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Korean grammar โ€” Master

303 grammar patterns for this level, each with a full explanation and examples.

-(์œผ)ใ„ด๋ฐ์•ผ

Given a state, nothing can be helped (-(์œผ)ใ„ด๋ฐ์•ผ)
Master

Used to show that because of the state described in the first clause, the state in the second clause is also unavoidable.

๊ณผ์ผ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ์˜ ๊ณผ์ผ ์ƒํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ ๋‚˜์œ๋ฐ์•ผ ์žฅ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž˜๋  ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†์ง€.
With the fruit at that store being in such bad condition, there's no way business could be good.
์‹ ๋ฐœ์ด ์ž‘์€๋ฐ์•ผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ณ„์† ์‹ ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”?
If the shoes are that small, how could you keep wearing them?
๋ฐฉ์ด ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ถ”์šด๋ฐ์•ผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ž๊ฒ ์–ด.
With the room this cold, how could anyone sleep here?

-๋”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค

Relaying a directly witnessed past fact, very formal (-๋”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค)
Master

A very formal ending used to relay to the listener something the speaker had personally heard or witnessed in the past.

๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์•ž๋’ค๊ฐ€ ๋งž์ง€๋„ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ง์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ณ€๋ช…์„ ๋Š˜์–ด๋†“๋”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
I heard that person made excuses that didn't even make sense.
๊ทธ ๋งˆ์„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค๋“ค ์•„์ฃผ ์นœ์ ˆํ•˜๋”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
I heard that the people of that village were all very kind.
์˜›๋‚ ์—๋Š” ์ด ๊ธธ์ด ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์ข๋”๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
I heard that this road used to be very narrow in the old days.

-๋”๋ž€๋“ค

Not minding despite a hypothetical fact (-๋”๋ž€๋“ค)
Master

Used to show that even if the recalled circumstance were true, the speaker wouldn't be much bothered by it.

์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ธธ๋กœ ๊ฐ”๋”๋ž€๋“ค ํ—ค๋งค์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”?
Even if we had taken a different road there, could we really have avoided getting lost?
๊ทธ๋•Œ ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ์„œ๋‘˜๋ €๋”๋ž€๋“ค ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์กŒ์„๊นŒ?
Even if I had hurried a bit more back then, would the result have really been different?
๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์•Œ์•˜๋”๋ž€๋“ค ๋ญ˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ฒ ์–ด.
Even if I had known beforehand, what could I really have done?

-๋”๋ผ๋งŒ

Conceding a recalled fact (-๋”๋ผ๋งŒ)
Master

Used to acknowledge something recalled from personal experience while showing it doesn't affect or contradicts what follows.

์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ์žฅ์ด ๋‚ฌ๋”๋ผ๋งŒ, ์•„์ง ์“ธ ๋งŒํ•œ๊ฑธ?
I recall the computer was broken, but it still seems usable, doesn't it?
๋‚ ์”จ๊ฐ€ ์ถฅ๋”๋ผ๋งŒ, ์˜ท์„ ์–‡๊ฒŒ ์ž…๊ณ  ๋‚˜์™”๋‹ค.
I remember it was cold, but I still went out wearing thin clothes.
๊ทธ ๊ฐ€๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ซ์•˜๋”๋ผ๋งŒ, ๋‹ค์‹œ ์—ด์—ˆ๋‚˜ ๋ณด๋‹ค.
I recall that store was closed, but it seems to have reopened.

-๋”๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ๋Š”

Emphasizing a directly witnessed fact (-๋”๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ๋Š”)
Master

An emphatic form of -๋”๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ, used to stress something the speaker personally heard or saw.

์—ฌ๋ฆ„์ด์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฐ ์œ„์— ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ€๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ถฅ๋”๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ๋Š”.
Even though it's summer, it was really cold once I climbed the mountain, I'm telling you.
๊ทธ ์‹๋‹น ์Œ์‹์ด ์ •๋ง ๋ง›์žˆ๋”๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ๋Š”.
That restaurant's food was really delicious, I'm telling you.
์–ด์ œ ๋ณธ ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์ง„์งœ ๊ฐ๋™์ ์ด๋”๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ๋Š”.
The movie I saw yesterday was really moving, I'm telling you.

-์Ÿ€๋Š”๋ฐ

Contrasting a past heard proposal (-์Ÿ€๋Š”๋ฐ)
Master

Used to relay a proposal heard in the past while adding a fact that contrasts with or relates to it.

์Šน๊ทœ๊ฐ€ ์ ์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋จน์Ÿ€๋Š”๋ฐ ์–ธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์„๊นŒ?
Seunggyu suggested we eat lunch together โ€” when would be good?
์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์—ฌํ–‰ ๊ฐ€์Ÿ€๋Š”๋ฐ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋งž์„์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋‹ค.
My friend suggested we travel together, but I'm not sure our schedules will match.
๋™๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ•˜์Ÿ€๋Š”๋ฐ ์•„์ง ๋‹ต์„ ๋ชป ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
My coworker suggested we work on the project together, but I haven't answered yet.

-์žฌ์•ผ

Setting a proposal as a condition (-์žฌ์•ผ)
Master

Used to show that a heard proposal or suggestion becomes the condition for the following statement.

์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋จน์žฌ์•ผ ์ˆ˜์ €๋ฅผ ๋“ ๋‹ค.
The children only pick up their spoons if their father suggests eating.
ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด ์‰ฌ์žฌ์•ผ ์ž๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚œ๋‹ค.
The students only get up from their seats if the teacher suggests a break.
๋™์ƒ์€ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฌ์•ผ ๊ฒจ์šฐ ๋”ฐ๋ผ๋‚˜์„ ๋‹ค.
My younger sibling only reluctantly follows along if I suggest going.

-์žฌ์„œ์•ผ

Doubting a heard proposal (-์žฌ์„œ์•ผ)
Master

Used to quote a proposal while raising doubt about it or judging it negatively.

๋‚˜๋Š” ํ•  ๋ง๋„ ์—†๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ ์• ํ•œํ…Œ ํŽธ์ง€๋ฅผ ์“ฐ์žฌ์„œ์•ผ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์–ด?
I have nothing to say โ€” how could I possibly write that kid a letter just because someone suggested it?
๋ˆ๋„ ์—†๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด ๋น„์‹ผ ๊ฑธ ์‚ฌ์žฌ์„œ์•ผ ์‚ด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜.
I don't even have money โ€” how could I buy this expensive thing just because someone suggested it?
์ค€๋น„๋„ ์•ˆ ๋๋Š”๋ฐ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋– ๋‚˜์žฌ์„œ์•ผ ๋– ๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์–ด?
We're not even ready โ€” how could we possibly leave now just because someone suggested it?

-์ž์˜ค

Relaying a heard proposal, moderately formal (-์ž์˜ค)
Master

Used to relay to the listener a proposal or suggestion the speaker had heard from someone else.

๊น€ ์„ ์ƒ์ด ๊ฐ™์ด ์‹์‚ฌํ•˜์ž์˜ค.
Teacher Kim suggested we eat together.
์ด์›ƒ์ง‘์—์„œ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ฒญ์†Œํ•˜์ž์˜ค.
The neighbors suggested we clean together.
๋™๋„ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ชจ์ด์ž์˜ค.
The people in the neighborhood suggested we all gather together.

-์ž๋””

Asking about a heard proposal, casual (-์ž๋””)
Master

A very casual ending used to ask the listener about a proposal or suggestion they had previously heard about.

์ฃผ๋ง์— ์–ด๋””์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚˜์ž๋””?
Where did they say we should meet this weekend?
์ ์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๋ญ˜ ๋จน์ž๋””?
What did they suggest we eat for lunch?
์˜ํ™”๋Š” ๋ช‡ ์‹œ์— ๋ณด์ž๋””?
What time did they suggest we watch the movie?

-(์œผ)๋ จ

Asking about intention, casual (-(์œผ)๋ จ)
Master

A casual, familiar ending used to warmly ask whether the listener intends to do something.

๋ณ„๋กœ ์˜ˆ์˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋„ ์ž…์œผ๋ จ?
It's not that pretty, but do you want to wear at least this one?
๋ฐฐ๊ณ ํ”„๋ฉด ์ด ๋นต์ด๋ผ๋„ ์ข€ ๋จน์œผ๋ จ?
If you're hungry, do you want to eat at least this bread?
ํ”ผ๊ณคํ•ด ๋ณด์ด๋Š”๋ฐ ์ข€ ์‰ฌ์—ˆ๋‹ค ๊ฐ€๋ ค๋ จ?
You look tired โ€” do you want to rest a bit before going?

-(์ด)๋ž๋””๋‹ค

Relaying a past heard fact, moderately formal (-(์ด)๋ž๋””๋‹ค)
Master

Used when the speaker relays to the listener something they had personally heard was true in the past.

์ฑ…์€ ๋งˆ์Œ์˜ ์–‘์‹์ด๋ž๋””๋‹ค.
I once heard that books are nourishment for the mind.
๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ด ๋งˆ์„์˜ ์ฒซ ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ด๋ž๋””๋‹ค.
I heard that person was the first resident of this village.
์ด ๊ทธ๋ฆผ์ด ํ™”๊ฐ€์˜ ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์ด๋ž๋””๋‹ค.
I heard this painting was the artist's last work.

-(์ด)๋ž๋””๊นŒ

Asking about a past heard fact, very formal (-(์ด)๋ž๋””๊นŒ)
Master

A very formal ending used to ask the listener about something they had heard was true in the past.

์–ธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋ง์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋ญ๋ž๋””๊นŒ?
After your sister heard that, what did she say it was?
๊ทธ ์†Œ๋ฌธ์˜ ์ง„์งœ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋ญ๋ž๋””๊นŒ?
What did they say the real reason for that rumor was?
์‚ฌ์žฅ๋‹˜์ด ์ด๋ฒˆ ๊ฒฐ์ •์˜ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์ด ๋ญ๋ž๋””๊นŒ?
What did the boss say was the reason behind this decision?

-(์ด)๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค

Relaying a heard fact, very formal (-(์ด)๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค)
Master

A very formal ending used when the speaker relays to the listener something they heard was true.

์Šน๊ทœ๊ฐ€ ํ•™๊ธ‰ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
I heard Seunggyu is the class representative.
์ด ๋ฐ˜์ง€๊ฐ€ ํ• ๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์œ ํ’ˆ์ด๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
I heard this ring is a keepsake from Grandmother.
์ € ์‹๋‹น์ด ์ด ๋™๋„ค์—์„œ ์ œ์ผ ๋ง›์ง‘์ด๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
I heard that restaurant is the best place to eat in this neighborhood.

-(์ด)๋ž๋‹ˆ๊นŒ

Asking about a heard fact, very formal (-(์ด)๋ž๋‹ˆ๊นŒ)
Master

A very formal ending used to ask the listener about something they heard was true earlier.

๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ง€์ˆ˜ ์”จ ๋™์ƒ์ด๋ž๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
Who is said to be Jisu's younger sibling?
์ € ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ธด ๋„์„œ๊ด€์ด๋ž๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
Is that building said to be the newly built library?
์ด๊ฒŒ ์ •๋ง ์˜ค๋Š˜๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๋งˆ๊ฐ์ด๋ž๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
Is this really said to be the deadline until today?

-(์ด)๋ž„

Modifying with an assumed statement (-(์ด)๋ž„)
Master

Attached to a noun predicate, used to hypothesize what someone might call or say about something, modifying the noun that follows.

์ด ๊ณต๋ถ€๋Š” ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ณต๋ถ€์˜ ์ฒซ๊ฑธ์Œ์ด๋ž„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค.
This study could be called the first step of what I want to study going forward.
๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ˜์˜ ๋Œ€ํ‘œ๋ž„ ๋งŒํ•œ ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋‹ค.
That person is a student who could be called our class's representative.
์ด๊ฑด ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ž„ ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์—†๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ๋ฌธ์ œ์˜€๋‹ค.
This was a small problem that couldn't even be called a mistake.

-์œผ๋žฌ๋Š”๋ฐ

Was told to X, but... (past), batchim stem (-์œผ๋žฌ๋Š”๋ฐ)
Master

Attached to a consonant-final stem, used to convey an order the speaker heard in the past, implying that the following content contrasts with or relates to it.

์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด๋ฐฐ๋Š” ๋‹น๋ถ„๊ฐ„ ์ฐธ์œผ๋žฌ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ฐธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ํž˜๋“ค๋‹ค.
The doctor told me to hold off on smoking for a while, but it's really hard to resist.
์—„๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ์•„์นจ์€ ๊ผญ ๋จน์œผ๋žฌ๋Š”๋ฐ ์•„์นจ์— ๋ฐฅ ๋จน์„ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์—†์–ด.
Mom told me to always eat breakfast, but I don't have time to eat in the morning.
์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๊ป˜์„œ ์ฃผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ ์œผ๋žฌ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์ฃผ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ์•ˆ ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.
The teacher told me to write down my address, but I suddenly couldn't remember it.

-์œผ๋ž˜์•ผ

Only if told to X, batchim stem (-์œผ๋ž˜์•ผ)
Master

Attached to a consonant-final stem, used to indicate that a preceding order or request is the requirement for the following statement.

์ฃผ์ธ์ด ๋จน์œผ๋ž˜์•ผ ๋จน์ง€.
I'll only eat if the owner tells me to.
๋„ˆ๋Š” ์–ธ์ œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์—„๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ์”ป์œผ๋ž˜์•ผ ์”ป์„ ๊ฑฐ๋‹ˆ?
Until when will you only wash up if Mom tells you to?
์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์•„๋“ค์€ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ฑ… ์ข€ ์ฝ์œผ๋ž˜์•ผ ๊ฒจ์šฐ ์ฝ๋Š” ์ฒ™์„ ํ•ด์š”.
My son only barely pretends to read when I tell him to.

-์œผ๋ž˜์„œ์•ผ

Questioning an order, batchim stem (-์œผ๋ž˜์„œ์•ผ)
Master

Attached to a consonant-final stem, used to convey an order while questioning or making a negative judgment about it.

์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š๋Š” ์ฑ…์„ ์ฝ์œผ๋ž˜์„œ์•ผ ์žฌ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์–ด?
How could it be fun if I'm told to read a book I don't even like?
์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ์ผ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ ๋„ ์ฐธ์œผ๋ž˜์„œ์•ผ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ๊ต์œก์ด๋ผ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
If we're told to just endure seeing something wrong, can that really be called proper education?
์ž๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ญ˜ ์ž˜๋ชปํ–ˆ๋Š”์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ฐ˜์„ฑ๋ฌธ์„ ์ ์œผ๋ž˜์„œ์•ผ ์ ์„ ๊ฒŒ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋‹ˆ?
If he's told to write a reflection without even knowing what he did wrong, will there be anything to write?

-์œผ๋ž˜๋ผ

Relay this order, very informal, batchim stem (-์œผ๋ž˜๋ผ)
Master

A very formal, highly addressee-lowering expression, attached to a consonant-final stem, used to tell someone to convey a certain order.

๋จผ์ € ์˜จ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋ณด๊ณ  ์•ž์— ์•‰์œผ๋ž˜๋ผ.
Tell whoever came first to sit in front.
์•„์ด๋“คํ•œํ…Œ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์™€์„œ ๋ฐฅ ๋จน์œผ๋ž˜๋ผ.
Tell the kids to come eat quickly.
์Šน๊ทœ๋”๋Ÿฌ ์ง€์ €๋ถ„ํ•ด ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ˆ˜์—ผ ์ข€ ๊นŽ์œผ๋ž˜๋ผ.
Tell Seunggyu to shave off that messy-looking beard.

-์œผ๋ž˜๋„

Even though told to X, but... batchim stem (-์œผ๋ž˜๋„)
Master

Attached to a consonant-final stem, used to indicate that despite an order or request, an irrelevant or opposing content follows.

๋ฐฅ์„ ๋จน์œผ๋ž˜๋„ ์•ˆ ๋จน๋”๋‹ˆ ์ง€๊ธˆ์— ์™€์„œ ๋ฐฐ๊ณ ํ”„๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ผ๋ฉด์„ ๋จน๋Š”๋‹จ๋‹ค.
I told him to eat, but he didn't โ€” now he says he's hungry and eats instant noodles.
๋‚ ์”จ๊ฐ€ ์ถฅ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‘๊ป๊ฒŒ ์ž…์œผ๋ž˜๋„ ๋ฉ‹์„ ๋ถ€๋ฆฌ๋А๋ผ ์–‡๊ฒŒ ์ž…๋”๋‹ˆ ๊ฐ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฑธ๋ ธ๊ตฌ๋‚˜.
I told him to dress warmly since it's cold, but he dressed thin to look stylish and caught a cold.
์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋‹ฆ์œผ๋ž˜๋„ ๋ง์„ ์•ˆ ๋“ฃ๋”๋‹ˆ ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ฉ์–ด์„œ ์น˜๊ณผ์— ๊ฐ€์š”.
Even though told to brush her teeth well, the child didn't listen and now has to go to the dentist for a cavity.

-์œผ๋ž๋””๋‹ค

Relaying an order heard in person, formal, batchim stem (-์œผ๋ž๋””๋‹ค)
Master

A formal, moderately addressee-raising expression, attached to a consonant-final stem, used to convey an order the speaker heard in person.

๋‚จํŽธ์ด ์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ๋œ์žฅ์ฐŒ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ๋“์—ฌ ๋†“์œผ๋ž๋””๋‹ค.
My husband said to have soybean paste stew ready today.
์ง์›์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋จผ์ € ์™”์œผ๋‹ˆ ์•ž์— ์•‰์œผ๋ž๋””๋‹ค.
The employee said since we came first, we should sit in front.
์Šน๊ทœ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ๋‚ ์ด ์ถ”์šฐ๋‹ˆ ๋‚˜์˜ค์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ  ์ง‘์— ์žˆ์œผ๋ž๋””๋‹ค.
Seunggyu said since it's cold today, we shouldn't go out and should stay home.

-์œผ๋ž๋””๊นŒ

Asking about an order heard in person, very formal, batchim stem (-์œผ๋ž๋””๊นŒ)
Master

A very formal, highly addressee-raising expression, attached to a consonant-final stem, used to ask about an order the listener heard in person.

์ •๋ถ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋”๋Ÿฌ ์–ธ์ œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ”ผํ•ด๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ฐธ์œผ๋ž๋””๊นŒ?
Until when did the government say we should just endure this damage?
๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ๋„ ๋ชป ๋ณธ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์นจ๋ฌตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ž๋””๊นŒ?
Did they say to stay silent as if we saw nothing?
์•ฝ์€ ์–ธ์ œ ๋จน์œผ๋ž๋””๊นŒ?
When did they say to take the medicine, again?

-์œผ๋ž๋‹ˆ๊นŒ

Asking about a known order, very formal, batchim stem (-์œผ๋ž๋‹ˆ๊นŒ)
Master

A very formal, highly addressee-raising expression, attached to a consonant-final stem, used to ask the listener about an order they already know from having heard it.

๋‹ต์„ ์–ธ์ œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ฐพ์œผ๋ž๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
Until when am I supposed to find the answer, again?
๋ฐฅ์„ ํ˜ผ์ž์„œ ๋จน์œผ๋ž๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
Am I supposed to eat alone, again?
๊ณ„๊ธ‰์— ์ƒ๊ด€์—†์ด ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฐ”๋‹ฅ์— ์•‰์œผ๋ž๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
Is everyone, regardless of rank, supposed to sit on the floor?

