPIK II
A shorter, more casual form of -(으)ㄴ/는 듯하다, used to show a guess or impression without the following 하다.
지수는 몹시 추운 듯 몸을 덜덜 떨었다.
Jisu shivered as if she were extremely cold.
지수는 수줍은 듯 웃기만 했다.
Jisu just smiled as if she were shy.
아이는 무언가 아는 듯 고개를 끄덕였다.
The child nodded as if they knew something.
-을/를 불문하고
Regardless of, not distinguishing (N을/를 불문하고)
TOPIK II
Attached to a noun, used to show that whatever the preceding noun indicates, it makes no difference or isn't taken into account.
기름진 음식을 많이 먹는 것은 성별을 불문하고 건강에 좋지 않다.
Eating a lot of greasy food is bad for your health regardless of gender.
이 상품은 남녀노소를 불문하고 인기가 많다.
This product is popular regardless of age or gender.
직업을 불문하고 누구나 이 강좌를 들을 수 있다.
Anyone can take this course regardless of occupation.
-(으)ㄴ 탓
Blaming a past/adjective cause (-(으)ㄴ 탓)
TOPIK II
The past-tense/adjective-stem counterpart of -는 탓, used to show the preceding statement is the cause of a following negative result.
민준이는 배가 고파서 급하게 밥을 먹은 탓에 체하고 말았다.
Because Minjun was hungry and ate too quickly, he ended up with indigestion.
어제 늦게 잔 탓에 오늘 아침에 못 일어났다.
Because I went to bed late yesterday, I couldn't get up this morning.
길이 너무 좁은 탓에 차가 자주 막힌다.
Because the road is too narrow, traffic often gets congested.
-(으)려야
Setting up a condition for an intended action (-(으)려야)
TOPIK II
Used to show that an intended fact or action becomes the condition for what follows, often paired with a negative like -야 소용없다.
말로만 하지 말고 행동으로 하려야 작은 일이라도 이룰 수 있다.
Only by actually trying to act instead of just talking can you accomplish even a small thing.
이제는 후회하려야 되돌릴 수 있는 게 없다.
Even if I try to regret it now, there's nothing left to undo.
잊으려야 잊을 수 없는 그날의 기억이 아직도 생생하다.
Try as I might to forget, the memory of that day is still vivid, impossible to erase.
-으래서
Because told to X, batchim stem (-으래서)
TOPIK II
Attached to a consonant-final stem, used to indicate that the following content is based on an order heard from another person.
어머니가 먹으래서 다 먹었지. 별로 배가 고프지는 않았어.
I ate it all because Mom told me to — I wasn't really hungry.
친구들이 참으래서 참았지. 평소 같았으면 가만히 안 있었을 거야.
I held back because my friends told me to — normally I wouldn't have stayed quiet.
지수는 운전기사 아저씨가 손잡이를 잘 잡으래서 두 손으로 잡았다.
Jisu held the handle with both hands because the driver told her to hold on well.
-으랍니다
Relaying an order, very formal, batchim stem (-으랍니다)
TOPIK II
A very formal, highly addressee-raising expression, attached to a consonant-final stem, used to convey another person's order or request.
우리 형이 공부를 잘하려면 책을 읽으랍니다.
My brother says you have to read books to study well.
학생회에서 반장은 승규가 맡으랍니다.
The student council says Seunggyu should be class president.
박물관에서 기념사진을 찍으려면 안에서 말고 바깥에서 찍으랍니다.
They say if you want to take a commemorative photo at the museum, take it outside, not inside.
-으라지
Asking again about an order, batchim stem (-으라지)
TOPIK II
An informal, addressee-lowering expression, attached to a consonant-final stem, used to ask the listener again about an order heard earlier, or to clearly state the speaker's own thought.
민준이한테 게임만 하지 말고 책 좀 읽으라지.
Tell Minjun not to just play games and to read a bit.
이제 나말고 다른 사람한테도 물으라지.
They should ask someone else besides me now.
은행에서 차례를 기다릴 때 직원이 번호표를 뽑으라지?
Didn't the employee say to take a number while waiting in line at the bank?
-으란다
Relaying an order, very informal, batchim stem (-으란다)
TOPIK II
A very formal, highly addressee-lowering expression, attached to a consonant-final stem, used to convey someone's order to the listener.
지수가 나보고 참으란다.
Jisu told me to be patient.
엄마가 컴퓨터 그만하고 밥 먹으란다.
Mom says to stop using the computer and eat.
선생님께서 지금 말씀하시는 건 빠짐없이 적으란다.
The teacher says to write down everything she's saying now.
-(으)라니깐
Re-stressing an order, casual (-(으)라니깐)
TOPIK II
An informal, addressee-lowering expression used to stress an order the speaker already gave, when the listener doesn't obey.
밝은 색 옷을 좀 입으라니깐.
I told you, wear brighter-colored clothes.
폐지는 여기에다 쌓으라니깐.
I told you, stack the waste paper here.
사진 찍을 때는 좀 웃으라니깐.
I told you, smile when taking the picture.
-(으)라든지
Choosing between two orders (-(으)라든지)
TOPIK II
Used to indicate choosing one out of two orders or recommendations.
먹으라든지 먹지 말라든지 결정을 해 주세요.
Please decide whether to tell me to eat it or not.
끝난 사람은 가라든지 끝나도 남아 있으라든지 말을 해 줘야지.
You need to tell us whether those who are done can go, or whether we should stay even after finishing.
다른 사람의 도움을 받으라든지 혼자서 해결하는 게 낫다든지 무슨 대책이 있어야지.
There should be some plan — whether to get someone else's help or that it's better to solve it alone.
-(으)라던
Asking about a known order (-(으)라던)
TOPIK II
A very formal, highly addressee-lowering expression used to ask the listener about an order the speaker thinks the listener already knows.
거래처에 가서 누굴 찾으라던?
Who was it you were told to find at the client's office, again?
여기에서 언제까지 기다리고 있으라던?
Until when were you told to wait here, again?
운동회 때 우리 팀은 어떤 색 옷을 입으라던?
What color clothes were we told our team should wear at the sports day, again?
-(이)라지만
Granted it's N, but... (-(이)라지만)
TOPIK II
Attached to a noun to indicate that the speaker knows and accepts something as true, but the following content differs from that.
아무리 여름이라지만 비가 너무 자주 오네요.
Granted it's summer, it's raining awfully often.
방학이라지만 제 친구들은 모두 아르바이트를 하느라고 바빠요.
Granted it's vacation, all my friends are busy with part-time jobs.
그가 상사라지만 부하 직원을 무시해서는 안 되지요.
Granted he's the boss, he shouldn't ignore his subordinates.
-(이)라지요
Confirming a known fact, politely (-(이)라지요)
TOPIK II
Attached to a noun, in a polite register, to confirm and ask about a fact the speaker already knows.
저기가 민속촌이라지요?
That's the folk village, right?
지수 씨가 민준 씨 사촌이라지요?
Jisu is Minjun's cousin, right?
승규 씨 취미가 우표 수집이라지요?
Seunggyu's hobby is stamp collecting, right?
-(이)라지
Asking to reconfirm that it's N (-(이)라지)
TOPIK II
Attached to a noun, in an informal register, to ask the listener again or confirm something the speaker heard earlier about it being N.
이건 네 잘못이 아니라지 그랬어.
I told you this wasn't your fault, didn't I?
지수가 자기 언니는 회사원이라지?
Jisu said her older sister is an office worker, right?
내 말대로 민준이는 거기에 안 갈 거라지?
Just as I said, Minjun isn't going there, right?
-(이)라면서
You said it was N, so why...? (fuller form) (-(이)라면서)
TOPIK II
A slightly less contracted variant of -(이)라며 — attached to a noun to question a mismatch between what was said before and the current situation.
모임 장소가 여기라면서 왜 우리밖에 없어?
You said the meeting place was here — why is it just us?
이건 자네가 한 것이 아니라면서 이제 와서 말을 바꾸는 이유가 무엇인가?
You said this wasn't something you did — why are you changing your story now?
네가 분명 저 사람은 모르는 사람이라면서 같이 얘기하고 있는 건 어떻게 된 일이야?
You clearly said that person was a stranger — how come you're talking together?
-(으)려기에
Since it looked like... (giving a reason) (-(으)려기에)
TOPIK II
An expression used to describe a situation where someone intends to do something, or something is likely to happen, as the reason for what follows.
승규가 바닥에 앉으려기에 나는 방석을 내다 주었다.
Since Seunggyu was about to sit on the floor, I brought him a cushion.
이 일은 아무도 하지 않으려기에 그냥 내가 한다고 했다.
Since no one was willing to do this, I just said I'd do it.
아이가 흙 묻은 장난감을 입에 넣으려기에 뺏었더니 울기 시작했다.
Since the child was about to put a dirty toy in their mouth, I took it away, and they started crying.
-(으)려나 보다
It seems like it's about to... (-(으)려나 보다)
TOPIK II
An expression used to guess that something mentioned in the preceding statement is likely to happen.
하늘이 맑은 것을 보니 오늘은 비가 오지 않으려나 보다.
Looking at the clear sky, it seems it won't rain today.
승규는 오늘도 밥 대신 라면을 먹으려나 봅니다.
It seems Seunggyu is going to eat ramen instead of rice again today.
구름이 잔뜩 끼어 있는 게 한바탕 소나기가 퍼부으려나 봐.
With the sky so cloudy, it looks like a downpour is about to hit.
-(으)려나
I wonder if... (tentative question) (-(으)려나)
TOPIK II
An expression used to ask about the listener's intention or wonder about something in a soft, tentative way.
자네는 점심 때 뭘 먹으려나?
I wonder what you'll eat for lunch?
승규 씨, 우리와 같이 여행을 가지 않으려나?
Seunggyu, I wonder if you'd like to travel with us?
그래, 자네는 방학 동안 무슨 책을 읽으려나?
So, I wonder what book you'll read during the vacation?
-을/를 막론하고
Regardless of, no matter (-을/를 막론하고)
TOPIK II
Attached to a noun to indicate that the preceding content is not to be judged or distinguished — used the same way as -을/를 불문하고.
정치적 비리에 대해서는 지위의 고하를 막론하고 책임을 물어야 한다.
Regarding political corruption, responsibility must be held regardless of one's rank.
누구를 막론하고 인권은 존중 받아야 한다.
Human rights must be respected regardless of who the person is.
동서고금을 막론하고 어머니의 사랑이란 위대하다.
Regardless of time or place, a mother's love is great.
에도 불구하고
In spite of, despite (에도 불구하고)
TOPIK II
Attached to a noun with the particle 에도 to indicate that what follows is different from or the opposite of what was expected in the preceding statement.
추운 날씨에도 불구하고 공원에는 나들이 나온 가족들로 붐볐다.
Despite the cold weather, the park was crowded with families out on an outing.
이 선수의 뛰어난 활약에도 불구하고 우리 팀은 패배하고 말았다.
Despite this player's outstanding performance, our team ended up losing.
우리 회사의 신제품은 품질이 뛰어나 비싼 가격에도 불구하고 판매량이 높다.