-์œผ๋ž„

Quoted order, modifying a clause, batchim stem (-์œผ๋ž„)
Master

Attached to a consonant-final stem, used to convey an order while it modifies the following statement.

์•„์ง ์•„์ด์ธ๋ฐ ํ˜ผ์ž ์ง‘์— ์žˆ์œผ๋ž„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†๊ณ  ํฐ์ผ์ด๋‹ค.
They're still a child, so it's a real problem โ€” I can't just tell them to stay home alone.
๋„ˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฅ ๋จน์œผ๋ž„ ๋•Œ ์•ˆ ๋จน๊ณ  ์™œ ๋ฐค๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ๊ณ ํ”„๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋‹ˆ?
Why don't you eat when told to, and then say you're hungry late at night?
์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด ๊ธฐ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฐœ์—๊ฒŒ ์•‰์œผ๋ž„ ๋•Œ ์•‰๋„๋ก ํ›ˆ๋ จ์„ ์‹œ์ผฐ๋‹ค.
Jisu trained her dog to sit whenever told to.

-์œผ๋ž€

Quoted order, modifying a noun, batchim stem (-์œผ๋ž€)
Master

Attached to a consonant-final stem, used to convey an order while it modifies the following noun.

๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์žก์œผ๋ž€ ๋ง์€ ํ•œ ์ ์ด ์—†๋Š”๋ฐ.
I never said to catch that.
๋‚ด ์–˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ €์ชฝ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์ž์— ์•‰์œผ๋ž€ ์–˜๊ธฐ์˜€์–ด.
What I meant was to sit in the chair over there.
๋„ค๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ๋‚˜ํ•œํ…Œ ํ•œ ๋ง์€ ์ฃฝ์œผ๋ž€ ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ์‹ฌํ•œ ๋ง์ด์•ผ.
What you just said to me is worse than telling me to die.

-์œผ๋ผ์ง€๋งŒ

Granted told to X, but... batchim stem (-์œผ๋ผ์ง€๋งŒ)
Master

Attached to a consonant-final stem, used to mention an order the speaker already knows about while indicating a different actual situation or opinion.

์Œ์‹์€ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ  ๋‹ค ๋จน์œผ๋ผ์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์”ฉ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ๋Š” ํŽธ์ด์—์š”.
I'm told to finish all my food without leaving any, but I usually leave a little.
์ฒญ์†Œ๋…„ ๋•Œ ๋ฌธํ•™ ์ž‘ํ’ˆ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ์ฝ์œผ๋ผ์ง€๋งŒ ํ•™๊ต ๊ณต๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋น ์„œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์—†์–ด์š”.
I'm told to read a lot of literature as a teenager, but I don't have time because of school.
์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋Š˜ ๋ฐ–์ด ์‹œ๋„๋Ÿฝ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ซ์œผ๋ผ์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ๋‹ต๋‹ตํ•ด์„œ ์—ด์–ด ๋‘๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•ด์š”.
Jisu always tells me to close the door because it's noisy outside, but I feel stuffy and like leaving it open.

-์œผ๋ผ์ฃ 

Confirming a known order, batchim stem (-์œผ๋ผ์ฃ )
Master

A polite, casual expression, attached to a consonant-final stem, used to confirm and ask about an order the speaker already knows.

์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ป˜์„œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ์ข‹๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋‹ค ๋จน์œผ๋ผ์ฃ ?
Your mother said it's good for your health so you should eat it all, right?
์˜์‚ฌ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด ๋‹ด๋ฐฐ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋Š์œผ๋ผ์ฃ ?
The doctor told you to quit smoking first, right?
์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ”๋น ๋„ ํ•œ ๋‹ฌ์— ์ฑ… ํ•œ ๊ถŒ์€ ์ฝ์œผ๋ผ์ฃ ?
No matter how busy, you were told to read at least one book a month, right?

-์œผ๋ผ์ž

Suggesting to jointly demand X, batchim stem (-์œผ๋ผ์ž)
Master

A very formal, highly addressee-lowering expression, attached to a consonant-final stem, used to suggest to the listener that the speaker and listener jointly demand a certain act from someone else.

์ง€์ˆ˜๋ณด๊ณ  ์ด๋ฒˆ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ๋งŒ ์ฐธ์œผ๋ผ์ž.
Let's tell Jisu to be patient just this once.
๋จผ์ € ์˜จ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์•ž์— ์•‰์œผ๋ผ์ž.
Let's tell whoever arrived first to sit in front.
์Šน๊ทœ๋”๋Ÿฌ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋นผ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋“ค์ด๋ž‘ ๋จน์œผ๋ผ์ž.
Let's tell Seunggyu to just eat with his family, without us.

-์œผ๋ผ์˜ค

Relaying an order, moderately formal, batchim stem (-์œผ๋ผ์˜ค)
Master

A formal, moderately addressee-raising expression, attached to a consonant-final stem, used to convey another person's order or request.

์•  ์—„๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ์ € ์•„์ด๋ฅผ ์ข€ ์žก์œผ๋ผ์˜ค.
The child's mother says to catch that kid.
์žƒ์–ด๋ฒ„๋ฆฐ ์—ด์‡ ๋ฅผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋”๋Ÿฌ ์ฐพ์œผ๋ผ์˜ค.
They say we should find the lost key.
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ™์ด ์‹œํ—˜์„ ์ž˜ ๋ณด๋ ค๋ฉด ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ์ฝ์œผ๋ผ์˜ค.
Everyone says you should read the textbook well to do well on the exam.

-์œผ๋ผ๋ฉด์„œ

You told me to X, so why...? batchim stem (-์œผ๋ผ๋ฉด์„œ)
Master

Attached to a consonant-final stem, used to question someone about an order or recommendation they already gave.

์ž˜ ๋“ค์œผ๋ผ๋ฉด์„œ ์™œ ์ €๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ž‘์€ ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ๋งํ•ด?
You told me to listen well, so why are you speaking so quietly?
๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ผ๋ฉด์„œ ์™œ ์•„์ง ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ์•ˆ ๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์•ผ?
You told me to receive it quickly, so why haven't you sent the item yet?
์ƒˆ๋กœ ์‚ฐ ์˜ท์„ ์ž…์œผ๋ผ๋ฉด์„œ ๋นจ์•„ ๋ฒ„๋ ธ๋„ค?
You told me to wear the new clothes, but you washed them?

-์œผ๋ผ๋””

Asking what order was given, very informal, batchim stem (-์œผ๋ผ๋””)
Master

A very formal, highly addressee-lowering expression, attached to a consonant-final stem, used to ask the listener what another person ordered or requested.

๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์Œ์‹ ์ค‘์— ๋ฌด์—‡๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋จน์œผ๋ผ๋””?
What did they say to eat first among the various foods, again?
์˜ค๋Š˜ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์—๋Š” ์–ด๋–ค ์˜ท์„ ์ž…์œผ๋ผ๋””?
What clothes did they say to wear for today's event, again?
ํ•™์  ์ž˜ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ ค๋ฉด ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ฑ…์„ ์ฝ์œผ๋ผ๋””?
What book did they say to read to get good grades, again?

-(์œผ)๋ผ๋ฐ

Conveying a past order, moderate register (-(์œผ)๋ผ๋ฐ)
Master

A formal, moderately addressee-lowering expression used to indirectly express something by conveying an order or request the speaker heard in the past.

์—„๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฅ์ด ๋ณด์•ฝ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ž˜ ์ฑ™๊ฒจ ๋จน์œผ๋ผ๋ฐ.
Mom said food is medicine and told me to eat well.
์ฑ…์— ๋‹ต์€ ์—†์–ด๋„ ๊ธธ์€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ข€ ์ฝ์œผ๋ผ๋ฐ.
They said a book may not have answers but shows a way, so they told me to read.
๊ฒฉ์‹์— ๋งž๋Š” ์˜ท์„ ์ข€ ์ฐจ๋ ค์ž…์œผ๋ผ๋ฐ.
They told me to dress in something more formal.

-(์œผ)๋ผ๋˜๋ฐ์š”

Indirectly conveying a known order, trailing off (-(์œผ)๋ผ๋˜๋ฐ์š”)
Master

A polite expression used to indirectly express something, by conveying an order heard earlier in an unfinished sentence.

์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„๊ธฐ ๋ง๊ณ  ์ € ์‚ฌ์ง„๊ธฐ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ฐ์œผ๋ผ๋˜๋ฐ์š”.
I heard we're supposed to take the photo with that camera, not this one...
๋ฐ• ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ฏค ํ›„์— ์†Œํฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š”๋ฐ ์ž๊ธฐ ๋Œ€์‹  ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ผ๋˜๋ฐ์š”.
Assistant Manager Park said a package will arrive in about an hour and asked us to receive it in his place...
๋„ค. ์ž๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ข€ ๋Šฆ์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์œผ๋‹ˆ ์ €ํฌ๋ณด๊ณ  ํ‘œ ๋จผ์ € ๋Š์œผ๋ผ๋˜๋ฐ์š”.
Yes. He said he might be a bit late, so he told us to buy the tickets first...

-(์œผ)๋ผ๋”๋ผ๊ณ 

Recalling an order heard in person (-(์œผ)๋ผ๋”๋ผ๊ณ )
Master

An informal, addressee-lowering expression used to recall an order the speaker directly heard in person.

์Šน๊ทœ๊ฐ€ ๊ธˆ๋ฐฉ ์˜ฌ ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ผ๋”๋ผ๊ณ .
Seunggyu said he'd be right here, so I was told to wait here.
ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „์—์„œ ๋ดค๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋จน์„ ๋•Œ ์•ผ์ฑ„์™€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋จน์œผ๋ผ๋”๋ผ๊ณ .
I saw on TV that you're supposed to eat meat together with vegetables.
๋‚จํŽธ์ด ๋‚˜๋Š” ์›ƒ๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์˜ˆ์˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์ง„ ์ฐ์„ ๋•Œ ๊ผญ ๋ฏธ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ง€์œผ๋ผ๋”๋ผ๊ณ .
My husband said my smile looks pretty, so he told me to always smile when taking pictures.

-(์œผ)๋ผ๋”๋ผ

Conveying an order, very informal (-(์œผ)๋ผ๋”๋ผ)
Master

A very formal, highly addressee-lowering expression used to tell or convey someone's order or request to the listener.

๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ด ํŽธ์ง€๋Š” ๋‚˜์ค‘์— ์ฝ์œผ๋ผ๋”๋ผ.
That person said to read this letter later.
์ด ์„œ๋ฅ˜๋“ค์€ ๋ด‰ํˆฌ์— ์ž˜ ๋„ฃ์œผ๋ผ๋”๋ผ.
I was told to put these documents neatly in the envelope.
ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ๋ฅผ ์นœ ๋’ค์—๋Š” ๋จผ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์•‰์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋šœ๊ป‘์„ ๋ฎ์œผ๋ผ๋”๋ผ.
I was told to close the lid after playing the piano since dust could settle on it.

-(์œผ)๋ผ๋”๋‹ˆ

Mentioning a known order, then continuing (-(์œผ)๋ผ๋”๋‹ˆ)
Master

Used to mention an order the speaker knows from having heard it, then connect it to a statement about an unexpected situation.

๊ฐ์ž ์ž๊ธฐ ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์„ ์ฐพ์œผ๋ผ๋”๋‹ˆ ๋‚ด ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ์€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์—†๋Š”๊ฑธ?
They said each of us should find our own bag, but mine isn't here?
๋ฐ€๊ฐ€๋ฃจ ๋ฐ˜์ฃฝ์— ๋ฌผ์„ ๋” ๋ถ€์œผ๋ผ๋”๋‹ˆ ๋ฐ˜์ฃฝ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋ฌด๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ž–์•„.
They said to add more water to the flour dough, and now the dough is too soft.
์•„๊นŒ๋Š” ๋งˆ์Œ๊ป ๋จน์œผ๋ผ๋”๋‹ˆ ์ด์ œ ์™€์„œ ์Œ์‹์ด ๋ชจ์ž๋ž€๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด.
They said to eat as much as we wanted earlier โ€” now saying there's not enough food doesn't make sense.

-(์œผ)๋ผ๋”๊ตฐ์š”

Conveying a newly-heard order, polite (-(์œผ)๋ผ๋”๊ตฐ์š”)
Master

A polite, addressee-raising expression used to convey a newly-heard order or request to the listener.

์ด ์ผ์€ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ˆ ์Šน๊ทœ ์”จ๊ฐ€ ๋งก์œผ๋ผ๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
I heard they said Seunggyu should take on this task since it's important.
์„œ๋ฅ˜ ์ค‘์— ๋น ์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ญ”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ฐพ์œผ๋ผ๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
I heard they said to find whatever document is missing from the set.
ํ•  ์ผ์ด ๋งŽ์œผ๋‹ˆ ๋ฐฅ์€ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋จน์œผ๋ผ๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
I heard they said to eat quickly and simply since there's a lot of work to do.

-(์œผ)๋ผ๋”๊ตฐ

Conveying a newly-heard order, casual (-(์œผ)๋ผ๋”๊ตฐ)
Master

An informal, addressee-lowering expression used to convey a newly-heard order to the listener.

๋‚ด์ผ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ์˜ท์„ ์ž…์œผ๋ผ๋”๊ตฐ.
I heard we're supposed to wear these clothes at tomorrow's event.
๊ทธ ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๋ ค๋ฉด ์ด ์ฑ…์„ ๋จผ์ € ์ฝ์œผ๋ผ๋”๊ตฐ.
I heard you're supposed to read this book first to understand the content.
์•„์ง ํšŒ์˜๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋„ค. ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ผ๋”๊ตฐ.
The meeting isn't over yet โ€” I was told to keep waiting.

-(์œผ)๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ๋Š”

Re-stressing an order strongly, casual (-(์œผ)๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ๋Š”)
Master

An informal, addressee-lowering expression used to strongly stress an order one more time, when the listener does not obey.

๊ฒŒ์ž„ ๊ทธ๋งŒํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฐฅ ๋จน์œผ๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ๋Š”!
Stop the game and eat, I said!
๋งŒํ™”์ฑ…๋งŒ ๋ณด์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ  ์ฑ…์„ ์ฝ์œผ๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ๋Š”!
Don't just read comics โ€” read real books, I said!
๋ง์ฝ ๋ถ€๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ  ์–Œ์ „ํžˆ ์ข€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ๋Š”!
Don't cause trouble, just sit still, I said!

-(์œผ)๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ์•ผ

Given the order, there's no choice but to... (-(์œผ)๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ์•ผ)
Master

Used to indicate that, given the order or recommendation heard, the speaker has no choice but to follow it under the circumstances.

์ž๊พธ ์„ ๋ฌผ์„ ์‚ฌ์–‘ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ  ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ์•ผ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋ฐ›์•„์•ผ์ง€ ์–ด์ฉŒ๊ฒ ์–ด.
Since they keep telling me not to refuse the gift and just accept it, I guess I have to.
๋‹ค๋“ค ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ์ž„์˜ ํšŒ์žฅ์„ ๋งก์œผ๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ์•ผ ๋” ์ด์ƒ ๋บ„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๋”๋ผ๊ณ .
Since everyone keeps telling me to take on the club presidency, I couldn't keep declining.
์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง ๋ง›์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ์กฐ๊ธˆ์ด๋ผ๋„ ๋จน์œผ๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ์•ผ ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ๋„ ๋จน์–ด์•ผ๊ฒ ๋”๋ผ.
Since Jisu kept saying it was really delicious and telling me to eat at least a little, I had to eat even though I was full.

-(์œผ)๋ผ๋‚จ

Gently refuting an order, very informal (-(์œผ)๋ผ๋‚จ)
Master

A very formal, highly addressee-lowering expression used to gently refute an order.

๋ง›์—†์–ด์„œ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ๋ ค๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์™œ ๋‚˜๋ณด๊ณ  ๋จน์œผ๋ผ๋‚จ.
Why tell me to eat it when you were about to throw it out for being bad?
์ž๊ธฐ๋„ ๋ฌด๊ฑฐ์›Œ์„œ ๋ชป ๋“ค๋ฉด์„œ ์™œ ๋‚˜ ํ˜ผ์ž ๋“ค์œผ๋ผ๋‚จ.
You can't even lift it yourself since it's heavy โ€” why tell me to carry it alone?
์ง€๊ธˆ ๋›ฐ์–ด๊ฐ€๋„ ๋ฒ„์Šค๋ฅผ ์žก์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ๊ฑด๋ฐ ์™œ ์žก์œผ๋ผ๋‚จ.
Even if I run now I won't catch the bus โ€” why tell me to catch it?

-(์œผ)๋ผ๊ณค

Quoting an order, contracted (-(์œผ)๋ผ๊ณค)
Master

A contracted form of -(์œผ)๋ผ๊ณ ๋Š”, used to quote an order and give its opposite fact.

๋„ˆํ•œํ…Œ ๋‚ด ์†Œํฌ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹  ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ผ๊ณค ์•ˆ ํ–ˆ์–ด.
I didn't tell you to receive my package for me.
์Šน๊ทœ ์”จ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ตณ์ด ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋งก์œผ๋ผ๊ณค ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์–ด.
I couldn't bring myself to tell Seunggyu to take on even this task.
๊ทธ ๋งŽ์€ ์Œ์‹๋“ค์„ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ  ๋‹ค ๋จน์œผ๋ผ๊ณค ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์ง€.
I never said to finish all that food without leaving any.

-(์œผ)๋ผ๊ณ ๋Š”

Quoting an order, then contrasting it (-(์œผ)๋ผ๊ณ ๋Š”)
Master

Used to quote an order or request while stating a fact that contrasts with it.

์—ฌ๊ธฐ ํ’๊ฒฝ์„ ์ฐ์œผ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ง€ ๋‚ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์„ ์ฐ์œผ๋ผ๊ณ ๋Š” ํ•œ ์ ์ด ์—†๋Š”๋ฐ.
I said to photograph the scenery here โ€” I never told you to photograph me.
์ง€์ˆ˜ํ•œํ…Œ ์–ต์ง€๋กœ ๊ทธ ์ผ์„ ๋งก์œผ๋ผ๊ณ ๋Š” ํ•œ ์ ์ด ์—†๋Š”๋ฐ ์™œ ์ž์›ํ•ด ๋†“๊ณ  ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์‹ซ๋Œ€?
I never forced Jisu to take on that job โ€” why does she volunteer and then not want to do it?
์„ ๋ฌผ์„ ๋งก์•„ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ง€ ํฌ์žฅ์„ ๋œฏ์œผ๋ผ๊ณ ๋Š” ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์–ด.
I asked you to hold onto the gift โ€” I never told you to unwrap it.

-์žฌ๋„

Even suggesting X, but... (-์žฌ๋„)
Master

Used to indicate that although the preceding statement suggests or recommends doing something together, the following content is unrelated or the opposite.

์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ๋ฐฅ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋จน์žฌ๋„ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์š”์ƒˆ ํ†ต ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์—†๋‹ค.
Even though my friends suggest getting a meal together, I have absolutely no time these days.
์Šน๊ทœ๋Š” ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ฒœ์ฒœํžˆ ๊ฐ€์žฌ๋„ ์ดˆ์กฐํ•ดํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์žฌ์ด‰ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Even though I suggested going slowly, Seunggyu got anxious and rushed me.
์ด์ œ ๊ทธ๋งŒ ์ž์žฌ๋„ ์•„์ด๋Š” ๋†€์ด์— ์ •์‹ ์ด ํŒ”๋ ค ์ž˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ์•ˆ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Even when I suggest it's time to sleep, the child is too absorbed in playing to think about sleeping.

-์žก๋””๋‹ค

Relaying a suggestion heard in person, very formal (-์žก๋””๋‹ค)
Master

A very formal, highly addressee-raising expression used to convey a recommendation the speaker heard in person.

์ง‘์— ๊ฐ€๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ  ํ•œ์ž” ํ•˜์žก๋””๋‹ค.
I was about to go home, but a friend suggested having a drink.
๋‚จํŽธ์ด ๋น„์‹ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์†ŒํŒŒ๋Š” ์‚ฌ์ง€ ๋ง์žก๋””๋‹ค.
My husband said it was expensive and suggested we not buy that sofa.
์Šน๊ทœ๊ฐ€ ์ €๋…์—๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์•ˆ ๋˜๋‹ˆ ์ ์‹ฌ ๋•Œ ๋งŒ๋‚˜์žก๋””๋‹ค.
Seunggyu said he wasn't free in the evening and suggested meeting at lunchtime.

-์žก๋””๊นŒ

Asking about a suggestion heard in person, very formal (-์žก๋””๊นŒ)
Master

A very formal, highly addressee-raising expression used to ask about a suggestion the listener heard in person.

์™œ ์œ„์—์„œ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ์ผ์€ ์กฐ์šฉ์กฐ์šฉ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€์žก๋””๊นŒ?
Why did the higher-ups suggest quietly letting this matter slide?
๋งจ๋‚  ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”์˜๋‹ค๋ฉด์„œ ๋Œ€์ฒด ์–ธ์ œ ๋งŒ๋‚˜์žก๋””๊นŒ?
If you're always so busy, when exactly did they suggest meeting?
๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์–ธ์ œ ๋‹น์‹ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜์žก๋””๊นŒ? ์ฑ…์ž„์ž๋ฅผ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์š”, ์ฑ…์ž„์ž๋ฅผ.
When did I ever suggest talking with you? Call the person in charge, the person in charge.

-์žก๋‹ˆ๋‹ค

Relaying a known suggestion, very formal (-์žก๋‹ˆ๋‹ค)
Master

A very formal, highly addressee-raising expression used when the speaker conveys a suggestion he/she already knows about in an objective manner.

์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์—ฌ๋ฆ„์— ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋กœ ๋†€๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์žก๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
The kids are suggesting we go to the beach this summer.
์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ์ด๋ฒˆ ์ฃผ๋ง์— ์ง‘๋“ค์ด๋ฅผ ํ•˜์žก๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
My wife is suggesting we have a housewarming party this weekend.
์‹๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์˜ค๋žœ๋งŒ์— ๋ถˆ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋จน์žก๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
My family is suggesting we have bulgogi, since it's been a while.

-์žก๋‹ˆ๊นŒ

Asking about a known suggestion, very formal (-์žก๋‹ˆ๊นŒ)
Master

A very formal, highly addressee-raising expression used to ask the listener about a suggestion or recommendation the listener already knows about.

์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ์šด๋™์žฅ์„ ๋ช‡ ๋ฐ”ํ€ด ๋›ฐ์žก๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
How many laps of the field are we supposed to run today, again?
ํ˜•์€ ๋‚˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์„œ ๋ญ˜ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋†€์žก๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
What is it your brother suggested doing on the outing, again?
์ง€๊ธˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ชจ์•„ ๋‘” ๋ˆ์„ ์ „๋ถ€ ๋‹ค ์“ฐ์žก๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
Are we really supposed to spend all the money we've saved up so far?

-์ž˜

Quoted suggestion, modifying a clause (-์ž˜)
Master

Used to quote a suggestion or recommendation while it modifies the following statement.

์•„์ง ํšŒ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๊พธ๋ ค ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์ž˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์ฐพ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋„ค.
I still haven't found someone willing to run the company together.
์ „์‹œํšŒ ํ‹ฐ์ผ“์ด ์ƒ๊ฒผ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฐ€์ž˜ ๋งŒํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์—†์–ด.
I got exhibition tickets, but there's no one I could suggest going with.
๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋„์›€์„ ์ฒญํ•˜์ž˜ ์ •๋„๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํž˜๋“ค์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ž–์•„.
Still, we're not so badly off that we'd need to ask for someone else's help.

-์ž”

Quoted suggestion, modifying a noun (-์ž”)
Master

Used to quote a remark such as a suggestion or recommendation while modifying the following noun.

๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ž” ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด ํ›„ํšŒ๋Š” ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊นŒ.
If you watch the movie I suggested, you won't regret it.
๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‚จํŽธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ด์ œ ๊ทธ๋งŒ ์ง‘์— ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ€์ž” ๋ˆˆ๋น›์„ ๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค.
I gave my husband a look suggesting we go home now.
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์•„๋Š” ์ฒ™ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง์ž” ๋œป์ด๋‹ˆ?
So does that mean you're suggesting we not act like we know each other from now on?

-๋žฌ์ž

Even granting what's said to be N (-๋žฌ์ž)
Master

Used to indicate that, although the speaker accepts the preceding statement (heard from someone), it is below expectation or of little value.

๋น„์‹ผ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๋žฌ์ž ํ•œ ๋‹ฌ๋งŒ ํƒ€๋ฉด ์ค‘๊ณ ์ฐจ์ง€์š”.
Even if it's said to be an expensive car, after just a month it's a used car.
๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ณต์›์ด๋žฌ์ž ์ž‘์•„์„œ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ ์ง‘ ๋งˆ๋‹น ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
Even calling it a park, it's so small it feels like someone's yard.
์นœ๊ตฌ๋žฌ์ž ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ผ ์žˆ์„ ๋• ์—ฐ๋ฝ๋„ ์—†๋Š”๊ฑธ์š”.
Even calling them a friend, they don't even contact me when I'm having a hard time.

-๋žฌ๋Š”๋ฐ

Was said to be N, but... (past) (-๋žฌ๋Š”๋ฐ)
Master

Used to convey what the speaker heard in the past, implying that the following content contrasts with or relates to it.

์ง€์ˆ˜๋ž‘ ์œ ๋ฏผ์ด๋Š” ๋‹จ์ง ์นœ๊ตฌ๋žฌ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ •๋ง ๋งค์ผ ๋ถ™์–ด ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋„ค.
I heard Jisu and Yumin were best friends, and they really are inseparable every day.
์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฑด ์ž๊ธฐ ๊ณต์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋žฌ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ž˜ ๋ณด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๊ทธ ์•„์ด ์ด๋ฆ„์ด ์ ํ˜€ ์žˆ์ž–์•„?
The child said this wasn't their ball, but look closely โ€” their name is written on it.
์Šน๊ทœ๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜๊ป˜์„œ ๋‘ ๋ถ„ ๋‹ค ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด์‹œ๋žฌ๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์Šน๊ทœ๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ž˜ํ•˜๋‚˜ ๋ณด๋‹ค.
Seunggyu said both his parents are teachers โ€” that must be why he's so good at studying.

-๋ž˜์•ผ

Only if it's said to be N (-๋ž˜์•ผ)
Master

Used to indicate that the preceding statement (heard from someone) is the requirement for the following statement.

์•ฝ์ด๋ž˜์•ผ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์†์„ ์•ˆ ๋Œ€์š”.
Only if it's called medicine will the kids not touch it.
์ž๊ธฐ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์ด๋ž˜์•ผ ๊ฐ„์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
Only if it's said to be their own thing do they take good care of it.
์Šน๊ทœ๋Š” ์Šคํฌ์ธ  ๋‰ด์Šค๋ž˜์•ผ ๋ณด์ง€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋‰ด์Šค๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋ด์š”.
Seunggyu only watches the news if it's sports news โ€” he doesn't watch other news.

-๋ž˜์„œ์•ผ

Questioning what's heard to be N (-๋ž˜์„œ์•ผ)
Master

An expression used to question or make a negative judgment about something the speaker heard or learned.

๊ฐ™์€ ํŒ€์˜ ์ผ์ธ๋ฐ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ผ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ž˜์„œ์•ผ ๋˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
It's the same team's business โ€” how can he say it's not his concern?
์•„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง‘์ด๋ž˜์„œ์•ผ ๋ฐค์ด๊ณ  ๋‚ฎ์ด๊ณ  ์‹œ๋„๋Ÿฌ์›Œ๋„ ๋œ๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
Just because it's said to be a house with a baby, does that mean it's fine to be noisy day and night?
๋งค์ผ ๋จน๋Š” ์Œ์‹์ด ๋ผ๋ฉด์ด๋ž˜์„œ์•ผ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๊ฒ ์–ด์š”?
If the food you eat every day is said to be instant noodles, how could you stay healthy?

-๋ž˜๋ผ

Relay this order, very informal (-๋ž˜๋ผ)
Master

A very formal, highly addressee-lowering expression used to tell someone to convey a certain order to a third party.

์‹œ๋„๋Ÿฌ์šฐ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋ผ๋””์˜ค ์ข€ ๋„๋ž˜๋ผ.
It's noisy, so tell them to turn off the radio.
์•„์ด๋“คํ•œํ…Œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ๋Š” ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‹ค๋‹ˆ์ง€ ๋ง๋ž˜๋ผ.
Tell the kids not to run around here.
๋’ค์— ์˜ค๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“คํ•œํ…Œ ๊ณ„๋‹จ์ด ๋†’์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋‚ด๋ ค์˜ฌ ๋•Œ ์กฐ์‹ฌํ•˜๋ž˜๋ผ.
Tell the people coming behind that the stairs are steep, so be careful coming down.

-(์ด)๋ผ์ฃ 

Confirming a known fact, casually polite (-(์ด)๋ผ์ฃ )
Master

A polite, casual expression used when the speaker confirms and asks about a fact already known to be N.

์ด๋ฒˆ ๊ฐ•์˜์˜ ๋Œ€์ƒ์€ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ์ด๋ผ์ฃ ?
This lecture's audience is high schoolers, right?
์ด ๋™๋„ค๋Š” ๋‚ฎ๊ณผ ๋ฐค์ด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณณ์ด๋ผ์ฃ ?
This neighborhood is completely different by day and night, right?
์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์—ˆ์œผ๋‹ˆ ์ด์ œ๋Š” ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ์ฃ ?
Since the system changed, it's not done this way anymore, right?

-(์ด)๋ผ์ž

Suggesting to jointly demand something of someone (-(์ด)๋ผ์ž)
Master

A very formal, highly addressee-lowering expression used to suggest to the listener that the speaker and listener jointly demand a certain action from someone else.

์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋„ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์–ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์ž.
Let's ask them to share the materials we need too.
ํšŒ๋น„๋ฅผ ์•ˆ ๋‚ธ ํšŒ์›๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํšŒ๋น„๋ฅผ ๋‚ด๋ผ์ž.
Let's tell the members who haven't paid dues to pay them.
๋ฏผ์ค€์ด์—๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€์‹  ํšŒ์˜์— ์ฐธ์„ํ•˜๋ผ์ž.
Let's ask Minjun to attend the meeting in our place.

-(์ด)๋ผ์˜ค

Conveying a heard fact, moderately formal (-(์ด)๋ผ์˜ค)
Master

A formal, moderately addressee-raising expression used to tell the listener something the speaker knows from having heard it.

์ง€์ˆ˜ ๋ง๋กœ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ƒˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ์˜ค.
According to Jisu, this is a new one.
์œ ๋ฏผ์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ฏผ์ค€์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์žฅ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ์˜ค.
Yumin says Minjun isn't the class president.
์•„์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ง ์ผ์ด ๋‚จ์•˜์œผ๋‹ˆ ํ˜•๋‹˜ ๋จผ์ € ๊ฐ€์‹œ๋ผ์˜ค.
Since your younger brother still has work left, they say go ahead, older brother.

-(์ด)๋ผ์•ผ์ง€์š”

Stating one's determination about it being N, politely (-(์ด)๋ผ์•ผ์ง€์š”)
Master

A polite expression used to indicate the speaker's determination or will regarding something being N.

์ด๋ฒˆ ์‹œํ—˜์€ ๊ผด์ฐŒ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ์•ผ์ง€์š”.
This exam, I really shouldn't come in last.
์–ด๋จธ๋‹˜์˜ ๋ณ‘์„ ๋งก๊ธธ ๋ถ„์€ ๊ทธ ๋ถ„์•ผ์˜ ์ตœ๊ณ  ์˜์‚ฌ๋ผ์•ผ์ง€์š”.
The person I entrust my mother's illness to really should be the best doctor in that field.
์ด๋ฒˆ ์—ฌํ–‰์€ ์‰ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ˆ ์กฐ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ํ‰ํ™”๋กœ์šด ๊ณณ์ด๋ผ์•ผ์ง€์š”.
Since this trip is to rest, it really should be a quiet and peaceful place.

-(์ด)๋ผ์•ผ์ง€

Expressing pity or admiration about it being N (-(์ด)๋ผ์•ผ์ง€)
Master

An informal, addressee-lowering expression used to indicate pity, surprise, or admiration about the preceding content.

์ง€๊ธˆ ๋‚ด ์ž…์žฅ์ด ์—ฌ๊ฐ„ ๊ณค๋ž€ํ•œ ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ์•ผ์ง€.
My situation right now really couldn't be more awkward.
์ด ๋‚ด์šฉ์„ ์™„์ „ํžˆ ์ดํ•ดํ•˜๊ณ  ์•„๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ์•ผ์ง€.
This is something you really need to fully understand and know.
์ž์‹ ์˜ ๊ถŒ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ •๋‹นํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋‚ด์„ธ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ์•ผ์ง€.
This really is about legitimately asserting one's own rights.

-(์ด)๋ผ๋””

Asking what someone else said, very informal (-(์ด)๋ผ๋””)
Master

A very formal, highly addressee-lowering expression used to ask the listener what another person said about something being N.

์ด๊ฑฐ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ ์ฑ…์ด๋ผ๋””?
Whose book did they say this is?
๊ฑฐ์ง“๋งํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ผ๋””?
Who did they say the liar was?
๋™ํ˜ธํšŒ ๋ชจ์ž„ ์žฅ์†Œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋””๋ผ๋””?
Where did they say the club's meeting place was?

-(์ด)๋ผ๋“ ๊ฐ€

N or something like it (listing/choosing) (-(์ด)๋ผ๋“ ๊ฐ€)
Master

Attached to a noun, used to choose one out of two or more listed items.

์ž์—ฐ๊ณ„๋ผ๋“ ๊ฐ€ ์ธ๋ฌธ๊ณ„๋ผ๋“ ๊ฐ€ ๋„ค๊ฐ€ ์ ์„ฑ์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด์„œ ๊ณ„์—ด์„ ์„ ํƒํ•ด์•ผ์ง€.
Science track or humanities track โ€” you should choose based on your own aptitude.
ํ–„๋ฒ„๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋“ ๊ฐ€ ํ”ผ์ž๋ผ๋“ ๊ฐ€ ๋จน๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฑธ ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•ด.
Hamburger or pizza โ€” tell me one thing you want to eat.
์ด์ œ ๋‚จ์ž ์นœ๊ตฌ๋ผ๋“ ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋ผ๋“ ๊ฐ€ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ๋•Œ์ธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
It seems like it's time to make clear whether it's a boyfriend or just a friend.

-(์ด)๋ผ๋ฐ

Repeating a heard fact as-is (-(์ด)๋ผ๋ฐ)
Master

A formal, moderately addressee-lowering expression used to repeat exactly what the speaker heard about something being N.

์ €๊ฑด ์ค‘๊ตญ ๊ตญ๊ธฐ๋ผ๋ฐ.
They say that's the Chinese flag.
์ € ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด ํ•œ๊ตญ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋†’์€ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๋ฐ.
They say that building is the tallest in Korea.
์ € ์นœ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์—†๋Š” ๋งŒ๋ฌผ๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋ผ๋ฐ.
They say that friend is a know-it-all who knows everything.

-(์ด)๋ผ๋˜๋ฐ์š”

Indirectly conveying a heard fact, trailing off (-(์ด)๋ผ๋˜๋ฐ์š”)
Master

A polite expression used to indirectly express what the speaker wants to say, by conveying something heard before in an unfinished sentence.

์ € ๋‚จ์ž ๋ถ„์ด ์ด ์‹๋‹น ์š”๋ฆฌ์‚ฌ๋ผ๋˜๋ฐ์š”.
I heard that man is this restaurant's chef...
์ด๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋‘ ์•ˆ์— ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ์†Œ๋ผ๋˜๋ฐ์š”.
I heard this is the filling that goes inside the dumplings...
๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด์•ผ๋ง๋กœ ์‚ฐ ๊ต์œก์ด๋ผ๋˜๋ฐ์š”.
I heard experience really is the best education...

-(์ด)๋ผ๋˜

Asking about something the listener may already know (-(์ด)๋ผ๋˜)
Master

A very formal, highly addressee-lowering expression used to ask the listener about something the speaker thinks the listener already knows about being N.

์กฐ๊ธˆ ์ „์— ์˜จ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ผ๋˜?
Who was it that came a little while ago, again?
์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ด‰์‚ฌ ํ™œ๋™ ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด ์–ด๋””๋ผ๋˜?
Where was it that Jisu goes for volunteer work, again?
๊ทธ ๊ธฐ๊ณ„๋Š” ์–ด๋””์— ์“ฐ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋˜?
What was it that machine used for, again?

-(์ด)๋ผ๋”๋ผ๊ณ 

Recalling a fact heard in person (-(์ด)๋ผ๋”๋ผ๊ณ )
Master

An informal, addressee-lowering expression used to recall something the speaker directly heard about it being N.

์–ด์ œ ๋‰ด์Šค์—์„œ ์š”์ƒˆ ๋ฌผ๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์˜ฌ๋ผ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ผ๋”๋ผ๊ณ .
Yesterday's news said prices have risen too much lately and it's a problem.
๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ์ธ ์ค„ ์•Œ์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์•„์ง ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ์ด๋ผ๋”๋ผ๊ณ .
I thought she was a college student, but I heard Jisu is still in high school.
์œ ๋ฏผ์ดํ•œํ…Œ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ณผ๋ชฉ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์—ˆ๋”๋‹ˆ ๊ตญ์–ด๋ผ๋”๋ผ๊ณ .
I asked Yumin what subject they liked, and they said it was Korean language.

-(์ด)๋ผ๋”๋ผ

Conveying a heard fact, very informal (-(์ด)๋ผ๋”๋ผ)
Master

A very formal, highly addressee-lowering expression used to convey to the listener something the speaker heard about it being N.

์•„๊นŒ ๊ทธ ์—ฌ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ฏผ์ค€ ์”จ ๋ถ€์ธ์ด๋ผ๋”๋ผ.
I heard that woman earlier is Minjun's wife.
์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ์ผ์„ ์ž˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๋‹ค ์ธ์ •์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋„ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋”๋ผ.
I heard that no matter how well you work, it doesn't mean you'll all be recognized.
ํšŒ์˜ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋งํ•œ ๊ฒŒ ์š”์ฆ˜ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์นจ์ด๋ผ๋”๋ผ.
I heard what was said in the meeting is the company's current policy.