Our company's new product has excellent quality, so despite the high price, sales are high.
-(으)면 몰라도
if it were..., maybe, but as it is... (only possible under a hypothetical condition) (-(으)면 몰라도)
TOPIK II
Used to say that the following situation is only possible if a hypothetical condition, contrary to the current state, is met.
승규가 풀면 몰라도 지수는 그 문제 못 풀걸?
If Seunggyu solved it, maybe, but Jisu probably can't solve that problem.
엄마가 도와주면 몰라도 혼자서는 잡채 못 만들어요.
If Mom helped, maybe, but I can't make japchae by myself.
친구가 먼저 사과하면 몰라도 절대 화해하지 않을 거예요.
If my friend apologized first, maybe, but I'll never make up otherwise.
만 같아도
if only it were (like) N (comparing to a better time/situation) (만 같아도)
TOPIK II
Used to hypothesize by comparing to the time or situation expressed by the preceding word.
세상 모든 사람들이 너만 같아도 살 만할 것 같아.
If everyone in the world were just like you, life would seem worth living.
평일만 같아도 백화점이 이렇게 붐비지는 않을 텐데.
If it were just a weekday, the department store wouldn't be this crowded.
서울만 같아도 이 시간까지 문 여는 가게가 많은데.
If this were just like Seoul, there'd be a lot of shops open until this hour.
-기가 무섭게
as soon as..., no sooner than (-기가 무섭게)
TOPIK II
Used to say that the following event happens right after the preceding event ends.
내가 대문에 들어서기가 무섭게 개가 사납게 짖어 댔다.
As soon as I stepped through the gate, the dog started barking fiercely.
지수는 선생님의 질문이 끝나기가 무섭게 대답을 했다.
Jisu answered as soon as the teacher's question was finished.
수업 종이 울리기가 무섭게 아이들이 교실 밖으로 뛰어나갔다.
As soon as the class bell rang, the kids ran out of the classroom.
-구먼요
oh, it's...! (exclaiming over a new realization, somewhat old-fashioned) (-구먼요)
TOPIK II
Used, in a casual polite tone, to exclaim over or draw attention to a newly learned fact.
지수 씨는 볼수록 정이 가는 사람이구먼요.
Jisu is someone who grows on you the more you see her.
직접 만들어 주신 음식이 정말 맛있구먼요.
Oh, the food you made yourself is really delicious!
초면에 실례가 아닌지 모르겠구먼요.
I hope it's not rude of me since we've just met.
-게요
are you going to...? (skeptically questioning a supposition) (-게요)
TOPIK II
Used, in a casual polite tone, to guess that if the preceding content is true, the following content would follow, and ask about it skeptically.
어머니께서 꽃을 좋아하신다고 아버지께서 꽃을 사시게요?
Just because Mother likes flowers, is Father really going to buy her flowers?
아이들끼리 싸운 걸 가지고 부모들이 나서게요?
Are the parents really going to step in over a fight between the kids?
장사가 잘돼서 돈 좀 벌었다고 차를 바꾸게요?
Just because business is good and you made a little money, are you going to change your car?
-아/어 오다
to have been (doing something) up to now (-아/어 오다)
TOPIK II
Used to say that the preceding action or state continues, getting closer to a certain reference point.
벌써 아침이 되었는지 창밖이 밝아 오고 있었다.
It seemed morning had already come, as it was getting brighter outside the window.
인기 가수였던 김 씨는 오랫동안 팬들의 사랑을 받아 왔다.
Mr. Kim, who was a popular singer, has received his fans' love for a long time.
나는 여름이 되자마자 친구들과 손꼽아 오던 휴가를 다녀왔다.
As soon as summer came, I went on the vacation my friends and I had been eagerly counting down to.
-아/어서인지
maybe because..., perhaps it's since (-아/어서인지)
TOPIK II
Used to guess that the preceding content is the reason for the following content.
아침 일찍 가서인지 백화점에는 사람들이 별로 없었다.
Maybe because I went early in the morning, there weren't many people at the department store.
기분이 좋아서인지 오늘은 야근을 해도 피곤하지가 않다.
Maybe because I'm in a good mood, I'm not tired even though I worked overtime today.
승규는 요새 스트레스를 받아서인지 소화가 잘 되지 않았다.
Maybe because Seunggyu has been stressed lately, his digestion hasn't been good.
-아/어 대다
to keep doing... excessively, over and over (-아/어 대다)
TOPIK II
Used to say that the preceding action is repeated, or that the degree of the repetition is severe.
여자는 남자에게 잔소리를 하며 쏘아 댔다.
The woman kept nagging and snapping at the man.
그녀는 조금의 티끌도 남기지 않으려는 듯이 빨래를 빨아 댔다.
She scrubbed the laundry over and over as if trying not to leave even a speck of dirt.
민준이가 연필을 하도 뾰족하게 깎아 대서 심이 남지 않을 것만 같았다.
Minjun kept sharpening the pencil so much it seemed like there'd be no lead left.
-(으)ㄹ 줄
how to..., the way to (do something) (-(으)ㄹ 줄)
TOPIK II
Used to indicate the method or ability to do something, usually followed by a verb like 알다/모르다.
승규는 일본어를 할 줄 안다.
Seunggyu knows how to speak Japanese.
지수는 술을 전혀 마실 줄 몰라요.
Jisu doesn't know how to drink alcohol at all.
우리 아이는 아직 글을 쓸 줄 몰라요.
Our child doesn't know how to write yet.
-(으)ㄹ 바에
rather than..., if it comes to that... (-(으)ㄹ 바에)
TOPIK II
Used to say that, since the preceding content is less satisfying than the following content, the following content is chosen instead.
기왕 일을 할 바에 웃으면서 하자.
Since we're doing this work anyway, let's do it with a smile.
그런 것에 돈을 쓸 바에 차라리 불우 이웃을 도와라.
Rather than spending money on that, you'd be better off helping people in need.
남이 일러 준 대로 갈 바에 굳이 여행을 떠날 필요가 있겠어?
If you're just going to go the way someone else told you, is there even a point in traveling at all?
-는 탓
the fault of..., because of (blaming a cause) (-는 탓)
TOPIK II
Used as a noun to say that the preceding content is the cause of a negative outcome that follows.
승규는 회사가 먼 탓에 어두운 밤이 되어야 집에 도착한다.
Because his office is far away, Seunggyu only gets home once it's dark.
올해는 비가 많이 온 탓에 농산물값이 작년보다 인상되었다.
Because it rained a lot this year, produce prices went up compared to last year.
지수의 성적이 떨어진 것은 자주 친구들과 어울려 논 탓이다.
The reason Jisu's grades dropped is because she often hung out playing with friends.
-는 줄
the fact that..., that (someone knows/doesn't know) (-는 줄)
TOPIK II
Used to indicate knowing or not knowing about a certain fact or state, usually followed by a verb like 알다/모르다.
나는 승규가 그렇게 똑똑한 줄 몰랐는데 오늘 발표를 보고 알았어.
I didn't know Seunggyu was that smart, but I found out after seeing his presentation today.
여행을 간 줄 알았던 승규가 갑자기 나타나서 사람들이 놀랐다.
People were surprised when Seunggyu, who they thought had gone on a trip, suddenly showed up.
옆집 남자가 범인인 줄 꿈에도 생각을 못했다.
I never dreamed the man next door was the culprit.
-는 적이 있다
is there a time when...? (asking about occurrence) (-는 적이 있다)
TOPIK II
Used to say that there is a time when the preceding action happens or the preceding state appears.
과장님, 유민 씨가 회사에 늦는 적이 있습니까?
Manager, is there ever a time Yumin is late to the office?
그 사람이 음식을 보고 안 먹는 적이 있습니까?
Is there ever a time that person sees food and doesn't eat it?
우리 선생님께서 화를 내시는 적이 있어요?
Is there ever a time our teacher gets angry?
-는 적이 없다
there's never a time when... (-는 적이 없다)
TOPIK II
Used to say that there is no time when the preceding action happens or the preceding state appears.
승규는 벌이는 사업마다 잘되는 적이 없었다.
Every business Seunggyu starts, there's never a time it goes well.
우리 선생님은 어떤 경우에도 화를 내시는 적이 없다.
Our teacher never gets angry, no matter the situation.
반장은 다른 아이들이 하기 싫어하는 궂은일을 마다하는 적이 없어요.
The class president never refuses the unpleasant tasks other kids don't want to do.
-(으)려도
even if I try to... (but can't) (-려도)
TOPIK II
Used to say that even though there's an intention to do the preceding action, it can't actually be done.
나쁜 일은 피하려도 피하기 어렵다.
Even if you try to avoid bad things, it's hard to avoid them.
다리 떠는 버릇을 고치려도 쉽지가 않다.
Even if I try to fix my habit of shaking my leg, it's not easy.
집을 지으려도 돈이 부족했다.
Even if I tried to build a house, I didn't have enough money.
-(으)려니까
since I intend/was about to... (-려니까)
TOPIK II
Used to state an intention as the reason or background for the following content.
유학을 가려니까 부모님의 도움이 필요했다.
Since I was about to go study abroad, I needed my parents' help.
취직하려니까 영어 실력이 부족한 것 같아요.
Now that I'm about to get a job, my English seems lacking.
웃으려니까 갑자기 눈물이 났어요.
As I tried to laugh, tears suddenly came out.
-(으)려는지
wondering whether one intends to... (vague doubt) (-려는지)
TOPIK II
Used to express a vague question about someone's intention or an event that is about to happen.
지수가 왜 유학을 가려는지 모르겠다.
I don't know why Jisu intends to go study abroad.
승규가 누구를 만나려는지 아세요?
Do you know who Seunggyu intends to meet?
언제 손을 씻으려는지 모르겠다.
I don't know when he intends to wash his hands.
-(으)려는가
asking whether one intends to... (plain, low) (-려는가)
TOPIK II
Used to plainly ask about the listener's intention or plan.
자네는 어디에서 지내려는가?
Where do you intend to stay?
몇 시쯤 집에 들어오려는가?
About what time do you intend to come home?
무슨 옷을 입으려는가?
I wonder what clothes he intends to wear.
-(으)려거든
if you intend to... (-려거든)
TOPIK II
Used to assume a case where the speaker or someone has the intention to do the preceding action.
건강해지려거든 일단 운동부터 시작해라.
If you intend to get healthy, start by exercising first.
등산을 가려거든 일단 등산화부터 장만해야 한다.
If you intend to go hiking, you should first get hiking boots.
밥을 잘 먹으려거든 반찬을 골고루 드세요.
If you intend to eat well, have a variety of side dishes.
-다가 보다
while doing (something), come to realize... (-다가 보다)
TOPIK II
Used to say that, in the process of doing the preceding action, the speaker newly realizes the fact expressed by the following content.
길을 따라 걷다가 보니까 연못이 하나 나왔다.
As I kept walking along the road, a pond appeared.
무슨 일이든 한평생 열심히 하다가 보면 어떤 경지에 오를 수 있다.
Whatever it is, if you keep working hard at it your whole life, you can reach a certain level of mastery.