-(์ด)๋ผ๋”๋‹ˆ

Mentioning a heard fact, then continuing (-(์ด)๋ผ๋”๋‹ˆ)
Master

Attached to a noun to mention something the speaker knows from having heard it, then connect it to what follows.

์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ง€์€ ๊ฑด๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๋”๋‹ˆ ์ •๋ง ๊นจ๋—ํ•˜๋„ค์š”.
They said it's a newly built building, and it really is clean.
์œ ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋ผ๋”๋‹ˆ ํ•œ๊ตญ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ž˜ํ•˜์‹œ๋„ค์š”.
They said you're an international student, and you speak Korean well.
๋‹ค์นœ ๊ณณ์ด ์˜ค๋ฅธ์†์ด๋ผ๋”๋‹ˆ ์ˆŸ๊ฐ€๋ฝ์„ ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”?
They said the injury was to your right hand โ€” can you hold a spoon?

-(์ด)๋ผ๋”๋ƒ

Rhetorically questioning that it's N (-(์ด)๋ผ๋”๋ƒ)
Master

A very formal, highly addressee-lowering expression used to question something as if in rebuttal, strongly asserting the opposite meaning.

๊ทธ ์• ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ณ ๋„ ํ•™์ƒ์ด๋ผ๋”๋ƒ?
And after doing that, is he even a student?
๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์–ธ์ œ ์ „์‹œํšŒ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š˜์ด๋ผ๋”๋ƒ?
When did I ever say the exhibition was today?
์ด๊ฑด ํ‹€๋ฆผ์—†๋Š” ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ธ๋ฐ, ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋”๋ƒ?
This is undoubtedly true โ€” who's saying it isn't?

-(์ด)๋ผ๋”๊ตฐ์š”

Conveying a newly-heard fact, polite (-(์ด)๋ผ๋”๊ตฐ์š”)
Master

A polite, addressee-raising expression used to convey a newly-learned fact about something being N to the listener.

์ €๋ถ„์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์˜ค์‹  ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด๋ผ๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
I heard that person is the new teacher.
์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ด์‚ฌํ•  ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ๋ผ๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
I heard this is the apartment Jisu will move into.
์ด๊ฒŒ ๋™์ง“๋‚  ๋จน๋Š” ํŒฅ์ฃฝ์ด๋ผ๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
I heard this is the red bean porridge eaten on the winter solstice.

-(์ด)๋ผ๋”๊ตฐ

Conveying a newly-heard fact, casual (-(์ด)๋ผ๋”๊ตฐ)
Master

An informal, addressee-lowering expression used to convey a newly-heard fact about something being N to the listener.

๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ํ•™์ƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ ์„ ์ƒ์ด๋ผ๋”๊ตฐ.
I heard that person isn't a student, but a teacher.
์Šน๊ทœ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ณจ ์ถœ์‹ ์ด๋ผ๋”๊ตฐ.
I heard Seunggyu is from the countryside.
ํ”ผ์ž๋Š” ํ•œ๊ตญ์˜ ๋นˆ๋Œ€๋–ก ๊ฐ™์€ ์Œ์‹์ด๋ผ๋”๊ตฐ.
I heard pizza is like Korea's bindaetteok.

-(์ด)๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊น

Re-stressing that it's N, casual (-(์ด)๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊น)
Master

An informal, addressee-lowering variant of -(์ด)๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ โ€” used to stress the speaker's position when asked or requested repeatedly.

๊ฑฐ๊ธด ์ง€์ˆ˜ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊น.
I said, that's Jisu's seat.
์•„๋‹ˆ, ๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋ฏธ๋‚˜๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊น.
No, I said that's minari.
์•„๋‹ˆ. ์‚ผ์‹ญํŒ” ๋ฒˆ์ด ํ•™๊ต ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๋ฒ„์Šค๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊น.
No. I said the 38 is the bus that goes to school.

-(์ด)๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”

Re-stressing that it's N, politely (-(์ด)๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”)
Master

A polite expression used to stress the speaker's own remark about it being N, while reconfirming what was said earlier.

๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ๊ธด ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
I'm telling you, that's not what I left over.
์Šน๊ทœ๋Š” ๊ตฐ์ธ์ด๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
I'm telling you, Seunggyu is a soldier.
์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ธ์ด๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
I'm telling you, Jisu is a model.

-(์ด)๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ๋Š”

Re-stressing that it's N, very informal (-(์ด)๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ๋Š”)
Master

A very informal expression used to stress the speaker's own position or opinion about it being N, when asked or requested repeatedly.

์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ๊ฐœ๊ต๊ธฐ๋…์ผ์ด๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ๋Š”.
I told you, today is the school's founding anniversary.
์ด๊ฒŒ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ˆ™์ œ๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ๋Š”.
I told you, this is today's homework.
์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด ๊ณ ํ–ฅ์ด๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ๋Š”.
I told you, this is my hometown.

-(์ด)๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ์•ผ

Given that it's said to be N, there's no choice but to... (-(์ด)๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ์•ผ)
Master

Attached to a noun to indicate that, given the circumstances someone stated about it being N, the speaker has no choice but to say what follows.

๋ฏผ์ค€์ด๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฑด ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งก์„ ์ผ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ์•ผ ๋”๋Š” ๋ถ€ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์ง€.
Since Minjun says this isn't his job to handle, I can't ask him anymore.
๋ˆ„๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์† ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ข์€ ์ง‘์€ ๊ตฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ์•ผ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ์ง‘ํ•˜๊ฒ ์–ด.
Since my sister keeps saying not to look for such a cramped place, how could I insist?
์Šน๊ทœ๊ฐ€ ์ž๊ธฐ๋Š” ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์ •์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ์ด๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ์•ผ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•œ ์ง€์—ญ์— ์ถœ์žฅ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์ง€.
Since Seunggyu says he's the head of his household, I can't send him on a business trip to such a dangerous area.

-(์ด)๋ผ๋‚จ

Gently refuting that it's N, very informal (-(์ด)๋ผ๋‚จ)
Master

A very formal, highly addressee-lowering expression used to gently refute something about it being N.

๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๊ฐˆ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๋‚จ?
Who says they're going, huh?
๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด์ผ ์‹œํ—˜์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋‚จ?
Who says tomorrow isn't the exam, huh?
๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋‚ด ๋‚จ์ž ์นœ๊ตฌ๋ผ๋‚จ?
Who says that person is my boyfriend, huh?

-(์ด)๋ผ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”

Basing one's action on what was said, politely (-(์ด)๋ผ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”)
Master

Attached to a noun, in a polite register, to indicate that the speaker's own behavior is based on another person's remark about it being N.

๋ฏผ์ค€์ด์—๊ฒŒ ์ค„ ์„ ๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”. ๋งŒ์ง€์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
It's a gift for Minjun, they said, so please don't touch it.
์กฐ๊ธˆ ์žˆ๋‹ค ์˜ค์‹ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋จผ์ € ๋“œ์‹œ๋ผ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”. ๋จผ์ € ๋“œ์„ธ์š”.
They said to eat first since he's coming a bit later โ€” please eat first.
ํฐ ๋ณ‘์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”. ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
They said it's not a serious illness โ€” please don't worry.

-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๊ฑฐ๋“ 

if it turns out that (reported condition) (-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๊ฑฐ๋“ )
Master

Used to say that what someone else said is the condition for what comes next.

์Šน๊ทœ ์”จ๊ฐ€ ์ถœ์žฅ์„ ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๊ฑฐ๋“  ์„œ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ์ฑ™๊ฒจ ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
If it turns out Seunggyu is going on a business trip, please make sure he has his documents.
์œ ๋ฏผ์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ฑฐ๋“  ๋„ˆํฌ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ–์— ๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋†€์•„๋ผ.
If Yumin is studying, you all go play outside.
ํ• ๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ป˜์„œ ์‹์‚ฌํ•˜์‹ ๋‹ค๊ฑฐ๋“  ์ฃฝ์„ ๋ฐ์›Œ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ์„ธ์š”.
If Grandma is about to eat, please warm up her porridge.

-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”

it's because... (explaining basis, polite) (-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”)
Master

(informal polite) Used to explain that the speaker's own action is based on something someone else said.

์˜์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด์ผ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ๋– ๋‚œ๋‹ค๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”. ๊ฐ€์„œ ๋„์™€์ค˜์•ผ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”.
It's because Yeongsu is leaving on a trip tomorrow. I should go help him.
์ฒญ์†Œ๋Š” ์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ˆ„๋‚˜๋Š” ์Œ์‹์„ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”. ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜์ง€ ๋งˆ์„ธ์š”.
I'll clean and my sister is making the food. Don't worry.
๋‚ด์ผ ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ป˜์„œ ์ง‘์— ์˜ค์‹ ๋‹ค๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”. ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋‚ด์ผ์€ ์ผ์ฐ ์ง‘์— ๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•ด์š”.
Grandpa is coming home tomorrow. So I have to go home early tomorrow.

-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๊ธฐ์—

since I heard that... (reason) (-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๊ธฐ์—)
Master

Used to give something the speaker heard as the reason or basis for what follows.

์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์š”๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šด๋‹ค๊ธฐ์— ์ €๋„ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
Since I heard my friend was learning to cook, I said I'd join too.
๋ฐฑํ™”์ ์—์„œ ์„ธ์ผ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ€์„œ ์˜ท ํ•œ ๋ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์š”.
Since I heard the department store is having a sale, I'm going to go buy an outfit.
๋”ธ์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด์ผ ์†Œํ’์„ ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๊ธฐ์— ๊น€๋ฐฅ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ƒ€์–ด์š”.
Since I heard my daughter is going on a picnic tomorrow, I bought kimbap ingredients.

-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๊ธธ๋ž˜

since I heard that... (reason, casual) (-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๊ธธ๋ž˜)
Master

The more casual, spoken form of -๋Š”๋‹ค๊ธฐ์— โ€” used to give something the speaker heard as the reason for what follows.

์Šน๊ทœ ์”จ๊ฐ€ ์˜์–ด๋ฅผ ์ž˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ธธ๋ž˜ ๋ฌธ์žฅ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ์„ ๋ถ€ํƒํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
Since I heard Seunggyu was good at English, I asked him to translate a sentence.
์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋Š˜๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ธธ๋ž˜ ์ฑ…์„ ๋ช‡ ๊ถŒ ์‚ฌ ์คฌ์–ด์š”.
Since I heard Jisu was going to start studying hard today, I bought her a few books.
๊ณ ํ–ฅ์— ํญ์„ค์ด ๋‚ด๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๊ธธ๋ž˜ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š”์ง€ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜๊ป˜ ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋“œ๋ ธ์–ด์š”.
Since I heard there was heavy snow in my hometown, I called my parents to check for damage.

-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋‚จ

as if... (light rebuttal, colloquial) (-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋‚จ)
Master

A very casual, spoken expression used to lightly push back on or question something.

์ž๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋‹ค ์•ˆ๋‹ค๋‚จ?
Like he knows everything or something?
๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ณ„ํš ์—†์ด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์‚ฐ๋‹ค๋‚จ?
How's he supposed to live like that with no plan at all?
ํ•  ์ผ์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค๋ฉด์„œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์ด ์ž”๋‹ค๋‚จ?
He says he has a lot to do, but sleeps that much?

-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋„ค

I heard that... (telling, moderate formal) (-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋„ค)
Master

Used to tell the listener something the speaker knows from having heard it, in a moderately formal, slightly lowering tone.

์ด๋ฒˆ ์ฃผ๋ง์— ์ง์› ์•ผ์œ ํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋„ค.
I heard the staff outing is this weekend.
์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ป˜์„œ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ๊น€์น˜๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๊ทธ์‹ ๋‹ค๋„ค.
I heard Mom is making kimchi today.
์œ ๋ฏผ์ด๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋น ์„œ ์ด๋ฒˆ ๋ชจ์ž„์— ๋ชป ์˜จ๋‹ค๋„ค.
I heard Yumin is too busy to come to this gathering.

-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋А๋ƒ

did (someone) really say...? (confirming, very formal) (-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋А๋ƒ)
Master

Used, in a very formal and lowering tone, to ask the listener to confirm something the speaker heard from someone else.

๋ชจ๋‘ ์„ฑ๋ฌ˜ํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋А๋ƒ.
Is everyone really going to visit the grave?
์Šน๊ทœ๋Š” ์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ„๊นŒ์ง€ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „์„ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋А๋ƒ.
Is Seunggyu really watching TV until this hour?
์•„๋ฒ”์€ ๋ช‡ ์‹œ์— ๋“ค์–ด์˜จ๋‹ค๋А๋ƒ.
What time did he say he'd be home?

-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š”

that... (quoting, modifies a noun) (-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š”)
Master

Used to quote something while describing the noun that follows, usually a word like '์ƒ๊ฐ' (thought), '๋ง' (words), or '์‚ฌ๋žŒ' (person).

๊ฐ€์ง„ ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋งŽ์„์ˆ˜๋ก ๋ฒ ํ’€์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ง์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค.
There's a saying that the more you have, the more you should give.
์ง€์ˆ˜ ํ˜ผ์ž ๋จผ์ € ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ง๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”?
How can I stop her from going ahead by herself?
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚จ๋ถํ•œ์ด ํ†ต์ผ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค.
We hold the belief that North and South Korea should be reunified.

-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š”๊ตฌ๋‚˜

so I hear that...! (exclaiming, formal lowering) (-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š”๊ตฌ๋‚˜)
Master

Used to exclaim something the speaker just heard, showing surprise or admiration, in a formal, lowering tone.

๋‚ด์ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์ด๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ์˜ค์‹ ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ตฌ๋‚˜.
So I hear my aunt is coming from the US tomorrow!
์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ๋ฅผ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž˜ ์นœ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ตฌ๋‚˜.
So I hear Jisu plays the piano really well!
์Šน๊ทœ๋Š” ๋งค์ผ ์•„์นจ ๊ณต์›์—์„œ ์šด๋™์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ตฌ๋‚˜.
So I hear Seunggyu exercises at the park every morning!

-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š”๊ตฐ

so I hear that...! (exclaiming, formal lowering, shorter) (-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š”๊ตฐ)
Master

A shorter variant of -๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š”๊ตฌ๋‚˜ โ€” used to exclaim something the speaker just heard, in a formal, lowering tone.

์ด ๋ฒ„์Šค๊ฐ€ ๊ด‘ํ™”๋ฌธ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋Š”๊ตฐ.
So this bus goes all the way to Gwanghwamun!
์Šน๊ทœ๋Š” ์•„์นจ์— ์ปคํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์‹ ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ตฐ.
So Seunggyu drinks coffee in the morning!
ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ป˜์„œ๋Š” ์ผ๊พผ์„ ์“ฐ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ์ง์ ‘ ๋†์‚ฌ์ผ์„ ํ•˜์‹ ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ตฐ.
So Grandpa does the farm work himself instead of hiring workers!

-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š”๋ฐ

I heard that..., but/so (adding a thought) (-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š”๋ฐ)
Master

Used to convey something heard or quote someone while adding the speaker's own thought or question about it.

๋ˆˆ์ด ์˜จ๋‹ค๋Š”๋ฐ ์Šฌ๋ฆฌํผ๋ฅผ ์‹ ๊ณ  ์–ด๋””์— ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์š”?
I heard it's snowing โ€” where are you going out in slippers?
์•„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์ž”๋‹ค๋Š”๋ฐ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „์„ ์ผœ ๋‘๋ฉด ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์š”?
I heard the baby is sleeping โ€” why would you leave the TV on?
์ˆ ์„ ๋ชป ๋งˆ์‹ ๋‹ค๋Š”๋ฐ ์ž๊พธ ๊ถŒํ•˜๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋˜์ง€์š”.
I heard he can't drink alcohol โ€” you shouldn't keep offering him some.

-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š”๋ฐ๋„

even though I heard that... (contradiction) (-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š”๋ฐ๋„)
Master

Used to convey what the speaker heard, while showing that a contradictory situation follows anyway.

์†๋‹˜์ด ์˜ค์‹ ๋‹ค๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ์ฒญ์†Œ๋„ ์•ˆ ํ•˜๋‹ˆ?
Even though I told you guests are coming, you're not even cleaning?
๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ์ž๊พธ๋งŒ ์ €ํ•œํ…Œ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด์ž–์•„์š”.
Even though I said I don't know, you keep asking me anyway.
๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜จ๋‹ค๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ๊ธฐ์–ด์ฝ” ๋“œ๋ผ์ด๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์•ผ๊ฒ ๋‹ˆ?
Even though it's supposed to rain, do you really have to go for a drive?

-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š”๋ฐ์•ผ

given that I heard... (reluctant acceptance) (-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š”๋ฐ์•ผ)
Master

Used to say that, given what the speaker heard, there was no choice but to say or accept the following.

์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๊ป˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์‹ ๋‹ค๋Š”๋ฐ์•ผ ๋ง๋ฆด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋ƒ?
If the teacher says that's how it's going to be, is there any way to stop it?
๋ฐฅ์„ ๊ณต์งœ๋กœ ์ค€๋‹ค๋Š”๋ฐ์•ผ ๋งˆ๋‹คํ•  ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์—†์ง€.
If they're saying the meal is free, there's no reason to turn it down.
๋จน๊ณ  ์‚ด๊ธฐ ๋ฐ”๋น  ์ž์ฃผ ๋ชป ์˜จ๋‹ค๋Š”๋ฐ์•ผ ํ•  ๋ง์€ ์—†์ง€๋งŒ ์„œ์šดํ•˜๊ตฌ๋‚˜.
If you say you're too busy making a living to come often, I can't argue, but it's still disappointing.

-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š”๋ฐ์š”

I heard that... (polite, indirect) (-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š”๋ฐ์š”)
Master

(informal polite) Used to indirectly give the speaker's own opinion by conveying something they heard.

๋ฏผ์ค€์ด๊ฐ€ ์ฑ…์„ ๋นŒ๋ ค์ค€๋‹ค๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
I heard Minjun said he'll lend me the book.
์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ฐฐ๋กœ ์ œ์ฃผ๋„์— ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
I heard Jisu is going to Jeju Island by boat.
๋‚ ์”จ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์•„์„œ ๋นจ๋ž˜๊ฐ€ ์ž˜ ๋งˆ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
I heard the weather is nice so laundry dries well.

-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊นŒ๋Š”

I'm telling you... (emphatic, informal) (-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊นŒ๋Š”)
Master

(informal, addressee-lowering) Used to stress the speaker's point again when they've already been asked or told something repeatedly.

๋‚œ ์ˆ™์ œํ•œ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊นŒ๋Š”.
I'm telling you, I'm doing my homework.
์•ฝ์†์ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ ๋ชป ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊นŒ๋Š”.
I'm telling you, I have plans so I can't go.
๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ข€ ๋ณธ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊นŒ๋Š”.
I'm telling you, I'm using it for a bit.

-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”

I said..., really (emphatic, polite) (-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”)
Master

(informal polite) Used to emphasize what the speaker already said, while confirming it again.

์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
I'm telling you, I'll bring it.
์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค ๋ง‰๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
I'm telling you, the newest person in the office is going.
์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ฆฌ๋˜๋Š” ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ธ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
I'm telling you, I'll send it as soon as I've sorted it.

-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊น

I'm telling you... (emphatic, casual contraction) (-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊น)
Master

The more casual, contracted spoken form of -๋Š”๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊นŒ โ€” used to emphasize the speaker's point when asked or told something repeatedly.

๋งค์ผ ๋‘ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์”ฉ ์—ฐ์Šตํ•œ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊น.
I'm telling you, I practice two hours every day.
์ด ์˜ท๋“ค์€ ์ด์ œ ์ž‘์•„์„œ ์‚ฌ์ดŒ ๋™์ƒ ์ค€๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊น.
I'm telling you, these clothes are too small now so I'm giving them to my cousin.
๋‚˜ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์‹์— ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊น.
I'm telling you, I'm going to my friend's wedding today.

-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋‹ˆ์š”

what do you mean...?! (surprised, polite) (-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋‹ˆ์š”)
Master

(informal polite) Used to show the speaker is surprised or taken aback by something unexpected they just heard.

์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋Šฆ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋– ๋‚œ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ์š”?
What do you mean you're leaving this late?!
๋‹ค ํฐ ์–ด๋ฅธ์ด ๊ทธ๊นŸ ์ผ์— ์šด๋‹ค๋‹ˆ์š”?
What do you mean a grown adult is crying over something like that?!
ํšŒ์‚ฌ ๋งˆ์Œ๋Œ€๋กœ ์›”๊ธ‰์„ ๋ชป ์ค€๋‹ค๋‹ˆ์š”?
What do you mean the company can just decide not to pay salaries?!

-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋”๋ƒ

who says...?! (very formal, strong doubt) (-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋”๋ƒ)
Master

Used, in a very formal and lowering tone, to question something being claimed, strongly hinting the opposite is actually true.

๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๊ป˜์„œ ๊ทธ๊ณณ์— ๊ฐ€์‹ ๋‹ค๋”๋ƒ?
Who ever said the teacher was going there?
๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๊ฐ•์˜์‹ค์ด ๋นˆ๋‹ค๋”๋ƒ?
Who says the lecture hall is empty at that time?
๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์–ธ์ œ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์•ˆ๊ฒฝ์„ ์“ด๋‹ค๋”๋ƒ?
When did I ever say that person wears glasses?

-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋˜๊ฐ€

did (someone) say...? (checking, formal) (-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋˜๊ฐ€)
Master

Used to ask the listener something in order to double-check information the speaker isn't fully sure about.

์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ ํ‡ด๊ทผํ•  ๋•Œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ชป ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋˜๊ฐ€?
Did Jisu say she couldn't wait until I got off work?
์Šน๊ทœ๋Š” ๋ฌด์Šจ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋˜๊ฐ€?
What song did Seunggyu say he's good at singing?
๋ฏผ์ค€์ด๋Š” ๋ˆ์„ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋นŒ๋ฆฐ๋‹ค๋˜๊ฐ€?
Who did Minjun say he's borrowing money from?

-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋˜๋ฐ์š”

I heard that..., so (leaving it open, polite) (-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋˜๋ฐ์š”)
Master

(informal polite) Used to indirectly give the speaker's opinion by conveying something they heard, leaving the sentence open rather than finishing it.

์œ ๋ฏผ์ด๊ฐ€ ์š”์ฆ˜ ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋˜๋ฐ์š”.
I heard Yumin's been studying hard lately, so...
์–ธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์„ค์•…์‚ฐ์— ๋‹จํ’ ๊ตฌ๊ฒฝ ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋˜๋ฐ์š”.
I heard my sister is going to see the autumn leaves at Seoraksan, so...
์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ป˜ ์Šค์นดํ”„๋ฅผ ์„ ๋ฌผํ•œ๋‹ค๋˜๋ฐ์š”.
I heard Jisu is giving her mom a scarf as a gift, so...

-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฐ

I heard it's exactly that... (formal, moderate) (-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฐ)
Master

Used, in a moderately formal tone, to repeat exactly what the speaker heard, as they heard it.

์ค‘๋ถ€ ์ง€๋ฐฉ์—๋Š” ๋ฒŒ์จ ๋‚™์—ฝ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค๋ฐ.
I heard the leaves are already falling in the central region.
ํ•™๊ต ์ถ•์ œ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์— ์™ธ๋ถ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋„ ๋งŽ์ด ์˜จ๋‹ค๋ฐ.
I heard a lot of outside people come during the school festival too.
๋งค์‹ค๋กœ ์ฐจ์™€ ์ˆ ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๋ฐ.
I heard they make tea and liquor from plums.

-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋“ ๊ฐ€

whether... or... (choosing between two) (-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋“ ๊ฐ€)
Master

Used, usually repeated twice, to say something must be one of two stated choices.

๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋“ ๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋“ ๊ฐ€ ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ๋ง์”€ํ•ด ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
Please tell me clearly whether you're going or not going.
๋จธ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋“ ๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋“ ๊ฐ€ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
Decide whether you're growing your hair out or cutting it.
๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•œ๋‹ค๋“ ๊ฐ€ ์‹ซ์–ดํ•œ๋‹ค๋“ ๊ฐ€ ํ‘œํ˜„์„ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ํ•ด์•ผ์ง€์š”.
You should make it clear whether you like that person or not.

-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋””

did (someone) say...? (very formal, asking to relay) (-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋””)
Master

Used, in a very formal, lowering tone, to ask the listener to relay what another person said.

์Šน๊ทœ๋Š” ํ† ์š”์ผ์—๋„ ์ถœ๊ทผํ•œ๋‹ค๋””?
Did Seunggyu say he's coming into work on Saturday too?
์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ๋ช‡ ์‹œ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์‹ ๋‹ค๋””?
What time did Mom say she usually gets up?
์–ธ์ œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜จ๋‹ค๋””?
Until when did they say it's going to rain?

-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค์˜ค

I'm telling you that... (formal, dated register) (-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค์˜ค)
Master

Used, in a moderately formal and somewhat dated tone, to convey to the listener something the speaker heard from someone else.

์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๊ป˜์„œ๋Š” ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋Šฆ์œผ์‹ ๋‹ค์˜ค.
The teacher says she'll be a little late.
์Šน๊ทœ๋Š” ๋‚ด์ผ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์œผ๋กœ ๋– ๋‚œ๋‹ค์˜ค.
I hear Seunggyu is leaving for the US tomorrow.
์•„๊นŒ ๋‰ด์Šค๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ๋‚ด์ผ์€ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜จ๋‹ค์˜ค.
I saw on the news earlier that it's going to rain tomorrow.

-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค์ฃ 

I heard that..., right? (confirming, polite) (-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค์ฃ )
Master

(informal polite) Used when the speaker asks to confirm something they already know or heard.

๋Œ์˜ ๋”ฐ๋‹˜์ด ์ด๋ฒˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•™์— ์ž…ํ•™ํ•œ๋‹ค์ฃ ?
Your daughter's starting university this time, right?
๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹ฌ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฒ„์Šค ์š”๊ธˆ์ด ์˜ค๋ฅธ๋‹ค์ฃ ?
Bus fares are going up starting next month, right?
๋Œ€๊ตฌ์—๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ณผ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ๋‚œ๋‹ค์ฃ ?
Daegu grows a lot of apples, right?

-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค์ง€

I heard that..., didn't I? (confirming, casual) (-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค์ง€)
Master

(informal, addressee-lowering) Used to ask the listener again, or confirm something the speaker already heard earlier.

์ง€์ˆ˜๋„ ์ฒด์œก ๋Œ€ํšŒ ์„ ์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋›ด๋‹ค์ง€?
Jisu's competing in the sports meet too, right?
์œ ๋ฏผ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋…ธ๋ž˜๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋ถ€๋ฅธ๋‹ค์ง€?
Yumin's a good singer, isn't she?
๋ด„์ด ์˜ค๋ฉด ๊ฐ•๋‚จ ๊ฐ”๋˜ ์ œ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์˜จ๋‹ค์ง€?
The swallows that went to Gangnam come back when spring arrives, don't they?

-(์œผ)ใ„น ๋‚˜๋ฆ„์ด๋‹ค

depends on how you do it (future) (-(์œผ)ใ„น ๋‚˜๋ฆ„์ด๋‹ค)
Master

Used to say that the outcome of something depends entirely on how the action described is carried out.

์„ฑ๊ณต์€ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์„ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ํ•  ๋‚˜๋ฆ„์ด๋‹ค.
Success depends entirely on how much effort you put in.
์Œ์‹ ๋ง›์€ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์†์งˆํ•  ๋‚˜๋ฆ„์ด๋‹ค.
How the food tastes depends on how you prepare the ingredients.
๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋Š” ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋Œ€์ฒ˜ํ•  ๋‚˜๋ฆ„์ด๋‹ค.
The result depends on how you handle it going forward.

-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ๊ณ ์š”

did you say...? (asking again, polite) (-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ๊ณ ์š”)
Master

(informal polite) Used to ask a question that was already asked before, again โ€” often out of surprise or to make sure you heard right.

์ƒ๊ธˆ์„ ํƒ€๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๊ธฐ์˜๋ƒ๊ณ ์š”?
You're asking if I'm happy about winning the prize money?
์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ช‡ ์‹œ๋ƒ๊ณ ์š”?
You're asking what time it is right now?
์ œ๊ฐ€์š”? ์งˆ๋ฌธํ–ˆ๋А๋ƒ๊ณ ์š”?
Me? You're asking if I asked a question?

-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ๋Š”๋ฐ

asked whether..., and (quoting a question, continuing) (-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ๋Š”๋ฐ)
Master

Used to quote a question the speaker was asked, and then add their own thoughts or a follow-up question.

์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋”๋Ÿฌ ์–ธ์ œ ํ•œ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋ƒ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„ํ†ต ์š”์ฆ˜ ์งฌ์ด ๋‚˜์•ผ ๋ง์ด์ง€.
My friend asked me when I'm free, but I just haven't had any free time lately.
์ง€๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋˜ ๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‡ผํ•‘๋ชฐ์ด๋ƒ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋‚˜๋„ ์ฒ˜์Œ์ด๋ผ ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์–ด.
A passing tourist asked if this was the mall, but I said I was new here too and didn't really know.
์˜†์ง‘ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์ฐจ์žฅ์—์„œ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ธ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ƒ๋Š”๋ฐ ํ™ฉ๋‹นํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด ์•ˆ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋”๋ผ๊ณ .
The man next door asked if I wasn't the one who scratched the car in the parking lot, and I was so stunned I couldn't say anything.

-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ

when I asked whether..., (quoting a past question) (-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ)
Master

Used to quote a question the speaker previously asked, and then add the response or reaction that followed.

๋ˆ„์›Œ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™์ƒ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์ด ์•„ํ”„๋ƒ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๊ธฐ์นจ๋งŒ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
When I asked my sister, who was lying down, if she was very sick, she just coughed.
์‹œ์žฅ ์ƒ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์š”์ฆ˜ ๊ณผ์ผ์ด ๋น„์‹ธ๋ƒ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค๋”๋ผ.
When I asked the market vendor if fruit was expensive these days, they said it wasn't.
ํ•™๊ต๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋””๋ƒ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์•„์ด๋Š” ์†๊ฐ€๋ฝ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ฆฌํ‚ค๋ฉฐ ์ €๊ธฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
When I asked where the school was, the child pointed and said it was over there.

-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ๋ฉฐ

asking whether..., while (question + simultaneous action) (-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ๋ฉฐ)
Master

Used to say that someone asked a certain question while doing another action at the same time.

๋™์ƒ์ด ์ด๋ถˆ์ด ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•˜๋ƒ๋ฉฐ ๋‚ด ์˜†์— ๋ˆ„์› ๋‹ค.
My little sibling lay down next to me, asking if the blanket was warm.
์—„๋งˆ๋Š” ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ์•„ํ”„๋ƒ๋ฉฐ ๋จธ๋ฆฌ์— ์†์„ ์งš์œผ์…จ๋‹ค.
Mom put her hand on my head, asking if I was sick.
๋™์ƒ์ด ์™œ ์šฐ์‚ฐ์„ ์ฑ™๊ธฐ๋А๋ƒ๋ฉฐ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
My sibling, asking why I was bringing an umbrella, said it wasn't going to rain today.

-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ๋ฉด์„œ

asking whether..., while (question + simultaneous action, longer form) (-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ๋ฉด์„œ)
Master

The longer, un-contracted form of -๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ๋ฉฐ โ€” used the same way, to say someone asked a question while doing another action.

๊ด€๊ด‘๊ฐ์€ ๋ช…์†Œ๊นŒ์ง€์˜ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋จธ๋ƒ๋ฉด์„œ ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ ์คฌ๋‹ค.
The tourist showed me the address, asking if the distance to the landmark was far.
์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์ผ์„ ๊ทธ๋งŒ๋‘๋Š” ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋ญ๋ƒ๋ฉด์„œ ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๊ฑฑ์ •์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ๋ˆˆ๊ธธ๋กœ ์ณ๋‹ค๋ดค๋‹ค.
My friend looked at me with worried eyes, asking why I was suddenly quitting my job.
์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋””์— ๊ฐ€๋А๋ƒ๋ฉด์„œ ๋”ฐ๋ผ๋‚˜์„ฐ๋‹ค.
Jisu asked me where I was going and followed along.

-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ๋Š”

the question of whether... (quoting, attributive) (-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ๋Š”)
Master

Used to quote a certain question and use it to modify the following noun (like 'question' or 'query').

๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž๋Š” ์–ด์ ฏ๋ฐค์— ์–ด๋””์— ๊ฐ”๋ƒ๋Š” ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ต๋ณ€์„ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•˜๋˜๋ฐ.
That man couldn't immediately answer the question of where he went last night.
์Šน๊ทœ๊ฐ€ ์ง‘์— ์žˆ๋ƒ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์Œ์— ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ป˜์„œ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ง์”€ํ•˜์…จ๋‹ค.
To the question of whether Seunggyu was home, mom said he wasn't.
์‹œํ—˜์„ ์ž˜ ๋ณด์•˜๋А๋ƒ๋Š” ๋ฏผ์ค€์ด์˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ์Šน๊ทœ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์จ์˜ ๋ฏธ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ง€์—ˆ๋‹ค.
At Minjun's question of whether he did well on the exam, Seunggyu smiled happily.

-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ๋˜๋ฐ

asked whether..., you know (recalling a past question) (-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ๋˜๋ฐ)
Master

Used to mention a question someone asked earlier, then relate it to what follows.

์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆํฌ ์ง‘์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋จธ๋ƒ๋˜๋ฐ ์–ผ๋งˆ์ฏค ๊ฑธ๋ ค?
My friend was asking how far your place is โ€” about how long does it take?
์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ ์š”์ฆ˜ ์—ฐ๋ฝ๋„ ์ž˜ ์•ˆ ๋˜๊ณ  ๋ฐ”์˜๋ƒ๋˜๋ฐ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ ์žˆ์—ˆ์–ด?
Jisu was asking if you're hard to reach and busy lately โ€” did something happen?
๊น€ ์”จ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์„ ์ข€ ๋•๊ฒ ๋А๋ƒ๋˜๋ฐ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋ฐ”๋น ์„œ ๋ชป ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์–ด.
Mr. Kim was asking if you could help with the work, and I said you're too busy.

-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ๋‹ˆ

to be asked whether...! (quoting, with emotion) (-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ๋‹ˆ)
Master

Used to quote a question asked by the listener or someone else, while also revealing the speaker's own emotional reaction to being asked it.

์™œ ์ดํ˜ผ์„ ํ–ˆ๋ƒ๋‹ˆ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌด๋ก€ํ•œ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์€ ์ฒ˜์Œ ๋ฐ›์•„ ๋ณด์•˜๋‹ค.
Being asked why I got divorced โ€” I'd never gotten such a rude question before.
์‚ฌ์žฅ๋‹˜์ด ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์™ธ์—์„œ ์ผํ•ด ๋ณด๊ฒ ๋ƒ๋‹ˆ ๊ฟˆ๋งŒ ๊ฐ™์•˜๋‹ค.
My boss asked if I'd like to try working abroad โ€” it felt like a dream.
์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ํ•ด์™ธ์— ๊ณ„์‹œ๋˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ป˜์„œ ๋Œ์•„์˜ค์…”์„œ ๊ธฐ์˜๋ƒ๋‹ˆ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ฒ ๋Š”๊ฐ€?
Asking if I'm happy that my father, who was abroad for so long, has come back โ€” of course I am!

-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ์ง€๋งŒ

people ask/say... but (conceding a question, then contrasting) (-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ์ง€๋งŒ)
Master

Used to admit a question or objection someone raised, while going on to say something unrelated or opposite to it.

์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ์ด ๊ฝƒ์ด ๋ญ๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์˜๋ƒ์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜ํ•ด์„œ ๋” ์ข‹๋‹ค.
People ask what's so pretty about this flower, but I actually like it more for being plain.
์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ๋‚˜๋”๋Ÿฌ ์ผ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒƒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ƒ์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด ์ผ์ด ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋‹ค.
My friends ask if I don't have too much work, but I just find this work fun.
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค ์นœ๊ตฌ๋ƒ์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž๋งค์ด๋‹ค.
People always ask if we're friends whenever they see us, but we're sisters.

-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ๋ฉด

if you're asking..., (posing the question, then answering) (-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ๋ฉด)
Master

Used to assume the preceding content is being asked as a question, and then continue on to answer it.

์ง€๊ธˆ์ด ๋ช‡ ์‹œ๋ƒ๋ฉด, ํ•œ ์‹œ์ฏค ๋์–ด.
If you're asking what time it is, it's about one o'clock.
๋ฐฉํ•™ ๋™์•ˆ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์ง€๋ƒˆ๋ƒ๋ฉด ์•„๋ฅด๋ฐ”์ดํŠธ ํ•˜๋А๋ผ ์ •์‹ ์ด ์—†์—ˆ์–ด.
If you're asking how I spent the vacation, I was too busy with my part-time job to notice.
์ˆ™์ œ๋„ ์•ˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋А๋ƒ๋ฉด ์•„์ด๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ์šฐ๋ฌผ์ญˆ๋ฌผํ•œ๋‹ค.
If you ask what the child was doing instead of homework, they always hesitate to answer.

-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ๊ฑฐ๋“ 

if (someone) asks whether..., then (conditional on being asked) (-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ๊ฑฐ๋“ )
Master

Used to say that another person's doubt or question is the condition or basis for what follows.

์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์‹œํ—˜ ๋‹ต์„ ์•„๋ƒ๊ฑฐ๋“  ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋ผ.
If Jisu asks whether you know the answer to the exam, say you don't know.
๊ฒฝ์ฐฐ์ด ๋„ˆ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ์ด๋ƒ๊ฑฐ๋“  ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด๋ผ.
If the police ask you if you're a high schooler, say you're not.
๋ถ€์žฅ๋‹˜์ด ํšŒ์˜ ๋•Œ ๋‚˜ ์–ด๋”” ๊ฐ”์—ˆ๋А๋ƒ๊ฑฐ๋“  ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•ด.
If the manager asks at the meeting where I went, answer that you don't know.