지수는 초콜릿을 한둘 먹다가 보니 동생 몫까지 몽땅 먹어 버리고 말았다.
Jisu kept eating one or two chocolates and ended up eating even her sibling's share.
-다가도
even while (doing something), can suddenly switch to... (-다가도)
TOPIK II
Used to say that the preceding action or state easily changes to a different action or state.
요즘 지수는 영어 공부를 열심히 해서인지 자다가도 영어로 말을 하곤 한다.
Maybe because Jisu's been studying English hard lately, she sometimes talks in English even while sleeping.
강아지는 주인이 오면 기분 좋게 날뛰다가도 낯선 사람이 보이면 마구 짖어 댄다.
The dog happily jumps around when its owner comes, but suddenly barks wildly if it sees a stranger.
추석이 지나자 낮에는 따뜻하다가도 해가 지면 쌀쌀하다.
After Chuseok passed, it's warm during the day but turns chilly once the sun sets.
은/는 물론
not to mention, of course including (N 는 물론)
TOPIK II
Used to say that, including the preceding content, the whole sentence's content is naturally true.
나는 책상 정리는 물론 방 청소까지 모두 끝내 놓았다.
I finished not just tidying my desk, but cleaning my whole room too.
저는 한국 요리를 배워서 불고기는 물론 파전도 만들 수 있어요.
I learned Korean cooking, so I can make not just bulgogi but pajeon too.
이 식당은 맛은 물론 서비스도 훌륭하다.
This restaurant's taste is great, not to mention its service.
-(으)ㄹ 것이 아니라
instead of doing X, do Y (-(으)ㄹ 것이 아니라)
TOPIK II
Used to emphasize that instead of doing the preceding action, the following action should be done.
그냥 듣고 넘길 것이 아니라 같이 이야기해 봐요.
Instead of just letting it slide, let's talk about it together.
여기서 이야기할 것이 아니라 커피숍이라도 갑시다.
Instead of talking here, let's go to a coffee shop or something.
우리가 갈 것이 아니라 그 사람보고 이쪽으로 오라고 해요.
Instead of us going there, let's tell that person to come here.
-는 가운데
while, amid (an ongoing background situation) (-는 가운데)
TOPIK II
Used to say that the background or situation surrounding an act or event continues.
사람들이 지켜보는 가운데 제가 무대 위에서 춤을 췄어요.
I danced on stage while people watched.
다들 공연을 준비하는 가운데 영수만 홀로 다른 일을 하고 있었다.
While everyone was preparing for the performance, only Yeongsu was off doing something else.
유학 생활을 하는 가운데 좋은 친구들을 사귀었어요.
While living abroad as a student, I made good friends.
-는걸요
oh, it turns out... (a realization, polite) (-는걸요)
TOPIK II
(informal polite) Used to say something the speaker just realized, with a tone of mild surprise.
우산 있어요? 밖에 비가 오는걸요.
Do you have an umbrella? It's raining outside, you know.
이 셔츠는 민준이에게 잘 맞겠는걸요.
This shirt would fit Minjun well, you know.
너무 서두르지 마세요. 시계를 보니 아직 삼십 분이나 남았는걸요.
Don't rush too much. Looking at the clock, we still have a whole thirty minutes left, you know.
-(으)ㄹ 듯하다
it seems like it might... (a guess) (-(으)ㄹ 듯하다)
TOPIK II
Used to guess about the preceding content.
아이는 넘어질 듯하면서도 잘 걸었다.
The child looked like they might fall, but still walked well.
이 책은 어린이들이 읽기에는 조금 어려울 듯하다.
This book seems a bit hard for children to read.
아침부터 하늘이 잔뜩 찌푸린 것이 비가 많이 올 듯하다.
The sky has been overcast since morning, so it seems like it might rain a lot.
-(으)ㄹ 듯
as if it might, seemingly (-(으)ㄹ 듯)
TOPIK II
Used to indicate a state or situation that can be guessed at or seems similar to the following content.
큰 비가 내릴 듯 하늘이 잔뜩 흐리다.
The sky is completely overcast, as if heavy rain might fall.
밤하늘에는 별이 쏟아질 듯 가득했다.
The night sky was full of stars, as if they might pour down.
세상을 모두 얼어붙게 할 듯 추위가 매섭다.
The cold is fierce, as if it might freeze the whole world.
-고 보다
to do first, and think about it later (-고 보다)
TOPIK II
Used to say that the preceding action is done first, with the consequences considered afterward.
일단 밥부터 먹고 봅시다.
Let's just eat first and worry about the rest later.
민준이는 어려운 단어를 일단 외우고 본다.
Minjun just memorizes difficult words first, without thinking too much.
승규는 모든 일을 깊이 고려하지 않고 저지르고 보는 편이다.
Seunggyu tends to just jump into things without thinking them through deeply.
-(으)ㄴ/는 대신에
instead of, in return for (-(으)ㄴ/는 대신에)
TOPIK II
Used to say that the preceding and following content are opposite or different states/actions, one replacing or compensating for the other.
이 약은 입에 쓴 대신에 효과는 아주 좋다.
This medicine tastes bitter, but in return, it works really well.
승규는 평일에 회사 일로 바쁜 대신에 주말에는 한가하다.
Seunggyu is busy with work on weekdays, but instead he's free on weekends.
유민이는 주중에는 밥을 거의 사 먹는 대신에 주말에는 집에서 요리를 해 먹는다.
Yumin mostly buys food during the week, but instead cooks at home on weekends.
-(으)ㄹ지요
I wonder... (vague doubt/speculation, polite) (-(으)ㄹ지요)
TOPIK II
(informal polite) Used to express a vague doubt or speculation about something.
어린 나이에 혼자 어떻게 생활할지요.
I wonder how they'll manage living alone at such a young age.
누가 선뜻 지방 근무를 신청할지요.
I wonder who would readily apply to work in the provinces.
시력이 좋지 않은데 안내 표지판을 알아볼지요.
I wonder if they'll be able to make out the guide sign with their poor eyesight.
-나 싶다
I wonder if (uncertain, subjective guess) (-나 싶다)
TOPIK II
Used to make a somewhat subjective and uncertain guess about something.
같은 내용이지만 영화보다는 소설이 더 재미있지 않았나 싶다.
It's the same story, but I wonder if the novel wasn't more fun than the movie.
아무래도 내가 선배이니 후배를 도와줘야 하지 않겠나 싶어서 후배에게 전화를 걸었다.
I figured that since I'm the senior, I probably should help my junior, so I called them.
내 생각에는 이번에는 네가 양보해야 되지 않나 싶다.
I think this time, you're probably the one who should give in.
-기만 하다
to only ever do (one action, nothing else) (-기만 하다)
TOPIK II
Used to say that only one particular action is done, with no other actions taken.
승규는 묻는 말에는 대답하지 않고 웃기만 했다.
Seunggyu didn't answer the question, just kept smiling.
집 앞에 있는 빵집을 늘 지나치기만 하다가 오늘은 들러서 빵을 좀 사 봤다.
I always just walked past the bakery in front of my house, but today I stopped in and bought some bread.
아이들의 웃는 얼굴은 보기만 해도 행복해진다.
Just looking at children's smiling faces makes me happy.
-고 해서
partly because... (one of several reasons) (-고 해서)
TOPIK II
Used to say that the preceding content is one of several reasons for the following action.
모처럼 쉬는 날이고 해서 친구들과 쇼핑을 나갔다.
Since it was a rare day off, among other things, I went shopping with friends.
승규는 창밖을 보니 날씨도 추울 것 같고 해서 두꺼운 옷으로 골라 입고 나왔다.
Seunggyu looked outside and, since it seemed cold, among other reasons, picked out thick clothes to wear.
유민이는 입맛도 없고 해서 그냥 점심은 거르기로 했다.
Yumin had no appetite, among other reasons, so she decided to just skip lunch.
-고서는
right after (doing), (emphasizing sequence/cause) (-고서는)
TOPIK II
Used to emphasize that the preceding action happened before, and is the reason or cause for, what follows.
아이는 새 옷을 입고서는 신나서 뛰어다닌다.
The child put on new clothes and ran around excitedly.
늦잠을 잔 지수는 아침을 급하게 먹고서는 서둘러 출근했다.
Jisu, who overslept, ate breakfast in a hurry and rushed off to work.
집주인으로 보이는 할아버지가 대문을 열고서는 어떻게 왔냐고 물었다.
An old man who looked like the landlord opened the gate and asked why I had come.
-고는 하다
used to..., would often (repeated past habit) (-고는 하다)
TOPIK II
Used to say that the same situation repeated itself, describing a habit or recurring action.
승규와는 어린 시절부터 친구라 곧잘 집에 놀러 가고는 했다.
Since Seunggyu and I have been friends since childhood, I used to visit his house often.
나는 기분이 우울할 때면 음악을 듣고는 한다.
Whenever I feel down, I tend to listen to music.
사람은 향기로 수십 년 전의 기억을 떠올리고는 한다.
People often recall memories from decades ago through a scent.
-게 생겼다
it looks like I'm going to end up (in a bad situation) (-게 생겼다)
TOPIK II
Used to say that the speaker has ended up in the situation indicated by the preceding statement, usually an unwanted one.
쌀이 없어서 저녁을 굶게 생겼다.
There's no rice, so it looks like I'm going to have to skip dinner.
갑자기 비가 오는 바람에 소풍을 못 가게 생겼다.
Because it suddenly started raining, it looks like we can't go on the picnic.
옆집 공사 때문에 시끄러워서 공부를 못 하게 생겼다.
It's so loud because of the construction next door that it looks like I can't study.
-게 마련이다
it's only natural for... to happen (-게 마련이다)
TOPIK II
Used to say that something happening or reaching a certain state is only natural or to be expected.
작은 일이라고 감추다 보면 점점 더 비밀이 커지게 마련이다.
If you keep hiding even small things, the secret is bound to get bigger and bigger.
모든 것은 좋은 게 있으면 나쁜 것도 있게 마련입니다.
For everything, if there's something good, there's naturally something bad too.
기억이라는 게 일정한 시간이 지나면 자연스럽게 잊히게 마련이다.
Memories are bound to naturally fade after a certain amount of time passes.
-(으)ㄹ 테야
I'm going to..., for sure (strong intention) (-(으)ㄹ 테야)
TOPIK II
Used to express a strong will or plan to do something.
이번 시험에서 꼭 일 등을 할 테야.
I'm definitely going to get first place on this exam.
무슨 일이 있어도 그 상을 타고 말 테야.
No matter what happens, I'm going to win that award.
오늘은 된장찌개를 끓여 볼 테야.
I'm going to try making doenjang stew today.
-ㄹ걸요
I think it probably... (guessing, polite) (-ㄹ걸요)
TOPIK II
(informal polite) Used to express the speaker's own thought or guess about something.
지수는 아직 학교에 다닐걸요.
I think Jisu is probably still in school.
선생님께서도 저희가 친한 줄 아실걸요.
I think the teacher probably knows we're close.
잠시 후면 그 사람들도 이쪽으로 올걸요.
I think those people will probably come this way soon too.