-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ๊ธฐ์—

since (someone) asked whether..., (cause/basis) (-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ๊ธฐ์—)
Master

Used to cite a question the speaker was asked as the reason or basis for what follows.

์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ์ง‘์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋จธ๋ƒ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ€๊น๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
Since my senior asked how far my place was, I told them it was close.
์™ธ๊ตญ์ธ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋“ฑ๋ก๊ธˆ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋น„์‹ธ๋ƒ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๋น„์‹ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์–ด.
Since my foreign friend asked if tuition was very expensive, I said it was very expensive.
์ฃผ๋ง์— ๋ญ˜ ํ–ˆ๋А๋ƒ๊ธฐ์— ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ดค๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
Since they asked what I did over the weekend, I said I watched a movie.

-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ๋Š”๊ตฌ๋‚˜

(so someone's) asking whether...! (relaying with wonder, blunt) (-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ๋Š”๊ตฌ๋‚˜)
Master

Used, in a very blunt/lowering tone, to convey another person's question to the listener with a sense of realization or wonder.

ํ•™์ƒ์ด ๋ง๋Œ€๋‹ต์„ ํ•œ ๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํฐ ์ฃ„๋ƒ๋Š”๊ตฌ๋‚˜.
So the student is asking whether talking back is really such a big crime!
์Šน๊ทœ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ผ์„ ๋„ˆ ํ˜ผ์ž ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋ƒ๋Š”๊ตฌ๋‚˜.
So Seunggyu is asking whether you could really do such a hard task alone!
์˜์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์กฐ๋งŒ๊ฐ„ ํšŒ๋ณตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ๋А๋ƒ๋Š”๊ตฌ๋‚˜.
So the doctor is asking whether they'll recover soon!

-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ๋˜๊ฐ€

did (someone) ask whether...? (recalling, checking) (-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ๋˜๊ฐ€)
Master

Used to ask the listener something in order to recall or double-check a question that was asked in the past.

์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์–ธ์ œ ์˜จ๋‹ค๋˜๊ฐ€?
Did Jisu ask when they'll come?
์Šน๊ทœ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ผ์„ ํ˜ผ์ž ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋А๋ƒ๋˜๊ฐ€?
Did Seunggyu ask whether he could do this alone?
์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด ์ˆ™์ œ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค ํ–ˆ๋А๋ƒ๋˜๊ฐ€?
Did the teacher ask whether you finished all your homework?

-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ๋Š”๊ตฐ

(so someone's) asking whether... (relaying, blunt) (-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ๋Š”๊ตฐ)
Master

Used, in a blunt/lowering tone, to convey another person's question to the listener.

์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์˜ˆ์˜๋ƒ๋Š”๊ตฐ.
People are asking how pretty that actress is.
ํŒ€์žฅ๋‹˜์ด ์ด ์ผ์ •์ด๋ฉด ๋น ๋“ฏํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋ƒ๋Š”๊ตฐ.
The team lead is asking whether this schedule isn't too tight.
๋ฐ• ๋Œ€๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋ง์— ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์™€๋„ ์‚ฐํ–‰์„ ๊ฐ€๋А๋ƒ๋Š”๊ตฐ.
Assistant Manager Park is asking whether we're still going hiking even if it rains this weekend.

-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ๊ธธ๋ž˜

since (someone) asked whether... (cause, casual) (-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ๊ธธ๋ž˜)
Master

A casual variant of -๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ๊ธฐ์— โ€” used to cite a question the speaker was asked as the reason for what follows.

์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ์˜ˆ์˜๋ƒ๊ธธ๋ž˜ ์ธ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด ์ฃผ์—ˆ์–ด.
Since my friend asked if Jisu was really pretty, I told them she's very popular.
๋‚ฏ์„  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋‚˜๋ณด๊ณ  ์ด ๋™๋„ค ์ฃผ๋ฏผ์ด๋ƒ๊ธธ๋ž˜ ๋ฌด์„œ์›Œ์„œ ๋Œ€๋‹ต๋„ ์•ˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋„๋ง์ณค๋‹ค.
Since a stranger asked if I lived in this neighborhood, I got scared and ran off without answering.
์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ €๋…์— ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์™€ ์‹์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋А๋ƒ๊ธธ๋ž˜ ์•„๋งˆ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜๊ณผ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์„๊นŒ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹ตํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Since my friend asked who I was having dinner with, I answered that it was probably my parents.

-๊ฑฐ๋‹ˆ ํ•˜๋‹ค

to just assume/guess that (-๊ฑฐ๋‹ˆ ํ•˜๋‹ค)
Master

Used to say the speaker guesses at a certain fact and accepts it as likely true, without confirming it directly.

์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ์ €๋…์„ ์นœ๊ตฌ ์ง‘์—์„œ ๋จน์—ˆ๊ฑฐ๋‹ˆ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Mom just assumed her child had eaten dinner at a friend's house.
์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ฐจ๋ก€๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๊ฒ ๊ฑฐ๋‹ˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์„ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด๋‚˜ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ ธ๋‹ค.
Jisu just assumed her turn would come eventually and waited for three whole hours.
์œ ๋ฏผ์€ ์†์— ์ƒ๊ธด ์ƒ์ฒ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ธˆ๋ฐฉ ๋‚ซ๊ฒ ๊ฑฐ๋‹ˆ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋ณ‘์›์— ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.
Yumin just assumed the wound on her hand would heal quickly and didn't go to the hospital.

-(์œผ)๋ผ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜

telling to (do), or (listing quoted commands) (-(์œผ)๋ผ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜)
Master

Used to convey the content of a command by giving examples or listing several quoted commands.

์ง€์ˆ˜์—๊ฒŒ ์กด๊ฒฝํ•˜๋Š” ์ธ๋ฌผ์„ ์ ์œผ๋ผ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋งํ•˜๋ผ๋ฉด ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜์„ ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค.
Whenever Jisu was told to write down or say who she respected, she always named her parents.
์•„์ด๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋จน์œผ๋ผ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ  ๋จน์œผ๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฐ•์š”ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋œ๋‹ค.
You shouldn't force kids by telling them to eat fast or to finish everything.
์–ด๋ ค์›€์— ์ฒ˜ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ์ € ์ฐธ์œผ๋ผ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์•Œ์•„์„œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋˜๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
Is it okay to just tell someone in a difficult situation to endure it or figure it out on their own?

-(์œผ)๋ผ๊ฑฐ๋“ 

if (someone) tells (you) to, then (conditional command) (-(์œผ)๋ผ๊ฑฐ๋“ )
Master

Used to say that another person's command or request is the condition or basis for what follows.

๋„ˆ๋ณด๊ณ  ์Œ์‹์„ ๊ณ„์† ๋จน์œผ๋ผ๊ฑฐ๋“  ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋ฐฐ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์„œ ๋ชป ๋จน๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด.
If they tell you to keep eating, just say you're full and can't.
์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด ๋„ˆํ•œํ…Œ ๊ต๊ณผ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ฝ์œผ๋ผ๊ฑฐ๋“  ์ž๋ฆฌ์—์„œ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ์ฝ์œผ๋ฉด ๋œ๋‹จ๋‹ค.
If the teacher tells you to read the textbook, just stand up and read it.
์‚ฌํšŒ์ž๊ฐ€ ํƒ์ž ์œ„์— ๋†“์ธ ๊ฒƒ ์ค‘ ์•„๋ฌด๊ฒƒ์ด๋‚˜ ์ง‘์œผ๋ผ๊ฑฐ๋“  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋งˆ์Œ์— ๋“œ๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ์ง‘์œผ๋ฉด ๋ผ.
If the host tells you to pick anything on the table, just pick whichever you like most.

-(์œผ)๋ผ๊ณ ์š”

I said, do it! (repeating a command, polite) (-(์œผ)๋ผ๊ณ ์š”)
Master

(informal polite) Used when the speaker repeats or emphasizes a suggestion, command, or claim they already made.

๊ณง๋ฐ”๋กœ ํšŒ์˜๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ์•„ ๋†“์œผ๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
I said, gather everyone so we can start the meeting right away.
๊ทธ ์„œ๋ฅ˜๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋ฉด ๋‚˜ ๋Œ€์‹  ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
I said, if they bring the documents, receive them for me.
๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋“ค์–ด์˜ค๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ฐฝ๋ฌธ์„ ๋‹ซ์œผ๋ผ๊ณ ์š”.
I said, close the window since a lot of wind is coming in.

-(์œผ)๋ผ๊ธฐ์—

since (someone) told me to, (cause/basis) (-(์œผ)๋ผ๊ธฐ์—)
Master

Used to cite a command or request the speaker heard as the reason or basis for what follows.

๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ •๋ง ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๊ทธ ๋ง์„ ๋ฏฟ์œผ๋ผ๊ธฐ์— ๋ฏฟ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
Since that person said it was really true and told me to believe it, I believed it.
์‚ฌ์„œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์ฑ…์€ ์ด์ชฝ์—์„œ ์ฐพ์œผ๋ผ๊ธฐ์— ์ฐพ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์•ˆ ๋ณด์ด๋„ค์š”.
Since the librarian told me to look for that book over here, I'm looking but I can't find it.
๊ทธ๋Š” ์ž๊ธฐ์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ด ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ์ž ์‹œ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ผ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
He said he was just holding onto this item because someone told him to hold it for a while.

-(์œผ)๋ผ๊ธธ๋ž˜

since (someone) told me to (cause, casual) (-(์œผ)๋ผ๊ธธ๋ž˜)
Master

A casual variant of -(์œผ)๋ผ๊ธฐ์— โ€” used to cite a command the speaker heard as the reason for what follows.

์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž ๊น ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์žˆ์œผ๋ผ๊ธธ๋ž˜ ๊ฐ€๋งŒํžˆ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .
Since they told us to stay here for a moment, we were quietly waiting.
์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ด๊ฒƒ ์ข€ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ผ๊ธธ๋ž˜ ๋ฐ›์•„์„œ ๋“ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๋ฟ์ด์—์š”.
I was just holding this because that person told me to take it.
๊ทธ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์‚ฌ๊ด€์ด ์™€์„œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์œผ๋ผ๊ธธ๋ž˜ ์ฐพ์•„์„œ ๊ฑด๋„ค์ค€ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
He said an investigator came and told him to find the documents, so he found them and handed them over.

-(์œผ)๋ผ๋„ค

(someone) says to (do), you know (relaying a command) (-(์œผ)๋ผ๋„ค)
Master

Used, in a moderately low tone, to relay a command or request someone else made.

ํŒ€์žฅ์ด ์ด๋ฒˆ ์ผ์€ ์ž๋„ค๊ฐ€ ๋งก์œผ๋ผ๋„ค.
The team lead says you should take charge of this task.
๋ถ€์žฌ ์‹œ์— ์ „ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋ฉด ๋ฉ”๋ชจ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ ๋†“์œผ๋ผ๋„ค.
They say to leave a note if a call comes in while I'm out.
๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ์ข‹์€ ์Œ์‹์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋‚จ๊ธฐ์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ  ๋‹ค ๋จน์œผ๋ผ๋„ค.
They say to eat it all without leaving any, since it's good for your health.

-(์œผ)๋ผ๋А๋ƒ

are they telling me to...? (questioning a relayed command) (-(์œผ)๋ผ๋А๋ƒ)
Master

(informal, addressee-lowering) Used to ask, as if confirming, about a command or request the speaker was told about.

๋‚˜๋”๋Ÿฌ ๋˜ ์ฐธ์œผ๋ผ๋А๋ƒ?
Are they telling me to endure it again?
๋‚จ์€ ์Œ์‹์ด ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€๋ฐ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋จน์œผ๋ผ๋А๋ƒ?
There doesn't seem to be any food left โ€” what are they telling me to eat?
์ง€๊ธˆ ๋‚˜ํ•œํ…Œ ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์ง€๋„ ์•Š์€ ์˜ท์„ ์ž…์œผ๋ผ๋А๋ƒ?
Are they telling me to wear clothes that haven't even been ironed?

-(์œผ)๋ผ๋Š”

the command to (do) (quoting, attributive) (-(์œผ)๋ผ๋Š”)
Master

Used to quote a command or request and use it to modify the following noun (like 'instruction' or 'note').

์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋ฐฐ์ž๋ฅผ ์žก์œผ๋ผ๋Š” ์ง€์‹œ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ๋ฐ”๋กœ ํ˜„์žฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ถœ๋™ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
We received the order to catch the wanted person and rushed to the scene right away.
๊น€ ์”จ๋Š” ์•„๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋งค์ผ ์ˆ ์„ ๋Š์œผ๋ผ๋Š” ์ž”์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ํ‘ธ๋…์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Mr. Kim complained that his wife nags him every day to quit drinking.
๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋น„์šด ์‚ฌ์ด ์–ด๋–ค ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์œผ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ถ€์žฅ๋‹˜์˜ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ๊ฒจ์ ธ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
While I was away, the manager had left a note telling me to find some documents.

-(์œผ)๋ผ๋Š”๊ตฌ๋‚˜

so they're telling (someone) to...! (relaying, blunt) (-(์œผ)๋ผ๋Š”๊ตฌ๋‚˜)
Master

Used, in a very blunt/lowering tone, to convey another person's command to the listener.

ํšŒ์žฅ์ด ๋„ˆ์—๊ฒŒ ํšŒ๋น„๋ฅผ ๋Œ€์‹  ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ผ๋Š”๊ตฌ๋‚˜.
So the chairman is telling you to collect the dues on his behalf!
๋ฐ˜์žฅ, ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๊ป˜์„œ ๋„ค๊ฐ€ ์ˆ™์ œ๋ฅผ ๊ฑท์œผ๋ผ๋Š”๊ตฌ๋‚˜.
Class president, so the teacher is telling you to collect the homework!
์ด๋ฒˆ ๋ฌด๋Œ€์—์„œ๋Š” ์ด ์˜์ƒ์„ ์ž…์œผ๋ผ๋Š”๊ตฌ๋‚˜.
So they're telling us to wear this costume for this stage performance!

-(์œผ)๋ผ๋Š”๊ตฐ

so they're telling (someone) to... (relaying, blunt) (-(์œผ)๋ผ๋Š”๊ตฐ)
Master

Used, in a blunt/lowering tone, to convey another person's command or request to the listener.

์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ๊ต๋ณต์„ ์ž…์œผ๋ผ๋Š”๊ตฐ.
So they're telling us to wear our school uniform today.
์‹์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ด ์ˆ˜ํ”„๋ฅผ ๋จผ์ € ๋จน์œผ๋ผ๋Š”๊ตฐ.
So they're telling us to eat this soup first, before the meal.
๋‘ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์„  ์ค‘์— ๋นจ๊ฐ„ ์„ ์„ ์žก์œผ๋ผ๋Š”๊ตฐ.
So they're telling us to grab the red line out of the two.

-(์œผ)๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ

they're telling (someone) to..., and (quoting a command, continuing) (-(์œผ)๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ)
Master

Used to convey a command or request, and then continue with the speaker's own following statement.

๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ด ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ๋ง‰๋ฌด๊ฐ€๋‚ด๋กœ ๋‚ด๋†“์œผ๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ฒ ์–ด์š”.
That person is unreasonably demanding I hand this item over, so what can I do?
๋…€์„๋“ค, ์–ด๋ฅธ๋“ค์ด ์žก์ดˆ๋ฅผ ๋ฝ‘์œผ๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋†€๊ณ ๋งŒ ์žˆ๊ตฌ๋‚˜?
You kids โ€” the adults told you to pull the weeds, but you're just playing?
์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ป˜์„œ ์–ด์„œ ๋ฌด๋ฆŽ์„ ๊ฟ‡์œผ๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ญ˜ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์•ผ?
Dad is telling you to kneel down quickly โ€” what are you doing?

-(์œผ)๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ๋„

even though (someone) told (them) to, (unexpected result) (-(์œผ)๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ๋„)
Master

Used to say that despite a command or request having been made, an unexpected or contrary result still follows.

๋‚จ๋“ค์€ ์ด์ œ ๊ทธ๋งŒ ์žŠ์œผ๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์–ต์€ ๋จธ๋ฆฟ์†์—์„œ ๋งด๋Œ๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Even though everyone tells me to just forget it now, that memory just keeps circling in my head.
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋‚˜๋ณด๊ณ  ๋„ค๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ์œผ๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์„œ ์ฐธ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์•ผ์ง€.
Even though everyone tells me you should be the one to endure it, I'm too angry to hold it in.
์‚ฌ์ง„ ์ฐ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๊ฐ€๋งŒํžˆ ์žˆ์œผ๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ์•„์ด๋Š” ์ž ์‹œ๋„ ๊ฐ€๋งŒํžˆ ์žˆ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค.
Even though I told the child to stay still for the photo, they can't stay still even for a moment.

-(์œผ)๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”

they're telling (someone) to..., so (relaying a command, polite) (-(์œผ)๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”)
Master

(informal polite) Used to indirectly convey a command or request the speaker heard.

๋ถ€์žฅ๋‹˜๊ป˜์„œ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ง€ํ‚ค๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
The manager is telling me to stay right here and hold this spot.
๊ณผ์žฅ๋‹˜๊ป˜์„œ ์ด ์ œํ’ˆ์€ ๊ทธ ์ง„์—ด๋Œ€์—์„œ ๋นผ๋†“์œผ๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
The department head is telling me to take this product off that display shelf.
์ง€์ˆ˜ ์”จ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์˜ท๋“ค์€ ์ด ์ƒ์ž์— ๋„ฃ์œผ๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
Jisu is telling me to put those clothes in this box.

-(์œผ)๋ผ๋‹ˆ

to be told to...! (quoting a command, with emotion) (-(์œผ)๋ผ๋‹ˆ)
Master

Used to reveal the speaker's surprise or wonder at a command or request they heard.

์ž๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ›์„ ํƒ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ๋‚˜๋”๋Ÿฌ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ผ๋‹ˆ, ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌ๋ถ€๋ฆ„๊พผ์ธ๊ฐ€?
Telling me to receive the package that's for them โ€” am I their errand boy?
์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚˜๋ณด๊ณ  ์•Œ์•„์„œ ํ•˜๋ผ๋‹ˆ, ์–ด์ด๊ฐ€ ์—†๋„ค.
Telling me to decide on something this important on my own โ€” that's ridiculous.
๊ผผ์งํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ  ์ง‘์—๋งŒ ์žˆ์œผ๋ผ๋‹ˆ, ๋งˆ์น˜ ๊ฐ์˜ฅ์— ๊ฐ‡ํžŒ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„.
Being told to not move an inch and just stay home โ€” it feels like I'm locked in prison.

-(์œผ)๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ

I'm telling you to..., (emphasizing a command) (-(์œผ)๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ)
Master

Used to cite the speaker's own command or another person's command as the reason or basis, emphasizing it.

๋„ค๊ฐ€ ์ฐธ์œผ๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฒˆ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ๋งŒ ์ฐธ๋Š”๋‹ค.
Since you're telling me to endure it, I'll put up with it just this once.
๊ฐ€๋งŒํžˆ ์žˆ์œผ๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์™œ ์ž๊พธ ์›€์ง์—ฌ?
I'm telling you to stay still โ€” why do you keep moving?
๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์ฃผ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ ์œผ๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ์•ˆ ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.
Since I was suddenly told to write down the address, I couldn't remember it.