-(으)ㄹ까 보다
I'm thinking of maybe doing (-(으)ㄹ까 보다)
TOPIK II
Used to say the speaker has a loose intention or is considering doing the action described, without having fully decided yet.
오늘은 그냥 집에서 쉴까 봐요.
I'm thinking maybe I'll just rest at home today.
내일부터 운동을 시작할까 봐.
I'm thinking maybe I'll start exercising starting tomorrow.
주말에 영화나 보러 갈까 봐요.
I'm thinking maybe I'll go watch a movie this weekend.
-(으)ㄹ 만큼
to the extent that (future/potential) (-(으)ㄹ 만큼)
TOPIK II
Used to say that the following content happens to a degree matching the potential or future action described — the future-tense counterpart of -는 만큼.
눈물이 날 만큼 감동적인 이야기였다.
It was a story moving enough to bring tears to my eyes.
손이 닿을 만큼 가까운 거리에 있었다.
It was close enough for my hand to reach.
숨이 찰 만큼 빠르게 뛰었다.
I ran fast enough to run out of breath.
-(으)ㄴ/는 동시에
at the same time as, as soon as (-(으)ㄴ/는 동시에)
TOPIK II
Used to say that two actions or states happen at the exact same time, or that one thing happening immediately triggers another.
문이 열리는 동시에 사람들이 우르르 몰려나왔다.
The moment the door opened, people came pouring out.
그는 학생인 동시에 회사원이기도 하다.
He's a student and, at the same time, also an office worker.
발표가 끝난 동시에 큰 박수가 터져 나왔다.
The moment the presentation ended, loud applause broke out.
-(으)ㄴ 듯하다
it seems that (past, gentle guess) (-(으)ㄴ 듯하다)
TOPIK II
Used to make a gentle guess about a past state or event — the past-tense counterpart of -는 듯하다.
아이가 벌써 잠이 든 듯하다.
It seems the child has already fallen asleep.
그 영화는 이미 많은 사람들이 본 듯하다.
It seems that many people have already seen that movie.
비가 그친 듯해서 우산을 접었다.
It seemed like the rain had stopped, so I closed my umbrella.
-(으)ㄴ/는 체하다
pretend to (spelling variant of -척하다) (-(으)ㄴ/는 체하다)
TOPIK II
A spelling variant of -(으)ㄴ/는 척하다 with the same meaning — used to say someone pretends to be in a state or doing an action that isn't real.
모르는 문제인데도 아는 체했다.
Even though I didn't know the answer, I pretended to know it.
그는 내 말을 들은 체하며 계속 딴생각을 했다.
He pretended to listen to me while continuing to think about something else.
피곤했지만 괜찮은 체하며 웃어 보였다.
I was tired but pretended to be fine and smiled.
-(으)ㄴ 대로
just as (past, exactly as it happened) (-(으)ㄴ 대로)
TOPIK II
Used to say something matches exactly a past action or situation — the past-tense counterpart of -는 대로 (as soon as/according to).
제가 설명한 대로 순서대로 조립하시면 됩니다.
Just assemble it in order, exactly as I explained.
어제 본 대로 오늘도 똑같은 풍경이었다.
It was the exact same view today as I saw yesterday.
계획한 대로 일이 진행되어서 다행이었다.
Luckily, everything went exactly as planned.
-(으)ㄴ 다음에야
only after (emphatic sequence) (-(으)ㄴ 다음에야)
TOPIK II
A stronger version of -(으)ㄴ 다음에 — used to emphasize that the next thing can't happen until a certain action is completely finished.
그 식당은 항상 사람이 많아서 언제 가든지 한 시간가량 기다린 다음에야 먹을 수 있다.
That restaurant always has so many people that no matter when you go, you can only eat after waiting about an hour.
승규는 다음 날 발표 준비를 마친 다음에야 겨우 잠자리에 들었다.
Seunggyu only went to bed after finally finishing preparing for the next day's presentation.
어머니는 항상 우리들이 모두 집에 돌아온 다음에야 마음 편히 쉬신다.
Mom only relaxes after all of us have come home.
-(으)ㄴ 김에
now that I've already done it (while at it, past) (-(으)ㄴ 김에)
TOPIK II
Used when doing something else BECAUSE you already did the action mentioned earlier — the past-tense counterpart of -는 김에 (while doing something).
운동을 시작한 김에 식단 조절도 해서 건강 관리를 확실히 해야겠어.
Now that I've started exercising, I should also manage my diet to really take care of my health.
이야기가 나온 김에 솔직한 심정을 털어놨다면서?
Since the topic came up, I heard you were honest about how you really felt?
생각난 김에 밀린 일을 다 해 버리자.
Now that I've thought of it, let's just get all the overdue work done.
-(으)ㄴ걸요
you know, it's... (exclaiming, polite) (-(으)ㄴ걸요)
TOPIK II
(informal polite) Used when the speaker exclaims something they just found out, often with a hint of surprise or mild insistence.
이 약은 너무 쓴걸요.
This medicine is really bitter, you know.
그건 제 물건이 아닌걸요.
That's not my thing, you know.
난로를 끄니까 사무실 안이 꽤 추운걸요.
Now that the heater's off, it's actually pretty cold in the office.
-더니
And then (retrospective observation) (verb/adj + -더니)
TOPIK II
Attach -더니 to a verb or adjective stem to describe something you personally observed happening, followed by a related or contrasting result — often used when the first thing you noticed unexpectedly leads to the second.
아까 웃더니 지금은 울고 있어요
She was laughing a while ago, and now she's crying.
열심히 공부하더니 시험에 합격했어요
She studied hard, and ended up passing the exam.
하늘이 흐리더니 결국 비가 왔어요
The sky was cloudy, and it ended up raining.
-길래
Because (casual, based on what I noticed) (verb/adj + -길래)
TOPIK II
Attach -길래 to a verb or adjective stem to give a casual reason for an action you took, based on something you personally noticed — similar to -아서/어서, but more conversational and always tied to the speaker's own observation.
날씨가 좋길래 산책을 했어요
Since the weather was nice, I went for a walk.
친구가 오길래 커피를 샀어요
Since a friend was coming, I bought coffee.
너무 배고프길래 라면을 끓였어요
Since I was so hungry, I made ramen.
-는 바람에
Because of, as a result of (unintended/negative) (verb + -는 바람에)
TOPIK II
Attach -는 바람에 to a verb stem to explain that something unexpected happened, causing an unwanted or negative result. It's only used for cause-and-effect with a negative outcome — never for good news.
버스를 놓치는 바람에 늦었어요
Because I missed the bus, I was late.
비가 오는 바람에 소풍이 취소됐어요
Because it rained, the picnic was canceled.
핸드폰이 고장 나는 바람에 연락을 못 했어요
Because my phone broke, I couldn't get in touch.
-(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라
Not only ~ but also (verb/adj + -(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라)
TOPIK II
Attach -(으)ㄹ 뿐만 아니라 to a verb or adjective stem to add extra information on top of what was already said — 'not only X, but also Y.' Add ㄹ 뿐만 아니라 after a vowel-ending stem, or 을 뿐만 아니라 after a consonant-ending stem.
이 식당은 맛있을 뿐만 아니라 가격도 싸요
This restaurant is not only delicious but also cheap.
그는 똑똑할 뿐만 아니라 성실해요
He's not only smart but also diligent.
한국어는 재미있을 뿐만 아니라 유용해요
Korean is not only fun but also useful.
-는/(으)ㄴ 데다가
On top of that, in addition to (verb/adj + -는/(으)ㄴ 데다가)
TOPIK II
Attach -는 데다가 to a verb stem (or -(으)ㄴ 데다가 to an adjective stem) to add another fact on top of what was just said, usually piling up reasons or qualities in the same direction (both good, or both bad).
그 가게는 비싼 데다가 친절하지도 않아요
That store is expensive, and on top of that, not even friendly.
오늘은 바쁜 데다가 비도 와요
Today I'm busy, and on top of that, it's raining too.
그는 노래도 잘하는 데다가 춤도 잘 춰요
He's good at singing, and on top of that, good at dancing too.
-(으)면서도
While also, even though (contrast) (verb/adj + -(으)면서도)
TOPIK II
Attach -(으)면서도 to a verb or adjective stem to show that two seemingly contradictory things are true about the same subject at the same time — 'even while doing/being X, still Y.'
그는 바쁘면서도 항상 웃어요
Even though he's busy, he always smiles.
이 옷은 예쁘면서도 편해요
These clothes are pretty and also comfortable.
알면서도 모르는 척했어요
Even though I knew, I pretended not to.
치고는
For ~ (considering the category) (noun + 치고는)
TOPIK II
Attach 치고는 to a noun to say something is unusual compared to what you'd normally expect from that category — 'for a ___, this is surprisingly...' Often paired with an unexpected adjective right after.
초보자치고는 잘하네요
For a beginner, you're doing well.
겨울치고는 날씨가 따뜻해요
For winter, the weather is warm.
이 가격치고는 품질이 좋아요
For this price, the quality is good.
-(으)로 인해(서)
Due to, because of (noun + -(으)로 인해(서))
TOPIK II
Attach -로 인해(서) to a noun (or -으로 인해서 after a consonant) to give a formal cause — common in news, announcements, and written explanations, similar to 때문에 but more formal/objective.
폭우로 인해 행사가 취소됐어요
Due to heavy rain, the event was canceled.
교통사고로 인해서 길이 막혔어요
Because of a traffic accident, the road was congested.
실수로 인해 손해를 봤어요
Because of a mistake, I suffered a loss.
-는 대로
As soon as / in accordance with (verb + -는 대로)
TOPIK II
Attach -는 대로 to a verb stem to mean either 'as soon as' (with an action verb + future context) or 'in accordance with, exactly as' (following someone's instructions or wishes).
도착하는 대로 연락드릴게요
I'll contact you as soon as I arrive.
시키는 대로 했어요
I did exactly as I was told.
원하는 대로 하세요
Do as you wish.
-기는 하지만
It's true that ~, but (verb/adj + -기는 하지만)
TOPIK II
Attach -기는 하지만 to a verb or adjective stem to first concede that something is true, then contrast it with a 'but' — softer and more conversational than -지만 alone, often shortened to -긴 하지만 in speech.
맛있기는 하지만 너무 비싸요
It is tasty, but it's too expensive.
알기는 하지만 확실하지 않아요
I do know, but I'm not sure.
이해하기는 하지만 동의할 수는 없어요
I understand, but I can't agree.
-(으)므로
Because, therefore (formal/written) (verb/adj + -(으)므로)
TOPIK II
Attach -므로 to a verb/adjective stem (or -으므로 after a consonant) to give a formal, logical reason — typical of writing, announcements, and speeches rather than casual conversation.
비가 많이 왔으므로 도로가 침수됐어요
Since it rained a lot, the road was flooded.
늦었으므로 서둘러야 해요
Since I'm late, I need to hurry.
규칙을 어겼으므로 벌금을 내야 해요
Since you violated the rule, you must pay a fine.
-는 김에
While at it, taking the opportunity to (verb + -는 김에)
TOPIK II
Attach -는 김에 to a verb stem (or -(으)ㄴ 김에 for a completed action) to say you're doing something extra while already doing another action — 'while I'm at it, I'll also...'
마트에 간 김에 우유도 샀어요
Since I was at the mart anyway, I also bought milk.
청소하는 김에 창문도 닦았어요
While cleaning, I also wiped the windows.
여기 온 김에 사진 좀 찍자
Since we're here anyway, let's take some photos.
-(으)나 마나
Whether or not, no matter (verb + -(으)나 마나)
TOPIK II
Attach -나 마나 to a verb stem (or -으나 마나 after a consonant) to say the result would be the same whether or not the action is done — implies the action is pointless or the outcome is obvious in advance.
물어보나 마나 대답은 뻔해요
Whether I ask or not, the answer is obvious.
말하나 마나 소용없어요
Whether you say it or not, it's useless.
가나 마나 결과는 같을 거예요
Whether you go or not, the result will be the same.
-는 통에
Because of the commotion of (verb + -는 통에)
TOPIK II
Attach -는 통에 to a verb stem to blame a negative result on a chaotic, noisy, or disruptive situation — always followed by an unwanted outcome, unlike neutral cause markers like -기 때문에.
아이들이 떠드는 통에 잠을 못 잤어요
Because the kids were being noisy, I couldn't sleep.
비가 오는 통에 소풍이 취소됐어요
Because it was raining, the picnic was canceled.
사람들이 몰려드는 통에 정신이 없었어요
Because people were crowding in, I was frazzled.
-기 일쑤다
To tend to, to often end up (verb + -기 일쑤다)
TOPIK II
Attach -기 일쑤다 to a verb stem to say something happens so often it's basically a habit — usually about an unwanted or unfortunate tendency.
요즘 늦잠을 자기 일쑤예요
These days I tend to oversleep.
그는 약속을 어기기 일쑤예요
He tends to break promises.
바빠서 아침을 거르기 일쑤였어요
Because I was busy, I often skipped breakfast.
-(으)ㄴ/는 걸 보니(까)
Judging by the fact that ~ (-는 걸 보니)
TOPIK II
Attach -는 걸 보니(까) (or -(으)ㄴ 걸 보니 for past/adjective) to a verb/adjective stem to draw a conclusion based on something you've just observed — 'judging by the fact that ~.' Similar to -나 보다, but explicitly points to the evidence that led to the guess.
우산을 들고 가는 걸 보니 비가 오나 봐요
Judging by the fact that he's taking an umbrella, it seems like it's raining.
웃는 걸 보니 기분이 좋은가 봐요
Judging by the smile, he must be in a good mood.
불이 꺼진 걸 보니 다들 자나 봐요
Judging by the lights being off, everyone must be asleep.
-(으)ㄴ/는 만큼
As much as ~ (-는 만큼)
TOPIK II
Attach -는 만큼 (or -(으)ㄴ 만큼 for past/adjective) to a verb/adjective stem to say the degree of the second clause matches the degree of the first — 'as much as ~,' 'to the extent that ~.' Often used to explain a reason proportional to its result.
노력하는 만큼 실력이 늘 거예요
Your skill will improve as much as you make an effort.
비싼 만큼 품질이 좋아요
It's as good in quality as it is expensive.
준비한 만큼 결과가 좋았어요
The result was as good as the preparation I put in.
-(으)ㄴ/는 탓에
Because of ~ (negative) (-는 탓에)
TOPIK II
Attach -는 탓에 (or -(으)ㄴ 탓에 for past/adjective) to a verb/adjective stem to blame a negative result on something — 'because of ~,' 'due to the fault of ~.' Unlike neutral -아서/어서 or -(으)니까, 탓에 always carries a negative, blaming tone.
늦잠을 잔 탓에 학교에 지각했어요
Because I overslept, I was late for school.
길이 막힌 탓에 약속에 늦었어요
Because of the traffic, I was late for the appointment.
준비를 안 한 탓에 시험을 망쳤어요
Because I didn't prepare, I bombed the exam.
-(으)ㄴ/는/(으)ㄹ 모양이다
It seems like ~ (-는 모양이다)
TOPIK II
Attach -는 모양이다 (or -(으)ㄴ/(으)ㄹ 모양이다 depending on tense) to a verb/adjective stem to guess something based on visible signs — 'it seems like ~,' 'it looks like ~.' Very close to -나 보다, mostly interchangeable, though 모양이다 leans slightly more formal/written.
하늘을 보니 곧 눈이 올 모양이에요
Looking at the sky, it seems like it's about to snow.
표정을 보니 화가 난 모양이에요
Judging by his expression, it seems like he's angry.
사람들이 줄을 서 있는 모양이에요
It looks like people are standing in line.
-(으)ㄴ/는/(으)ㄹ 줄 몰랐다
I didn't know that ~ (-(으)ㄹ 줄 몰랐다)
TOPIK II
Attach -(으)ㄹ 줄 몰랐다 to a verb/adjective stem to express surprise that something turned out to be true, when you had assumed otherwise — 'I didn't know/expect that ~.' The opposite of -(으)ㄹ 줄 알았다.
그가 이렇게 요리를 잘할 줄 몰랐어요
I didn't know he could cook this well.
시험이 이렇게 어려울 줄 몰랐어요
I didn't know the exam would be this hard.
오늘 비가 올 줄 몰랐어요
I didn't know it would rain today.
-(으)ㄴ/는/(으)ㄹ 줄 알았다
I thought that ~ (-(으)ㄹ 줄 알았다)
TOPIK II
Attach -(으)ㄹ 줄 알았다 to a verb/adjective stem to say you assumed something was true, often when it later turns out to be wrong — 'I thought that ~.' The opposite of -(으)ㄹ 줄 몰랐다.
오늘이 휴일인 줄 알았어요
I thought today was a holiday.
네가 이미 도착한 줄 알았어요
I thought you had already arrived.
그 영화가 재미있을 줄 알았어요
I thought that movie would be fun.
-(으)ㄹ 겸 (해서)
In order to also ~ (-(으)ㄹ 겸)
TOPIK II
Attach -(으)ㄹ 겸 (해서) to a verb stem to say you're doing something for two purposes at once — 'in order to ~ and also ~.' Often used twice in a row to list both purposes, e.g. '구경할 겸 쇼핑할 겸.'
바람도 쐴 겸 산책하러 나왔어요
I came out for a walk, to also get some fresh air.
친구도 만날 겸 부산에 다녀왔어요
I went to Busan, to also meet a friend.
운동도 할 겸 자전거를 샀어요
I bought a bike, to also get some exercise.
-(으)ㄹ 리가 없다
There's no way that ~ (-(으)ㄹ 리가 없다)
TOPIK II
Attach -(으)ㄹ 리가 없다 to a verb/adjective stem to firmly reject a possibility as illogical or unbelievable — 'there's no way that ~,' 'it can't be that ~.' A strong statement of disbelief, based on reasoning rather than a simple guess.
그가 거짓말을 할 리가 없어요
There's no way he would lie.
이렇게 쉬운 문제를 못 풀 리가 없어요
There's no way I couldn't solve such an easy problem.
그녀가 약속을 잊었을 리가 없어요
There's no way she forgot the promise.
-(으)ㄹ 수밖에 (없다)
There's no choice but to ~ (-(으)ㄹ 수밖에 없다)
TOPIK II
Attach -(으)ㄹ 수밖에 없다 to a verb stem to say there's no other option but to do something — 'there's no choice but to ~,' 'can't help but ~.' Similar in meaning to -는 수밖에 없다, just attached to the future/dictionary stem instead of the present-tense modifier.
돈이 없어서 걸을 수밖에 없었어요
Since I had no money, I had no choice but to walk.
비가 오니까 우산을 살 수밖에 없어요
Since it's raining, I have no choice but to buy an umbrella.
몸이 아파서 병원에 갈 수밖에 없었어요
Since I was sick, I had no choice but to go to the hospital.
-(으)ㄹ 정도(로)
To the extent that ~ (-(으)ㄹ 정도로)
TOPIK II
Attach -(으)ㄹ 정도로 to a verb/adjective stem to describe the intensity of something by comparing it to another action or state — 'to the extent that ~,' 'so much that ~.' Often used to vividly emphasize a degree.
눈물이 날 정도로 매워요
It's so spicy that it makes my eyes water.
배가 아플 정도로 웃었어요
I laughed so hard my stomach hurt.
목소리가 안 들릴 정도로 시끄러워요
It's so loud you can't hear voices.
-(으)ㄹ 테니(까)
I will ~, so ~ (-(으)ㄹ 테니까)
TOPIK II
Attach -(으)ㄹ 테니(까) to a verb stem to state your own strong intention or a confident prediction, followed by a related instruction or suggestion — 'I will ~, so ~' or 'it will probably ~, so ~.'
제가 요리할 테니까 넌 청소해
I'll cook, so you clean.
곧 도착할 테니까 조금만 기다려요
I'll arrive soon, so please wait a bit.
비가 올 테니까 우산을 챙기세요
It'll probably rain, so bring an umbrella.
-(으)ㄹ걸 (그랬다)
I should have ~ (-(으)ㄹ걸 그랬다)
TOPIK II
Attach -(으)ㄹ걸 (그랬다) to a verb stem to express regret about something you didn't do — 'I should have ~.' The 그랬다 is often dropped in casual speech, leaving just -(으)ㄹ걸.
우산을 가져올걸 그랬어요
I should have brought an umbrella.
더 일찍 준비할걸 그랬어요
I should have prepared earlier.
그때 사과할걸 그랬어요
I should have apologized back then.
-(으)라고 하다
Told (someone) to ~ (-(으)라고 하다)
TOPIK II
Attach -(으)라고 하다 to a verb stem to report a command someone gave — 'told me/him/her to ~.' The indirect-quotation form of an imperative sentence, used the same way -는다고 하다 reports a statement.
엄마가 일찍 자라고 했어요
Mom told me to go to sleep early.
선생님이 숙제를 다시 하라고 하셨어요
The teacher told me to do the homework again.
의사가 물을 많이 마시라고 했어요
The doctor told me to drink a lot of water.
-(으)려다가
Was about to ~ (but) (-(으)려다가)
TOPIK II
Attach -(으)려다가 to a verb stem to say you were about to do something, but then changed course before finishing — 'was about to ~, but.' A shortened form of -(으)려고 하다가.
영화를 보려다가 그냥 잤어요
I was about to watch a movie, but ended up just sleeping.
전화하려다가 문자를 보냈어요
I was about to call, but sent a text instead.
밖에 나가려다가 비가 와서 그만뒀어요
I was about to go outside, but it started raining so I stopped.
-(으)려던 참이다
Was just about to ~ (-(으)려던 참이다)
TOPIK II
Attach -(으)려던 참이다 to a verb stem to say you were just about to do something, often right when something else happens — 'was just about to ~,' 'was just going to.' Emphasizes good timing or coincidence.
마침 너한테 전화하려던 참이었어
I was just about to call you.
저도 지금 나가려던 참이에요
I was just about to head out too.
막 밥을 먹으려던 참이었어요
I was just about to eat.