-(์œผ)๋ผ๋‹ˆ์š”

what, they want me to...?! (surprised at a command, polite) (-(์œผ)๋ผ๋‹ˆ์š”)
Master

(informal polite) Used to show the speaker is surprised or taken aback upon hearing a command or request.

๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฑฐ์ง“๋ง์„ ๋ฏฟ์œผ๋ผ๋‹ˆ์š”.
What, they want me to believe a lie like that?!
๊ฐ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฑธ๋ ธ๋Š”๋ฐ ์•„์ด์Šคํฌ๋ฆผ์„ ๋จน์œผ๋ผ๋‹ˆ์š”.
I have a cold, and they're telling me to eat ice cream?!
์–ธ์ œ ๋๋‚ ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ณ„์† ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ผ๋‹ˆ์š”.
I don't even know when it'll end, and they're telling me to keep waiting?!

-(์œผ)๋ผ๋˜๋ฐ

was told to..., you know (recalling a command) (-(์œผ)๋ผ๋˜๋ฐ)
Master

Used to mention a command received from someone, then relate it to what follows.

์‚ด์„ ๋นผ๋ ค๋ฉด ์ ๊ฒŒ ๋จน์œผ๋ผ๋˜๋ฐ ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ณ ํŒŒ ์‰ฝ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์•Š๋‹ค.
I was told that if you want to lose weight, eat less โ€” but it's not easy when I'm hungry.
๋ฐ˜์†ก๋œ ์šฐํŽธ๋ฌผ์„ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ฐพ์œผ๋ผ๋˜๋ฐ ์–ด๋””๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ฉด ๋˜๋‚˜์š”?
I was told to pick up returned mail here โ€” where should I go?
์ƒ์‹์„ ๋Š˜๋ฆฌ๋ ค๋ฉด ์‹ ๋ฌธ์„ ์ฝ์œผ๋ผ๋˜๋ฐ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์‹ ๋ฌธ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์žฌ๋ฏธ๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค.
I was told to read the newspaper to build general knowledge, but I find newspapers so boring.

-(์œผ)๋ผ๋˜๊ฐ€

did (someone) tell (them) to...? (checking, casual) (-(์œผ)๋ผ๋˜๊ฐ€)
Master

Used to ask the listener about a command or request, as if checking or recalling it.

์ด ๋ฒฝ๋Œ์„ ์–ด๋””๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ์Œ“์œผ๋ผ๋˜๊ฐ€.
Where were we told to stack these bricks?
๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์ž๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ์–ป์œผ๋ผ๋˜๊ฐ€.
Who were we told to get the necessary documents from?
ํƒ๋ฐฐ๋ฅผ ์–ด๋””์—์„œ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ผ๋˜๊ฐ€.
Where were we told to receive the package?

-์ž๊ฑฐ๋‚˜

suggesting to..., or (listing quoted suggestions) (-์ž๊ฑฐ๋‚˜)
Master

Used to convey the content of a suggestion or invitation by giving examples or listing several quoted proposals.

์Šน๊ทœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฅ์„ ๋จน์ž๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ์ˆ ์„ ๋งˆ์‹œ์ž๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•ด๋„ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค.
Even when Seunggyu suggested we eat or have a drink, I had no time.
์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํ•œํ…Œ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ž๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๊ฐ„์— ๋‚˜๋Š” ์˜ํ™”์—๋Š” ์›๋ž˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ์—†๋‹ค.
No matter what movie my friend suggests we watch, I'm just not interested in movies to begin with.
์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํ•œํ…Œ ์–ด๋””์— ๊ฐ€์ž๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋ง์ž๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ํ•ด๋„ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ƒ๊ด€์—†๋‹ค.
Whether Jisu suggests we go somewhere or not, it doesn't matter to me.

-์ž๊ฑฐ๋“ 

if (someone) suggests..., then (conditional suggestion) (-์ž๊ฑฐ๋“ )
Master

Used to say that another person's suggestion or invitation is the condition or basis for what follows.

์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ง‘์— ๊ฐ€์ž๊ฑฐ๋“  ๋ชป ์ด๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ฒ™ ๋”ฐ๋ผ๊ฐ€.
If Jisu suggests going home, just go along like you're giving in.
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ˆ ์„ ๋งˆ์‹œ์ž๊ฑฐ๋“  ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์™”๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ•ด.
If people suggest having a drink, refuse by saying you drove here.
์Šน๊ทœ๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋งŒ๋‚˜์ž๊ฑฐ๋“  ๋งŒ๋‚˜ ์ฃผ์ง€ ๋งˆ.
If Seunggyu suggests meeting up with you, don't meet him.

-์ž๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”

since (someone) suggested..., you see (basis, polite) (-์ž๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”)
Master

(informal polite) Used to give another person's suggestion as the basis for the speaker's own action.

๋จผ์ € ์ง‘์— ๊ฐ€๋ณผ๊ฒŒ์š”. ์•„๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ง‘์—์„œ ์ €๋…์„ ๋จน์ž๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
I'll head home first โ€” my wife suggested we eat dinner at home, you see.
๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ๋กœ ๊ฐ€๋ฉด ์•ˆ ๋ผ์š”? ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์‹œ๋„๋Ÿฌ์›Œ์„œ ๋‹ค๋“ค ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ง์ž๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
Can we go somewhere else? It's so loud there, everyone suggested we not go, you see.
๊ธˆ์š”์ผ์— ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋„ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”? ๋‚ด์ผ์€ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์Šน๊ทœ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณ‘๋ฌธ์•ˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ž๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”.
Could we meet on Friday? My friends suggested visiting Seunggyu in the hospital tomorrow, you see.

-์ž๊ณ ์š”

I said, let's...! (repeating a suggestion, polite) (-์ž๊ณ ์š”)
Master

(informal polite) Used when the speaker repeats or emphasizes a suggestion or claim they already made.

์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋ชจ๋‘ ํž˜๋‚ด์ž๊ณ ์š”.
Everyone, I said let's all cheer up!
๋†€๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€๋”๋ผ๋„ ๋ฐฅ์€ ๋จน๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ž๊ณ ์š”.
Even if we're going out, I said let's eat first.
๋ฌธ ์ข€ ๋‹ซ์ž๊ณ ์š”. ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ช‡ ๋ฒˆ์„ ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
I said, let's close the door! How many times do I have to say it?

-์ž๊ธฐ์—

since (someone) suggested..., (cause/basis) (-์ž๊ธฐ์—)
Master

Used to cite a suggestion the speaker heard as the reason or basis for what follows.

์Šน๊ทœ๊ฐ€ ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฐฅ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ๋จน์ž๊ธฐ์— ์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ์ฑ„๋น„๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Since Seunggyu called and suggested getting a meal together, Jisu got ready to go out.
์–ธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฑํ™”์ ์„ ๊ฐ€๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ฐ€์ž๊ธฐ์— ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋”ฐ๋ผ๋‚˜์„ฐ๋‹ค.
Since my sister was going to the department store and suggested I come along, I followed.
์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ต๋‹ตํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ๋ฐ”๋žŒ์ด๋‚˜ ์ฌ๊ณ  ์˜ค์ž๊ธฐ์— ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋กœ ๋– ๋‚ฌ๋‹ค.
Since my friend said they were feeling stuffy and suggested getting some fresh air, we headed to the sea.

-์ž๊ธธ๋ž˜

since (someone) suggested... (cause, casual) (-์ž๊ธธ๋ž˜)
Master

A casual variant of -์ž๊ธฐ์— โ€” used to cite a suggestion the speaker heard as the reason for what follows.

๋‚˜๋Š” ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ €๋…์„ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋จน์ž๊ธธ๋ž˜ ์ง‘์„ ๋‚˜์„ฐ๋‹ค.
Since my friend suggested eating dinner together, I left the house.
๋‚˜๋Š” ์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์Œˆ์„ ์ž˜ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง‘์— ๊ฐ€์ž๊ธธ๋ž˜ ๋ฉ€๋ฆฌ๊นŒ์ง€ ์™”๋‹ค.
Since Jisu suggested going to a place that's good at bossam, I came all this way.
๋™์ƒ์ด ์˜จ ๊น€์— ์‹œ๋‚ด ๊ตฌ๊ฒฝ์„ ํ•˜์ž๊ธธ๋ž˜ ํ”ผ๊ณคํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋”ฐ๋ผ๋‚˜์„ฐ๋‹ค.
Since my sibling was already visiting and suggested touring downtown, I went along even though I was tired.

-์ž๋„ค

(someone) says let's..., you know (relaying a suggestion) (-์ž๋„ค)
Master

Used, in a moderately low tone, to relay a suggestion or invitation someone else made.

๋ฏผ์ค€์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœํ‘œ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๋•Œ ์ •์žฅ์„ ์ž…์ž๋„ค.
Minjun says we should wear suits when we give the presentation.
ํšŒ์žฅ์ด ๋‹ค์Œ ์ฃผ์—๋Š” ์ด ์ฑ…์„ ์ฝ๊ณ  ํ† ๋ก ์„ ํ•˜์ž๋„ค.
The chairman says we should read this book and discuss it next week.
๋ถ€์žฅ๋‹˜๊ป˜์„œ ์ด๋ฒˆ ์ฃผ๋ง์—๋Š” ๋‹ค ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ฐํ–‰์„ ๊ฐ€์ž๋„ค.
The manager says we should all go hiking together this weekend.

-์ž๋А๋ƒ

are they suggesting to...? (questioning a relayed suggestion) (-์ž๋А๋ƒ)
Master

(informal, addressee-lowering) Used to ask, as if confirming, about a suggestion or invitation the speaker was told about.

์ด ์‹œ๊ฐ์— ์–ด๋”œ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์ž๋А๋ƒ?
Are they suggesting going out at this hour?
์š”์ฆ˜ ์ž๊พธ ์‚ด์ด ์ฐŒ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋˜ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ๋จน์ž๋А๋ƒ?
I keep gaining weight lately โ€” what are they suggesting we eat now?
ํ—ˆ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„ํ”ˆ ๋‚˜ํ•œํ…Œ ๋“ฑ์‚ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ž๋А๋ƒ?
Are they suggesting hiking to me when my back hurts?

-์ž๋Š”

the suggestion to (do) (quoting, attributive) (-์ž๋Š”)
Master

Used to quote a suggestion or invitation and use it to modify the following noun (like 'suggestion' or 'proposal').

์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ณก์— ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€๋ฐ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค์— ๊ฐ€์ž๋Š” ์นœ๊ตฌ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ค.
Jisu wants to go to the valley, but is troubled by her friend's suggestion to go to the beach.
์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋†€์ด๊ณต์›์— ๊ฐ„ ์œ ๋ฏผ์ด๋Š” ๊ณ„์† ๋†€์ž๋Š” ์•„์ด๋“ค์„ ๋‹ฌ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฒจ์šฐ ์ง‘์— ์™”๋‹ค.
Yumin, who took the kids to the amusement park, barely made it home after calming the kids who kept insisting on playing more.
๋‚˜๋Š” ๊น€ ์”จ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผํ•˜์ž๋Š” ์ œ์˜๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์•˜๋‹ค.
I received a proposal from Mr. Kim to work together.

-์ž๋Š”๊ตฌ๋‚˜

so (someone's) suggesting to...! (relaying, blunt) (-์ž๋Š”๊ตฌ๋‚˜)
Master

Used, in a very blunt/lowering tone, to convey another person's suggestion to the listener with a sense of realization.

๋ˆ„๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ์ ์‹ฌ ๋•Œ ๊ตญ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋จน์ž๋Š”๊ตฌ๋‚˜.
So my sister is suggesting we have noodles for lunch!
๋ฏผ์ค€์ด๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋ง์— ๊ฐ™์ด ๋“ฑ์‚ฐ ๊ฐ€์ž๋Š”๊ตฌ๋‚˜.
So Minjun is suggesting we go hiking together this weekend!
์Šน๊ทœ๊ฐ€ ํ‡ด๊ทผ ํ›„์— ๊ฐ™์ด ์ˆ  ํ•œ์ž” ํ•˜์ž๋Š”๊ตฌ๋‚˜.
So Seunggyu is suggesting we have a drink together after work!

-์ž๋Š”๊ตฐ

so (someone's) suggesting to... (relaying, blunt) (-์ž๋Š”๊ตฐ)
Master

Used, in a blunt/lowering tone, to convey another person's suggestion or invitation to the listener.

์Šน๊ทœ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ™์ œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋จผ์ € ํ•˜์ž๋Š”๊ตฐ.
So Seunggyu is suggesting we do the homework first.
์ง‘์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ฃผ๋ง์—๋Š” ๊ฐ™์ด ๋Œ€์ฒญ์†Œ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ž๋Š”๊ตฐ.
So my wife is suggesting we do a big cleanup together this weekend.
์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋Šฆ๋Š”๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋ฆฌ ๋จผ์ € ์ €๋…์„ ๋จน์ž๋Š”๊ตฐ.
So since Jisu will be late, they're suggesting we don't wait and eat dinner among ourselves first.

-์ž๋Š”๋ฐ

they're suggesting to..., and (quoting a suggestion, continuing) (-์ž๋Š”๋ฐ)
Master

Used to quote a suggestion or invitation, and then continue with the speaker's own following statement.

์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋„์„œ๊ด€์—์„œ ๊ณต๋ถ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ž๋Š”๋ฐ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ฉ ๋‚ดํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
My friend is suggesting we study together at the library, but I'm not really up for it.
์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์Œ ์ฃผ์— ์ˆ˜์˜์žฅ์— ๋†€๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ž๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„ˆ ํ˜น์‹œ ์ข‹์€ ๋ฐ ์•„๋‹ˆ?
Jisu is suggesting we go to the pool next week โ€” do you happen to know a good spot?
๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์Šน๊ทœ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฅ์„ ๋จน์ž๋Š”๋ฐ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์–ด์ƒ‰ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Seunggyu suddenly suggested we get a meal, but I felt awkward and refused.

-์ž๋Š”๋ฐ๋„

even though (someone) suggests..., (unexpected result) (-์ž๋Š”๋ฐ๋„)
Master

Used to say that despite a suggestion or invitation having been made, an unexpected or contrary result still follows.

๋ง›์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋จน์œผ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ž๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ์•„๋“ค์€ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ๊ท€์ฐฎ๋‹ค๊ณ ๋งŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Even though I suggest going out for something delicious, my son just says it's too much trouble to go out.
ํ”ผ๊ณคํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ง‘์— ์žˆ์ž๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ํ•œ์‚ฌ์ฝ” ๋‚˜๋“ค์ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ž๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Even though I suggested just staying home since I was tired, my wife insisted we go on an outing.
์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง‘ ์•ž์ด๋ผ๋ฉฐ ์–ผ๊ตด ์ข€ ๋ณด์ž๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ชธ์ด ์•ˆ ์ข‹์•„์„œ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Even though my friend, saying they were right outside, suggested meeting up, I refused because I wasn't feeling well.

-์ž๋Š”๋ฐ์š”

they're suggesting to..., so (relaying a suggestion, polite) (-์ž๋Š”๋ฐ์š”)
Master

(informal polite) Used to indirectly convey a suggestion or invitation the speaker heard.

์œ ๋ฏผ์ด๊ฐ€ ์‹์‚ฌ๋Š” ๋ง๊ณ  ๊ฐ„๋‹จํžˆ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์‹œ์ž๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
Yumin is suggesting we skip the meal and just have a simple tea instead.
์Šน๊ทœ๊ฐ€ ํ•œํ„ฑ ๋‚ธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋ชจ์ž„ ๋‚ ์งœ ์žก์ž๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
Seunggyu is suggesting we set a date for a get-together since he's treating everyone.
๋‚ด์ผ์€ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๋ผ๋ฆฌ ์‹์‚ฌ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ํ•˜์ž๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
Dad is suggesting we all have a family meal together tomorrow.

-์ž๋‹ˆ๊นŒ

since (someone) suggested..., (cause/basis) (-์ž๋‹ˆ๊นŒ)
Master

Used to give the content of a suggestion or invitation as the reason or basis for what follows.

์ด๋ฒˆ ์ฃผ๋ง์—๋Š” ๋†€์ด๊ณต์›์— ๋†€๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ž๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ๊ธฐ๋ปํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Since I suggested going to the amusement park this weekend, the kids were overjoyed.
์ ์‹ฌ์€ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ๋‹ฌ์„ ์‹œ์ผœ์„œ ๋จน์ž๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๊ธฐ์–ด์ฝ” ์ ์‹ฌ์„ ์ค€๋น„ํ•˜์‹ ๋‹ค.
Even though I suggested just ordering something simple for lunch, mom insists on preparing lunch anyway.
์•„๋“ค์€ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜์ž๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ž๋Š” ์ฒ™์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Since I suggested studying, my son pretends to be asleep.

-์ž๋‹ˆ์š”

what, let's...?! (surprised at a suggestion, polite) (-์ž๋‹ˆ์š”)
Master

(informal polite) Used to show the speaker is surprised or taken aback upon hearing a suggestion or invitation.

๋น„๋„ ์˜ค๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์‚ฐ์ฑ…์„ ๊ฐ€์ž๋‹ˆ์š”?
What, it's raining and you're suddenly suggesting we go for a walk?!
์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ”ผํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์‹ฌ๊ฐํ•œ๋ฐ ์กฐ์šฉํžˆ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€์ž๋‹ˆ์š”?
The damage is this serious, and you're suggesting we just let it slide quietly?!
์šด์ „ํ•ด์„œ ์ง‘์— ๊ฐ€์•ผ ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ˆ ์„ ๋งˆ์‹œ์ž๋‹ˆ์š”?
You're suggesting drinking to someone who has to drive home?!

-์ž๋”๋‹ˆ

(someone) suggested..., but then (relaying, then contrasting) (-์ž๋”๋‹ˆ)
Master

Used to mention a suggestion or invitation someone made, and then continue on to a following, often contrasting, statement.

์Šน๊ทœ๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ž๋”๋‹ˆ ์ „ํ™”๋„ ์•ˆ ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์—ฐ๋ฝ๋„ ์—†๋‹ค.
Seunggyu suggested watching a movie today, but now he's not answering calls or messages.
์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋†€๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ž๋”๋‹ˆ ์•„์ง๊นŒ์ง€ ์ž ๋งŒ ์ž๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด ์–ด๋–กํ•ด?
You suggested going out today, so what are you doing still sleeping?
๋ฐฅ์„ ๋จน์ž๋”๋‹ˆ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ์›ฌ ์ž์žฅ๋ฉด์„ ๋จน์–ด?
You suggested getting a meal, so why are you suddenly eating jajangmyeon?

-์ž์ง€๋งŒ

(someone) suggests..., but (conceding a suggestion, then contrasting) (-์ž์ง€๋งŒ)
Master

Used to convey a suggestion or invitation the speaker heard about, and then connect it to a following statement about the difficulty of following it.

์–ธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ฃผ๋ง์— ๋“ฑ์‚ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์ž์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ์ข€ ์‰ฌ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ด์š”.
My sister suggests hiking this weekend for our health, but I'd like to rest a bit.
ํŒ€์›๋“ค์ด ์˜ค๋Š˜ ํšŒ์‹์„ ํ•˜์ž์ง€๋งŒ ํ•  ์ผ์ด ๋งŽ์•„์„œ ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์–ด์š”.
The team suggests having a team dinner today, but I have so much work I'm not sure I can go.
์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ปคํ”ผ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์‹œ์ž์ง€๋งŒ ์ ์‹ฌ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋‹ค ๋ผ์„œ ์ €๋Š” ๋ฐฅ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋จน์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉด ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
Jisu suggests getting coffee, but since it's almost lunchtime, I'd rather eat first.