-(으)며
And, while ~ (formal) (-(으)며)
TOPIK II
Attach -(으)며 to a verb/adjective stem to connect two actions or states, either simultaneously or in a listed sequence — 'and,' 'while ~.' The formal/written counterpart of -고 or -(으)면서, common in news and writing.
그는 노래를 부르며 걸었어요
He walked while singing a song.
이 제품은 가볍고 튼튼하며 저렴해요
This product is light, sturdy, and cheap.
회의는 오후 2시에 시작하며 3시에 끝납니다
The meeting starts at 2 PM and ends at 3 PM.
-거든
Because (casual, giving a reason) (-거든)
TOPIK II
Attach -거든 to a verb/adjective stem to casually give a reason or fact, often one the listener didn't already know — 'because ~,' 'you see, ~.' Common in spoken Korean as a way of explaining yourself.
저 오늘 좀 늦을 것 같아요, 일이 많거든요
I might be a bit late today — I have a lot of work, you see.
저는 매운 음식을 못 먹거든요
I can't eat spicy food, you know.
이거 제가 만든 거거든요
This is actually something I made.
-고 말고(요)
Of course ~ (-고 말고요)
TOPIK II
Attach -고 말고(요) to a verb/adjective stem to strongly agree with or confirm something — 'of course ~,' 'without a doubt.' A quick, emphatic response to a question or suggestion.
같이 갈래요? 가고 말고요!
Want to go together? Of course I'll go!
맛있어요? 맛있고 말고요
Is it delicious? Of course it's delicious.
도와줄 수 있어요? 도와주고 말고요
Can you help me? Of course I can help.
-고 보면
Once you actually ~ (-고 보면)
TOPIK II
Attach -고 보면 to a verb stem to say that once you actually do something (often something you were hesitant about), you'll realize a certain truth — 'once you actually ~, you'll see that ~.' Highlights a change in perspective gained through experience.
해 보고 보면 생각보다 쉬워요
Once you actually try it, it's easier than you think.
직접 살고 보면 그 도시가 좋아질 거예요
Once you actually live there, you'll come to like the city.
막상 만나고 보면 좋은 사람이에요
Once you actually meet him, he's a good person.
-기는(요)
No, not really (-기는요)
TOPIK II
Attach -기는(요) to a verb/adjective stem to politely deny or downplay a compliment or assumption someone just made — 'no, not really,' 'not at all.' A common, humble response in casual conversation.
잘하시네요! 잘하기는요
You're good at this! Oh, not really.
예쁘네요. 예쁘기는요
You're pretty. Oh, not really.
고맙습니다! 고맙기는요
Thank you! Oh, no need to thank me.
-기만 하면 (되다)
All you have to do is ~ (-기만 하면 되다)
TOPIK II
Attach -기만 하면 (되다) to a verb stem to say a single simple action is all that's required — 'all you have to do is ~,' 'as long as you ~.' Combines -기만 (only, just) with -(으)면 되다 (it's fine if ~) for emphasis on simplicity.
이 버튼을 누르기만 하면 돼요
All you have to do is press this button.
신청서를 내기만 하면 돼요
All you have to do is submit the application.
연습하기만 하면 실력이 늘어요
As long as you practice, your skill improves.
-기에(는)
To ~, this is (not) ~ (-기에는)
TOPIK II
Attach -기에(는) to a verb stem to set up a standard, then comment on whether something meets it — 'to ~, this is ~,' commonly used with a negative to say something isn't quite good enough for a purpose. Similar to English 'good/bad for ~ing.'
이 신발은 걷기에는 불편해요
These shoes are uncomfortable for walking.
오늘은 소풍 가기에 좋은 날씨예요
Today is good weather for a picnic.
이 영화는 아이들이 보기에는 무서워요
This movie is scary for kids to watch.
-ㄴ/는 척하다
Pretend to ~ (-는 척하다)
TOPIK II
Attach -는 척하다 (or -(으)ㄴ 척하다 for past/adjective) to a verb/adjective stem to say someone pretends to be doing something or feeling something — 'pretend to ~,' 'act like ~.'
모르는 척했어요
I pretended not to know.
그는 안 들리는 척해요
He pretends not to hear.
아픈 척하지 마세요
Don't pretend to be sick.
-ㄴ/는다거나
Or, like ~ing (plain style) (-ㄴ/는다거나)
TOPIK II
Attach -ㄴ/는다거나 to a verb stem (built on the plain-style -ㄴ/는다 above) to list example actions as alternatives — 'or, like ~ing,' 'whether it's ~ing or.' Usually used at least twice in a row to give a couple of examples.
주말에는 책을 읽는다거나 영화를 본다거나 해요
On weekends, I do things like reading books or watching movies.
스트레스를 풀 때는 운동을 한다거나 노래를 부른다거나 해요
To relieve stress, I do things like exercising or singing.
산책한다거나 음악을 듣는다거나 하면 기분이 나아져요
If I do things like take a walk or listen to music, I feel better.
-ㄴ/는다고 하다
Say that ~ (reported speech) (-ㄴ/는다고 하다)
TOPIK II
Attach -ㄴ/는다고 하다 to a verb stem (built on the plain-style -ㄴ/는다) to report what someone else said — 'say(s) that ~.' Adjectives use -다고 하다 directly on the dictionary form instead. The most common way to quote a statement indirectly.
친구가 내일 온다고 했어요
My friend said they're coming tomorrow.
뉴스에서 오늘 비가 온다고 해요
The news says it'll rain today.
엄마는 그 영화가 재미있다고 했어요
Mom said that movie was fun.
-ㄴ/는다고(요)
You mean ~? / I said ~ (-ㄴ/는다고요)
TOPIK II
Attach -ㄴ/는다고(요) to a verb stem (built on the plain-style -ㄴ/는다) to ask for confirmation of something just said, or to repeat/emphasize your own statement — 'you mean ~?' or, said firmly, 'I said ~.'
내일 이사 간다고요?
You mean you're moving tomorrow?
저는 정말 괜찮다고요
I said I'm really fine.
벌써 다 끝났다고요?
You mean it's already all over?
-ㄴ/는다면
If ~ (hypothetical) (-ㄴ/는다면)
TOPIK II
Attach -ㄴ/는다면 to a verb stem (built on the plain-style -ㄴ/는다) to introduce a hypothetical condition, often one unlikely or purely imaginary — 'if ~.' Similar to -(으)면, but leans more toward a hypothetical 'if' than a simple conditional.
복권에 당첨된다면 뭘 하고 싶어요?
If you won the lottery, what would you want to do?
시간이 있다면 여행을 가고 싶어요
If I had time, I'd want to travel.
다시 태어난다면 어떤 사람이 되고 싶어요?
If you were born again, what kind of person would you want to be?
-냐고 하다
Asked whether/what ~ (-냐고 하다)
TOPIK II
Attach -냐고 하다 to a verb/adjective stem to report a question someone asked — 'asked whether/what ~.' The indirect-quotation form of a question, used the same way -는다고 하다 reports a statement.
친구가 저한테 밥 먹었냐고 물어봤어요
My friend asked me if I had eaten.
엄마가 언제 오냐고 하셨어요
Mom asked when I would come.
선생님이 이 문제가 어렵냐고 물어보셨어요
The teacher asked if this problem was difficult.
-느라고
Because I was busy ~ing (-느라고)
TOPIK II
Attach -느라고 to a verb stem to explain a negative result (usually not being able to do something else) because time/effort went into the first action — 'because I was busy ~ing.' Both clauses must share the same subject.
숙제를 하느라고 못 잤어요
I couldn't sleep because I was busy doing homework.
전화를 받느라고 문을 못 열었어요
I couldn't open the door because I was busy answering the phone.
짐을 싸느라고 하루 종일 바빴어요
I was busy all day packing.
-는 (도)중에
In the middle of ~ing (-는 중에)
TOPIK II
Attach -는 (도)중에 to a verb stem to say something happens while an action is still ongoing, usually interrupting it — 'in the middle of ~ing,' 'while in the process of ~ing.' The 도 emphasizes 'in the very midst of.'
운전하는 중에 전화가 왔어요
A call came while I was in the middle of driving.
회의하는 도중에 정전이 됐어요
There was a power outage in the middle of the meeting.
밥을 먹는 중이었는데 손님이 왔어요
I was in the middle of eating when a guest came.
-는 길에
On the way ~ (-는 길에)
TOPIK II
Attach -는 길에 to a verb stem to say something happens along the way to/from somewhere — 'on the way ~,' 'while heading ~.' Similar to -는 김에 (while I'm at it), but 길에 focuses specifically on being physically en route.
집에 가는 길에 마트에 들렀어요
I stopped by the mart on the way home.
회사에 오는 길에 커피를 샀어요
I bought coffee on the way to work.
학교에 가는 길에 친구를 만났어요
I met a friend on the way to school.
-는 덕분에
Thanks to ~ (-는 덕분에)
TOPIK II
Attach -는 덕분에 to a verb stem (or -(으)ㄴ 덕분에 for past/adjective) to credit a good result to something or someone — 'thanks to ~.' Always positive, unlike the neutral -아서/어서 or the negative -는 탓에.
친구가 도와준 덕분에 일찍 끝났어요
Thanks to my friend helping, it finished early.
선생님 덕분에 한국어 실력이 늘었어요
Thanks to my teacher, my Korean skill improved.
날씨가 좋은 덕분에 여행이 즐거웠어요
Thanks to the good weather, the trip was fun.
-는 사이에
During the time that ~ (-는 사이에)
TOPIK II
Attach -는 사이에 to a verb stem to say something happens during a brief window while another action is going on — 'during the time that ~,' 'while ~ (briefly).' Often used when something unexpected occurs during a short absence.
제가 자는 사이에 비가 왔어요
It rained while I was sleeping.
잠깐 화장실에 간 사이에 전화가 왔어요
A call came while I briefly went to the bathroom.
제가 없는 사이에 무슨 일 있었어요?
Did something happen while I was away?
-는 수(가) 있다
It's possible that ~ (-는 수가 있다)
TOPIK II
Attach -는 수(가) 있다 to a verb stem to say something can possibly happen, often as a warning — 'it's possible that ~,' 'it can ~.' Similar to -(으)ㄹ 수 있다, but 수가 있다 leans more toward a cautionary possibility.
조심하지 않으면 다치는 수가 있어요
If you're not careful, you can get hurt.
전문가도 실수하는 수가 있어요
Even experts can make mistakes.
이 약은 부작용이 있는 수가 있어요
This medicine can have side effects.
-는 수밖에 (없다)
There's no other way but to ~ (-는 수밖에 없다)
TOPIK II
Attach -는 수밖에 없다 to a verb stem to say there's no other way but to do something, given the current situation — 'there's no other way but to ~.' Same meaning as -(으)ㄹ 수밖에 없다, just attached to the present-tense modifier instead of the future stem.
길이 막혀서 걸어가는 수밖에 없어요
Since the road is blocked, there's no choice but to walk.
다른 방법이 없어서 기다리는 수밖에 없어요
Since there's no other way, there's nothing to do but wait.
이렇게 된 이상 계속하는 수밖에 없어요
Now that it's come to this, there's no choice but to continue.
-다(가) 보니(까)
As I kept ~ing, I realized ~ (-다 보니까)
TOPIK II
Attach -다(가) 보니(까) to a verb stem to say that through the process of repeatedly or continuously doing something, you came to realize or notice a result — 'as I kept ~ing, I realized ~.' Combines -다가 (while doing) with -(으)니까 (and so, realized).
계속 연습하다 보니까 실력이 늘었어요
As I kept practicing, my skill improved.
매일 걷다 보니까 살이 빠졌어요
As I walked every day, I lost weight.
오래 이야기하다 보니까 밤이 됐어요
As we kept talking, it became night.
-다(가) 보면
If you keep ~ing (-다 보면)
TOPIK II
Attach -다(가) 보면 to a verb stem to say that if you keep doing something over time, a certain result will eventually follow — 'if you keep ~ing, ~.' Focuses on a future result of ongoing effort, unlike -다 보니까 which reports a past realization.
꾸준히 노력하다 보면 성공할 거예요
If you keep trying steadily, you'll succeed.
계속 연습하다 보면 잘하게 될 거예요
If you keep practicing, you'll get good at it.
살다 보면 힘든 날도 있는 법이에요
As you live, there will inevitably be hard days too.
-더군(요)
I noticed that ~ (-더군요)
TOPIK II
Attach -더군(요) to a verb/adjective stem to report something you personally observed or experienced, often with a note of realization — 'I noticed that ~,' 'I found that ~.' Built on the retrospective -더, similar to -더라고요, but a bit more formal/exclamatory.
그 영화가 정말 슬프더군요
I found that movie really sad.
생각보다 사람이 많더군요
There were more people than I expected.
오랜만에 만났는데 하나도 안 변했더군요
I met him after a long time, and I noticed he hadn't changed at all.
-더라
I recall that ~ (plain) (-더라)
TOPIK II
Attach -더라 to a verb/adjective stem to casually report something you personally witnessed or experienced in the past — 'I recall that ~,' 'it was ~, I remember.' The plain-style version of -더라고요, used with close friends.
어제 걔 만났는데 되게 피곤해 보이더라
I met him yesterday, and he looked really tired.
그 식당 진짜 맛있더라
That restaurant was really delicious, I remember.
거기 사람 진짜 많더라
There were really a lot of people there.
-더라고(요)
I noticed/found that ~ (polite) (-더라고요)
TOPIK II
Attach -더라고(요) to a verb/adjective stem to politely report something you personally witnessed or realized — 'I noticed that ~,' 'I found that ~.' The polite counterpart of -더라, common in everyday conversation.
오늘 날씨가 정말 춥더라고요
I noticed it was really cold today.
그 사람 생각보다 친절하더라고요
I found that person kinder than I expected.
카페가 새로 생겼더라고요
I noticed a new cafe had opened.
-더라도
Even if ~ (-더라도)
TOPIK II
Attach -더라도 to a verb/adjective stem to say that even if a strong hypothetical situation is true, the outcome won't change — 'even if ~,' 'even though ~.' Stronger and more emphatic than -아/어도.
힘들더라도 끝까지 해 볼게요
Even if it's hard, I'll try to see it through.
실패하더라도 후회하지 않을 거예요
Even if I fail, I won't regret it.
비가 오더라도 소풍은 갈 거예요
Even if it rains, we'll go on the picnic.
-던
Used to ~ (retrospective modifier) (-던)
TOPIK II
Attach -던 to a verb/adjective stem to modify a noun, referring back to a past state or repeated past action you personally recall — 'used to ~,' 'that was ~ing.' Unlike -(으)ㄴ, -던 implies the action was ongoing, repeated, or unfinished.
제가 어릴 때 살던 동네예요
This is the neighborhood I used to live in as a child.
어제 마시던 커피가 아직 남았어요
The coffee I was drinking yesterday is still left.
예전에 친했던 친구를 우연히 만났어요
I ran into a friend I used to be close with.
-던가(요)?
Was it ~? (recalling) (-던가요?)
TOPIK II
Attach -던가(요)? to a verb/adjective stem to ask yourself or someone else to recall a past experience — 'was it ~?,' 'do you remember if ~?' Often used when trying to remember something uncertain.
그 영화 재미있던가요?
Was that movie fun, do you recall?
거기 사람이 많던가요?
Were there a lot of people there, do you remember?
그때 날씨가 어떻던가?
What was the weather like back then, I wonder?
-던데
I recall it was ~, so ~ (-던데)
TOPIK II
Attach -던데 to a verb/adjective stem to give a retrospective observation as background for a comment, question, or reaction — 'I recall it was ~, so ~.' Combines the retrospective -더 with -는데's background-setting function.
어제는 춥던데 오늘은 괜찮네요
It was cold yesterday, I recall, but today is fine.
그 사람 바쁘던데 시간이 있을까요?
That person seemed busy — will they have time, I wonder?
아까는 있던데 지금은 없네요
It was there a moment ago, but now it's gone.
-만 못하다
Not as good as ~ (-만 못하다)
TOPIK II
Attach 만 못하다 to a noun to say something falls short compared to it — 'not as good as ~,' 'inferior to ~.' The negative counterpart of comparing with 보다, focused specifically on being worse.
이 카피는 원본만 못해요
This copy isn't as good as the original.
백 마디 말이 한 번 행동만 못해요
A hundred words aren't as good as one action.
요즘 실력이 예전만 못해요
My skill these days isn't as good as it used to be.
-아/어서 그런지
Maybe because ~ (-아/어서 그런지)
TOPIK II
Attach -아/어서 그런지 to a verb/adjective stem to give an uncertain, guessed reason for something — 'maybe because ~,' 'perhaps that's why ~.' Softer and less definite than a plain -아서/어서.
날씨가 추워서 그런지 사람이 별로 없어요
Maybe because it's cold, there aren't many people around.
오랜만에 운동해서 그런지 온몸이 아파요
Maybe because I exercised after a long time, my whole body hurts.
나이가 들어서 그런지 쉽게 피곤해져요
Maybe because I'm getting older, I get tired easily.
-았/었던 것 같다
I think it was ~ (past guess) (-았/었던 것 같다)
TOPIK II
Attach -았/었던 것 같다 to a verb/adjective stem to make an uncertain guess about something in the past — 'I think it was ~,' 'it seems like it had been ~.' Combines the past-retrospective -던 with -것 같다's guessing function.
그때는 제가 어렸던 것 같아요
I think I was young back then.
예전에 여기 와 봤던 것 같아요
I think I've been here before.
그 사람도 힘들었던 것 같아요
I think that person had a hard time too.
-에 의해(서)
By ~ (agent/cause) (-에 의해서)
TOPIK II
Attach -에 의해(서) to a noun to mark the agent or cause of a passive action — 'by ~,' 'due to ~.' Common in formal/written Korean, especially news and passive-voice sentences.
이 소설은 유명한 작가에 의해 쓰였어요
This novel was written by a famous author.
많은 문제가 기술 발전에 의해서 해결됐어요
Many problems were solved by technological advancement.
그 다리는 폭풍에 의해 무너졌어요
That bridge collapsed due to the storm.
-자고 하다
Suggested that we ~ (-자고 하다)
TOPIK II
Attach -자고 하다 to a verb stem (built on the plain-style -자) to report a suggestion or proposal someone made — 'suggested that we ~.' The indirect-quotation form of a 'let's' statement.
친구가 같이 영화 보자고 했어요
My friend suggested we watch a movie together.
동료가 점심을 같이 먹자고 했어요
My coworker suggested we have lunch together.
팀장님이 회의를 다시 하자고 하셨어요
The team leader suggested we have the meeting again.
마저
Even ~ (the last straw) (마저)
TOPIK II
Attach 마저 to a noun to say that even the last remaining thing, the one you'd least expect, is also affected — 'even ~,' 'even ~ too.' Usually implies things were already bad, and this makes it worse.
친구마저 저를 떠났어요
Even my friend left me.
돈도 없는데 시간마저 없어요
I don't even have money, and now I don't have time either.
비까지 오는데 바람마저 심하게 불어요
It's even raining, and on top of that the wind is blowing hard.
얼마나 -(으)ㄴ/는지
How very ~ (얼마나 -(으)ㄴ/는지)
TOPIK II
Attach 얼마나 before a verb/adjective stem ending in -(으)ㄴ/는지 to emphasize the intensity of something — 'how (very) ~,' 'you have no idea how ~.' Often followed by 모르다/알다 (don't know/know) to stress that intensity.
제가 얼마나 놀랐는지 몰라요
You have no idea how surprised I was.
그 시험이 얼마나 어려웠는지 몰라요
You have no idea how hard that exam was.
제가 얼마나 기다렸는지 알아요?
Do you know how long I waited?
조차
Even ~ (worst-case addition) (조차)
TOPIK II
Attach 조차 to a noun to say that even the most basic or expected thing is also not happening — 'even ~,' 'not even ~.' Similar to 마저, but 조차 leans more toward 'not even the most basic thing,' often with a negative predicate.
너무 바빠서 밥 먹을 시간조차 없어요
I'm so busy I don't even have time to eat.
그는 저를 쳐다보지조차 않았어요
He didn't even look at me.
이름조차 기억이 안 나요
I don't even remember the name.
-는 듯하다
Seems like / appears that (-는 듯하다)
TOPIK II
Attach -는 듯하다 to a verb stem (or -(으)ㄴ 듯하다 for a completed/adjective sense) to say something seems or appears to be the case, based on what you observe — very close in meaning to -는 것 같다, just a bit more literary/formal in tone.
밖에 비가 오는 듯해요.
It seems like it's raining outside.
그 사람은 이미 답을 아는 듯했어요.
That person seemed to already know the answer.
회의가 곧 끝날 듯해요.
It seems like the meeting will end soon.
-을 게 뻔하다
It's obvious that... will (-(으)ㄹ 게 뻔하다)
TOPIK II
Attach -(으)ㄹ 게 뻔하다 to a verb stem to say the outcome is completely predictable or obvious — usually used about something negative or annoying that's sure to happen given the circumstances.
지금 출발해도 늦을 게 뻔해요.
Even if we leave now, it's obvious we'll be late.
그렇게 말하면 화낼 게 뻔해요.
If you say it that way, it's obvious they'll get angry.
준비 없이 가면 실패할 게 뻔해요.
If you go without preparation, it's obvious you'll fail.
-지 않으면 안 되다
Must (double negative obligation) — -지 않으면 안 되다
TOPIK II
Attach -지 않으면 안 되다 to a verb/adjective stem — literally 'if you don't do it, it's not okay' — to express a strong obligation, similar in meaning to -아/어야 하다/되다 but with more emphasis, common in formal or written Korean.
내일까지 보고서를 내지 않으면 안 돼요.
I have to submit the report by tomorrow.
약속은 반드시 지키지 않으면 안 돼요.
You absolutely must keep your promises.
건강을 위해 운동을 하지 않으면 안 돼요.
For your health, you have to exercise.
-아/어 두다
Do (something) in advance / leave in a state (-아/어 두다)
TOPIK II
Attach -아/어 두다 to a verb stem to say you do something and leave the result in place for later use — very close to -아/어 놓다, but 두다 leans a bit more toward doing something in advance/preparation.
여행 가기 전에 표를 예매해 뒀어요.
I booked the tickets in advance before going on the trip.
중요한 서류는 따로 보관해 두세요.
Please keep important documents stored separately.
손님이 오시니까 방을 청소해 뒀어요.
Since a guest is coming, I cleaned the room in advance.
-았/었더니
I did X, and then... (-았/었더니)
TOPIK II
Attach -았/었더니 to a verb stem (first-person, past) to describe a result or discovery that followed from your own past action — 'I did X, and as a result, Y happened.' Distinct from -더니, which describes something you observed about someone else.
약을 먹었더니 좀 나아졌어요.
I took the medicine, and I got a bit better.
창문을 열었더니 시원한 바람이 들어왔어요.
I opened the window, and a cool breeze came in.
일찍 잤더니 오늘 기분이 좋아요.
I went to sleep early, so I feel good today.
-고자
In order to (formal) — -고자
TOPIK II
Attach -고자 to a verb stem to state a formal purpose or intention — 'in order to do X.' More formal and written than -(으)러 or -기 위해서, common in announcements, essays, and speeches.
이 자리를 빌려 감사의 말씀을 드리고자 합니다.
I would like to take this opportunity to express my thanks.
문제를 해결하고자 회의를 열었어요.
We held a meeting in order to solve the problem.
정확한 정보를 전달하고자 다시 확인했어요.
I checked again in order to give accurate information.
-게끔
So that (emphatic) — -게끔
TOPIK II
Attach -게끔 to a verb stem, same meaning as -게 (so that/in a way that) but more emphatic — often used to stress that something was arranged or done deliberately to bring about a result.
모두가 이해할 수 있게끔 쉽게 설명해 주세요.
Please explain it simply so that everyone can understand.
아이가 혼자 할 수 있게끔 도와줬어요.
I helped in a way that let the child do it alone.
늦지 않게끔 미리 출발했어요.
I left early so that I wouldn't be late.
-ㄴ/는단다/-(이)란다
I heard that... / They say (contracted) — -ㄴ/는단다/-(이)란다
TOPIK II
A contracted, conversational form of -다고 한다 (verbs/adjectives use -ㄴ/는단다 depending on the stem, nouns use -(이)란다) used to relay something you heard, often with a slightly gentle or explanatory tone — common when talking to children or in casual storytelling.
내일부터 방학이란다.
I heard vacation starts tomorrow.
할머니가 곧 오신단다.
I heard grandma is coming soon.
동생이 매운 음식을 잘 먹는단다.
I heard my younger sibling eats spicy food well.
-다는 말이다
It means that / I'm saying that (-다는 말이다)
TOPIK II
Attach -다는 말이다 to a verb/adjective stem to clarify or emphasize what you mean — 'what I'm saying is that X' or 'it means that X.' Often used to restate a point more clearly or to sum up what was just said.
그러니까 내일은 못 온다는 말이에요.
So what I'm saying is, I can't come tomorrow.
결국 다시 해야 한다는 말이에요.
It means we have to do it again in the end.
이건 우리가 이겼다는 말이에요.
This means we won.
(이)나마
Even if just / at least (이)나마
TOPIK II
Attach (이)나마 to a noun to mean 'even if it's just X' or 'at least X' — acknowledging that something is less than ideal, but still better than nothing.
잠깐이나마 쉴 수 있어서 다행이었어요.
I was glad I could rest even if just for a moment.
적은 돈이나마 도움이 되고 싶어요.
Even if it's just a little money, I want to help.
말로나마 위로해 주고 싶었어요.
I wanted to comfort them, even if just with words.
-든(지) -든(지)
Whether... or... (-든지 -든지)
TOPIK II
Repeat -든(지) after two verbs, adjectives, or nouns to say 'whether it's A or B, it doesn't matter' — the result or choice that follows is the same either way.
비가 오든지 눈이 오든지 저는 나갈 거예요.
Whether it rains or snows, I'm going out.
네가 가든지 내가 가든지 누군가는 가야 해요.
Whether you go or I go, someone has to go.
먹든지 말든지 마음대로 하세요.
Whether you eat it or not, do as you like.
-는 등
Such as, etc. (-는 등)
TOPIK II
Attach -는 등 (or a noun + 등) after listing a few examples to mean 'such as ~, and so on' — a common way to give examples without listing everything, often in writing or news reports.
그는 노래를 부르는 등 다양한 재능이 있어요.
He has various talents, such as singing, and so on.
여행지에서는 사진을 찍는 등 즐거운 시간을 보냈어요.
At the travel destination, we had a great time, such as taking photos, and so on.
회의에서는 예산 문제 등 여러 안건을 논의했어요.
At the meeting, we discussed several matters, such as budget issues, and so on.
-(이)라든지
Such as, or something like (-(이)라든지)
TOPIK II
Attach -(이)라든지 to a noun (repeated after each example) to give a loose list of examples — similar to (이)나, but more casual, often used when listing a few options without being exhaustive.
커피라든지 차라든지 마실 걸 좀 사 올게요.
I'll go buy something to drink, like coffee or tea.
영화라든지 공연이라든지 같이 볼까요?
Should we watch something together, like a movie or a show?
주말에는 등산이라든지 낚시라든지 자주 해요.
On weekends, I often do things like hiking or fishing.
-(으)ㄹ 줄 알다/모르다
Know/don't know how to (-(으)ㄹ 줄 알다/모르다)
TOPIK II
Attach -(으)ㄹ 줄 알다 to a verb stem to say you know how to do something (a learned skill), or -(으)ㄹ 줄 모르다 to say you don't. Different from -(으)ㄹ 수 있다 (which is about general possibility) — this pattern is specifically about ability/skill.
저는 운전할 줄 알아요.
I know how to drive.
저는 수영할 줄 몰라요.
I don't know how to swim.
김치찌개를 만들 줄 아세요?
Do you know how to make kimchi stew?
-는 경향이 있다
Tend to (-는 경향이 있다)
TOPIK II
Attach -는 경향이 있다 to a verb stem (or -(으)ㄴ 경향이 있다 for an adjective) to describe a general tendency — 'X tends to happen' or 'people tend to do X.' Common in describing habits, trends, or generalizations.
저는 스트레스를 받으면 많이 먹는 경향이 있어요.
I tend to eat a lot when I'm stressed.
요즘 젊은 사람들은 결혼을 늦게 하는 경향이 있어요.
These days, young people tend to marry later.
이 회사 제품은 가격이 비싼 경향이 있어요.
This company's products tend to be expensive.
-(으)ㄹ 셈이다
Intend to / plan to (-(으)ㄹ 셈이다)
TOPIK II
Attach -(으)ㄹ 셈이다 to a verb stem to say you intend or plan to do something — a bit more deliberate/calculated in tone than -(으)ㄹ 거예요, often used when explaining the reasoning behind a plan.
돈을 모아서 집을 살 셈이에요.
I intend to save money and buy a house.
이번에는 끝까지 해낼 셈이에요.
This time, I intend to see it through to the end.
회사를 그만두고 여행을 갈 셈이에요.
I intend to quit my job and go traveling.
-는 순간
The moment that (-는 순간)
TOPIK II
Attach -는 순간 to a verb stem (or -(으)ㄴ 순간 for a completed action) to mean 'the moment that X happens/happened' — used to pinpoint the exact instant something took place, often followed by a sudden reaction or event.
문을 여는 순간 강아지가 뛰어나왔어요.
The moment I opened the door, the dog ran out.
그를 처음 본 순간 뭔가 특별하다고 느꼈어요.
The moment I first saw him, I felt something special.
발표를 시작하는 순간 갑자기 긴장이 됐어요.
The moment I started the presentation, I suddenly got nervous.
-자 (즉시)
As soon as (-자, a different -자 from 'let's')
TOPIK II
Attach -자 to a verb stem to mean 'as soon as X, Y happened' — a purely written/narrative connector, completely different in function from the propositive -자 ('let's'). Usually links two events that happened right after one another.
그가 문을 열자 찬바람이 들어왔어요.
As soon as he opened the door, a cold wind came in.
종이 울리자 학생들이 교실을 나갔어요.
As soon as the bell rang, the students left the classroom.
발표가 끝나자 사람들이 박수를 쳤어요.
As soon as the presentation ended, people applauded.
-(으)ㄹ지
Whether (embedded question) — -(으)ㄹ지
TOPIK II
Attach -(으)ㄹ지 to a verb/adjective stem to embed a question inside a sentence — 'whether X (or not)' — usually followed by a verb like 모르다, 고민이다, or 결정하다. The base building block behind compounds like -(으)ㄹ지도 모르다.
이 옷을 살지 말지 고민이에요.
I'm debating whether to buy this clothing or not.
어디로 여행을 갈지 아직 못 정했어요.
I haven't decided yet where to travel.
이 답이 맞을지 잘 모르겠어요.
I'm not sure whether this answer is correct.
N만 해도
Just N alone (example/degree) — N만 해도
TOPIK II
Attach 만 해도 to a noun to say 'just N alone (is enough to show/prove this)' — used to give one concrete example that illustrates a broader point.
저만 해도 하루에 커피를 세 잔 마셔요.
Just take me, for example — I drink three cups of coffee a day.
십 년 전만 해도 스마트폰이 없었어요.
Just 10 years ago, there were no smartphones.
이 가방 하나만 해도 제 월급의 반이에요.
Just this one bag alone is half my salary.
N은/는 물론이고
Not to mention / needless to say (N은/는 물론이고)
TOPIK II
Attach 은/는 물론이고 to a noun to mean 'not to mention N' or 'needless to say N' — used before adding an even more obvious or additional point on top of it.
그는 영어는 물론이고 중국어도 잘해요.
Not to mention English, he's also good at Chinese.
이 식당은 맛은 물론이고 서비스도 좋아요.
Not to mention the taste, this restaurant's service is also good.
주말은 물론이고 평일에도 사람이 많아요.
Not to mention weekends, it's crowded on weekdays too.
-아/어 죽겠다
Dying of ~ (extreme feeling) — -아/어 죽겠다
TOPIK II
Attach -아/어 죽겠다 to an adjective stem to express an extreme feeling — literally 'dying of X,' a common exaggeration used the same way English says 'I'm starving to death' or 'I'm dying of boredom.'
배고파 죽겠어요.
I'm starving to death.
오늘 너무 더워서 죽겠어요.
It's so hot today, I could die.
숙제가 너무 많아서 힘들어 죽겠어요.
I have so much homework, it's killing me.
-(으)ㄴ 결과
as a result of (-(으)ㄴ 결과)
TOPIK II
Used to show that a situation happened as the result of doing the action mentioned earlier.
지수는 성실하게 일한 결과 승진할 수 있었다.
As a result of working diligently, Jisu was able to get promoted.
시험에 합격한 것은 열심히 공부한 결과이다.
Passing the exam is the result of studying hard.
계획 없이 돈을 쓴 결과 일주일 만에 한 달 용돈이 바닥나 버렸다.
As a result of spending money without a plan, a month's allowance ran out in just a week.
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