-๋‹ค๋”๊ตฐ/๋Š”๋‹ค๋”๊ตฐ

I heard, apparently... (relaying a discovery) (-๋‹ค๋”๊ตฐ/๋Š”๋‹ค๋”๊ตฐ)
Master

(informal, addressee-lowering) Used to relay something the speaker just found out, to the listener.

์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ ์ƒํ™œ์— ๋ถˆ๋งŒ์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋”๊ตฐ.
I heard Jisu has no complaints about her life right now.
์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ด๊ทธ์‹  ๊น€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง ๋ง›์žˆ๋‹ค๋”๊ตฐ.
I heard the kimchi Mom made is really delicious.
์Šน๊ทœ๋Š” ์š”์ฆ˜ ์•ผ๊ทผ์ด ๋งŽ์•„์„œ ํ”ผ๊ณคํ•˜๋‹ค๋”๊ตฐ.
I heard Seunggyu has been tired since he's been working overtime a lot lately.

-๋‹ค๋“ ์ง€/๋Š”๋‹ค๋“ ์ง€

whether... or... (choosing between two facts) (-๋‹ค๋“ ์ง€/๋Š”๋‹ค๋“ ์ง€)
Master

Used, usually repeated twice, to say something must be one of two stated facts or states.

๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ด ์ข‹๋‹ค๋“ ์ง€ ๋‚˜์˜๋‹ค๋“ ์ง€ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
Please tell me whether you're feeling good or bad.
์ด ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋‹ค๋“ ์ง€ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์—†๋‹ค๋“ ์ง€ ์ข€ ์•Œ๋ ค ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
Please let me know whether this movie is fun or not.
๋ฅ๋‹ค๋“ ์ง€ ์ถฅ๋‹ค๋“ ์ง€ ๋ง์„ ํ•ด์•ผ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์•Œ์ฃ .
You have to tell me whether it's hot or cold for me to know.

-๋‹ค๋งˆ๋‹ค์š”

of course it is! (strongly agreeing) (-๋‹ค๋งˆ๋‹ค์š”)
Master

(informal polite) Used to strongly agree with or confirm what the listener just said or asked.

์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์˜ ๋ง์ด ๋‹ค ๋งž๋‹ค๋งˆ๋‹ค์š”.
Of course everything the teacher says is right!
์–ธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๊ณจ๋ผ ์ฃผ์‹  ์„ ๋ฌผ์ธ๋ฐ ๋งˆ์Œ์— ๋“ค๋‹ค๋งˆ๋‹ค์š”.
Of course I like it โ€” it's the gift my sister picked out for me!
์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๊ป˜์„œ ๋ถ€ํƒํ•˜์‹œ๋Š” ๊ฑด๋ฐ ํ•˜๋‹ค๋งˆ๋‹ค์š”.
Of course I'll do it, since it's the teacher asking!

-๋‹ค๋ฉฐ/๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉฐ

you said... so why? (challenging based on a prior statement) (-๋‹ค๋ฉฐ/๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉฐ)
Master

Used to challenge the listener by pointing out that what they said before doesn't match the current situation.

๊ทธ ์˜ํ™”๋Š” ์žฌ๋ฏธ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ์™œ ๋˜ ๋ณด๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋‹ˆ?
You said that movie wasn't fun, so why are you trying to watch it again?
์Œ์‹ ์žฌ๋ฃŒ๋Š” ๋„‰๋„‰ํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ๋ญ˜ ๋” ์‚ฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋ž˜?
You said we had plenty of ingredients, so why are you trying to buy more?
๋จธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„ํ”„๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ๋ˆ„์›Œ์„œ ์ข€ ์‰ฌ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ  ๋ญ˜ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๋‹ˆ?
You said you had a headache โ€” why aren't you lying down to rest instead of doing that?

-๋‹ค์ง€๋งŒ/๋Š”๋‹ค์ง€๋งŒ

they say..., but (conceding a known fact, then contrasting) (-๋‹ค์ง€๋งŒ/๋Š”๋‹ค์ง€๋งŒ)
Master

Used to admit a fact the speaker already knows or heard, while pointing out that the actual situation differs from it.

์ผ์ด ๋ฐ”์˜๋‹ค์ง€๋งŒ ์–ผ๊ตด์€ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ ์•„๋ƒ?
I know work is busy, but can't we at least see each other once?
๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค๋ ฅ์€ ์žˆ๋‹ค์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋งŒ์œผ๋กœ๋Š” ์„ฑ๊ณตํ•˜๊ธฐ ํž˜๋“ค์ง€.
I know he has real skill, but that alone makes it hard to succeed.
๋ณธ์ธ์€ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋‹ค์ง€๋งŒ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋„์›€ ์—†์ด๋Š” ํž˜๋“ค ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.
He says he'll do it himself, but it'll be hard without help from those around him.

-๋‹ค์ง€์š”/๋Š”๋‹ค์ง€์š”

that's true, right? (confirming a known fact, polite) (-๋‹ค์ง€์š”/๋Š”๋‹ค์ง€์š”)
Master

(informal polite) Used when the speaker asks to confirm a fact they already know.

๋‹ค์Œ ์ฃผ์— ๋Œ€ํ†ต๋ น ์„ ๊ฑฐ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค์ง€์š”?
There's a presidential election next week, right?
๋™์ง€์— ๋‚ฎ์˜ ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์งง๋‹ค์ง€์š”?
The day is shortest on the winter solstice, right?
๊ธฐ๋ฆ„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์€ ์Œ์‹์€ ์นผ๋กœ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋†’๋‹ค์ง€์š”?
Greasy food is high in calories, right?

-๋Œ€๋„/๋Š”๋Œ€๋„

even if I say..., (no effect regardless) (-๋Œ€๋„/๋Š”๋Œ€๋„)
Master

Used to say that even though the preceding statement is asserted or assumed, it has no effect on what follows.

๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง ์ถฅ๋Œ€๋„ ๋ง ์•ˆ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ์งง์€ ์น˜๋งˆ๋ฅผ ์ž…๊ณ  ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋‹ค๋‹ˆ.
Even though I say I'm really cold, she doesn't listen and goes out in a short skirt.
์ด๋ฒˆ ๊น€์žฅ์€ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋„์™€์ฃผ๊ฒ ๋Œ€๋„ ๊ณ„์† ๊ฑฑ์ •์„ ํ•˜๋„ค.
Even though I say I'll help with the kimchi-making this time, she keeps worrying.
์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ์‹ค๋ ฅ์ด ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚˜๋Œ€๋„ ์˜ฌ๋ฐ”๋ฅธ ์ธ์„ฑ์„ ๊ฐ–์ถ”์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ต์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
No matter how much someone's skills are said to be outstanding, it's hard to work with a person who lacks good character.

-๋Œ€์„œ/๋Š”๋Œ€์„œ

since they say..., (basis for what follows) (-๋Œ€์„œ/๋Š”๋Œ€์„œ)
Master

Used to develop the following content based on something the speaker heard from someone else.

์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ๋‚ ์”จ๊ฐ€ ๋ฅ๋Œ€์„œ ๋ฐ˜ํŒ” ์˜ท์„ ์ž…์—ˆ์–ด.
Since I heard it would be hot today, I wore short sleeves.
์—ฌ์ž ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฝƒ์ด ์ข‹๋Œ€์„œ ์žฅ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์„ ๋ฌผํ–ˆ์–ด.
Since my girlfriend said she likes flowers, I gave her roses.
๋ณ‘์›์— ๊ฐ”๋Š”๋ฐ ์—ด์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋†’๋Œ€์„œ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹น๋ถ„๊ฐ„ ์ž…์›์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
I went to the hospital, and since they said my fever was too high, I decided to be admitted for a while.

-๋Œ€์•ผ/๋Š”๋Œ€์•ผ

only if they say..., (a condition worth acting on) (-๋Œ€์•ผ/๋Š”๋Œ€์•ผ)
Master

Used to say that the preceding content, if actually asserted or true, would be the condition for the following action.

๋„ค๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”์˜๋Œ€์•ผ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์„œ ๋•์ง€. ๋ง์„ ์•ˆ ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋ฐ”์œ์ง€ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๊ฒ ์–ด?
Only if you say you're busy will I go help โ€” how would I know you're busy if you don't say so?
๋‚ ์”จ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹๋Œ€์•ผ ์†Œํ’์ด๋ผ๋„ ๊ฐ€์ง€. ๋น„๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์† ์™€์„œ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ธฐ ์–ด๋ ค์›Œ.
Only if they say the weather's good can we even go on a picnic โ€” it keeps raining so it's hard to go out.
์ฑ…์ด ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Œ€์•ผ ์ž˜ ํŒ”๋ฆฌ์ง€. ํ‘œ์ง€๋งŒ ์˜ˆ๋ป์„œ์•ผ ์–ผ๋งˆ ๋ชป ๊ฐ€์ง€.
A book only sells well if people say it's actually interesting โ€” a pretty cover alone won't get it far.

-๋Œ€์š”/๋Š”๋Œ€์š”

I heard that... (relaying, casual polite) (-๋Œ€์š”/๋Š”๋Œ€์š”)
Master

(informal polite) Used to indirectly convey something someone else said.

์ง€์ˆ˜ํ•œํ…Œ ๋‚ด์ผ ์ง‘์— ์˜ค๋žฌ๋”๋‹ˆ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ์—†๋Œ€์š”.
I told Jisu to come home tomorrow, but she says she has no time.
๋ฏผ์ค€์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ตํ†ต์‚ฌ๊ณ ๋กœ ์ž…์›์„ ํ–ˆ๋Œ€์š”.
I heard Minjun was hospitalized because of a car accident.
์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜จ ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋ฌด์ฒ™ ์žฌ๋ฐŒ๋Œ€์š”.
My friends say the newly released movie is really fun.

-๋”๊ตฌ๋จผ์š”

I noticed that... (recalling with mild wonder, polite) (-๋”๊ตฌ๋จผ์š”)
Master

(informal polite) Used to note or express a bit of wonder about something the speaker newly found out.

์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉํ•™ ๋™์•ˆ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์—ฌํ–‰์„ ๋‹ค๋…€์™”๋”๊ตฌ๋จผ์š”.
I noticed Jisu had gone on a trip to Europe during the break.
์˜†์ง‘ ์•„๋“ค์ด ๋Œ€ํ•™์— ์ˆ˜์„์œผ๋กœ ํ•ฉ๊ฒฉ์„ ํ–ˆ๋”๊ตฌ๋จผ์š”.
I found out the son next door got into university at the top of his class.
์Šน๊ทœ ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํฐ๊ฐ€ ํ–ˆ๋”๋‹ˆ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ป˜์„œ ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ํฌ์‹œ๋”๊ตฌ๋จผ์š”.
I wondered how Seunggyu got so tall, and then I noticed his father is tall too.

-๋”๋ผ๋„ค

I saw that..., as I recall (relaying a past observation) (-๋”๋ผ๋„ค)
Master

Used, in a moderately low tone, to objectively relay something the speaker personally witnessed or experienced before.

์˜†์ง‘ ์•„์ฃผ๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ฎ์— ์–ด๋”˜๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ™ฉ๊ธ‰ํžˆ ๊ฐ€๋”๋ผ๋„ค.
I saw the lady next door hurrying off somewhere during the day.
๊ทธ ์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ํ”ผ์•„๋…ธ๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šด๋‹ค๋”๋‹ˆ ์ƒ๊ฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฝค ์ž˜ ์น˜๋”๋ผ๋„ค.
I heard that kid was learning piano, and it turns out they play quite well, better than I thought.
์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์—…์„ ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋”๋‹ˆ ์Šน๊ทœ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋ฏธ ํ•ด ๋†“์•˜๋”๋ผ๋„ค.
Jisu was about to finish the work, but it turned out Seunggyu had already done it.

-๋”๋ผ๋Š”

the account that... (quoting a past experience, attributive) (-๋”๋ผ๋Š”)
Master

Used to convey something someone experienced firsthand, and use it to modify the following noun.

์ถฉ์น˜ ์น˜๋ฃŒ๋Š” ์•„ํ”„๋”๋ผ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์•„ ์ข€ ๋‘๋ ต๋‹ค.
A lot of people say cavity treatment hurts, so I'm a little scared.
์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์˜ ๋ง์”€์€ ์šด๋™์„ ํ•˜๋‹ˆ ๋ชธ์ด ํ•œ๊ฒฐ ๊ฐ€๋ฒผ์›Œ์ง€๋”๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
What Dad said was that once he started exercising, his body felt much lighter.
ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๊ณ ์ƒ์„ ํ•˜๋”๋‹ˆ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์™„์ „ํžˆ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์กŒ๋”๋ผ๋Š” ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ข…์ข… ๋“ฃ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
I often hear the story that a person changed completely after going through a lot of hardship.

-๋”๋ผ๋‹ˆ

so THAT'S why...! (revealing surprise/realization) (-๋”๋ผ๋‹ˆ)
Master

Used to express surprise, wonder, or anger about something the speaker recalls having heard or seen before.

์ด ์˜ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋”๋ผ๋‹ˆ ๋‚œ ์ „ํ˜€ ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ ๋˜๋Š”๊ฑธ.
So this movie's supposed to be interesting โ€” I don't get it at all.
๊ทธ ์• ๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์˜ˆ์œ๋ฐ ์˜ˆ์˜์ง€ ์•Š๋”๋ผ๋‹ˆ ๋ง๋„ ์•ˆ ๋ผ.
That kid is so pretty โ€” saying she's not pretty makes no sense.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฑธ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์—ด์‹ฌํžˆ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์—‰๋ง์ด๋”๋ผ๋‹ˆ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์–ด?
We worked so hard on this โ€” how can you say it's a mess?

-๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ/-ใ„ด๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ/-๋Š”๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ

what did they say about...? (very formal, asking about a relayed fact) (-๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ/-ใ„ด๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ/-๋Š”๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ)
Master

Used, in a very formal tone, to ask the listener about a fact they previously heard.

์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์–ธ์ œ์ฏค ์ถœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
What did they say about when Jisu left?
๋ฐฑํ™”์ ์—๋Š” ์–ธ์ œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋งŽ๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
What did they say about when the department store is most crowded?
์Šน๊ทœ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด์ผ ๋ช‡ ์‹œ์— ์˜จ๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
What time do they say Seunggyu is coming tomorrow?

-๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค/-ใ„ด๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค/-๋Š”๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค

I'm told that... (very formal, relaying a fact) (-๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค/-ใ„ด๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค/-๋Š”๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค)
Master

Used, in a very formal tone, to convey to the listener something the speaker heard from someone else.

๋ฏผ์ค€์ด๋Š” ์™ธ๊ตญ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
I'm told that for Minjun, learning a foreign language is the hardest.
์€ํ–‰์—์„œ ๊ณ„์ขŒ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๋•Œ ์‹ ๋ถ„์ฆ์ด ๊ผญ ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
I'm told an ID is definitely required to open an account at the bank.
์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งค์ผ ์•„์นจ ํ•™๊ต์— ๊ฑธ์–ด์„œ ๊ฐ„๋‹ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
I'm told Jisu walks to school every morning.

-๋‹ต๋””๋‹ค/-ใ„ด๋‹ต๋””๋‹ค/-๋Š”๋‹ต๋””๋‹ค

I heard directly that... (moderately formal, relaying firsthand) (-๋‹ต๋””๋‹ค/-ใ„ด๋‹ต๋””๋‹ค/-๋Š”๋‹ต๋””๋‹ค)
Master

Used, in a moderately formal tone, to convey something the speaker heard directly from someone before.

์Šน๊ทœํ•œํ…Œ ์•„ํ”„์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์—ˆ๋”๋‹ˆ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์•˜๋‹ต๋””๋‹ค.
I asked Seunggyu if he wasn't in pain, and he said he was fine.
๋ฏผ์ค€์ดํ•œํ…Œ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ดค๋”๋‹ˆ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ ์—†๋‹ต๋””๋‹ค.
I asked Minjun, and he said no such thing happened.
์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋งค์ฃผ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋งŒ๋‚œ๋‹ต๋””๋‹ค.
I heard directly that Jisu meets that person every week.

-๋”๋ผ๋А๋‹ˆ

saying it was this or that (recalling, disputed) (-๋”๋ผ๋А๋‹ˆ)
Master

Used to say that people gave conflicting accounts when recalling something from the past.

๋ฐค๋งˆ๋‹ค ๋™๋„ค ๋นˆ์ง‘์—์„œ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ท€์‹  ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ฐ™๋”๋ผ๋А๋‹ˆ ์–ด๋–ป๋”๋ผ๋А๋‹ˆ ๋ง์ด ๋งŽ์•˜์ง€.
There was a lot of talk about how the sound from the empty house at night sounded like a ghost, or was some other way.
๋ชฉ๊ฒฉ์ž๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋›ฐ์–ด๋“ค๋”๋ผ๋А๋‹ˆ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์†๋ ฅ์„ ์ค„์ด์ง€ ์•Š๋”๋ผ๋А๋‹ˆ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํšก์„ค์ˆ˜์„คํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
The witness rambled, saying the person jumped out, or that the car didn't slow down.
๊ทธ๋…€๋Š” ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์ˆ ์„ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋ฉด ์†Œ์ฃผ ์—ด ๋ณ‘ ์ด์ƒ์„ ๋งˆ์‹œ๋”๋ผ๋А๋‹ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฌธ์ด ๋งŽ์•˜์ง€.
There were a lot of rumors saying that once she started drinking, she'd have more than ten bottles of soju.

-๋”๋ผ๋Š”๊ตฌ๋‚˜

so I heard (someone) directly experienced...! (relaying, blunt) (-๋”๋ผ๋Š”๊ตฌ๋‚˜)
Master

Used, in a very blunt/lowering tone, to convey to the listener something someone else directly experienced.

์Šน๊ทœ๊ฐ€ ์ž๊พธ ๊ณ ์ง‘์„ ๋ถ€๋ฆฌ๋”๋ผ๋Š”๊ตฌ๋‚˜.
So I heard Seunggyu kept being stubborn!
ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ป˜์„œ ๋„ค ์†Œ์‹์„ ๋“ฃ๊ณ  ๊นœ์ง ๋†€๋ผ์‹œ๋”๋ผ๋Š”๊ตฌ๋‚˜.
So I heard Grandpa was really surprised when he heard the news about you!
๋ฏผ์ค€์ด๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด ๋„ˆ๋Š” ์–ธ์ œ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•˜๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌป๋”๋ผ๋Š”๊ตฌ๋‚˜.
So I heard Minjun said the teacher asked when you're getting married!

-๋”๋ผ๋Š”๊ตฐ

so I heard (someone) directly experienced... (relaying, blunt) (-๋”๋ผ๋Š”๊ตฐ)
Master

Used, in a blunt/lowering tone, to convey to the listener a newly-heard direct experience of someone else.

์Šน๊ทœ๋„ค ์ง‘์— ๋†€๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ”๋˜ ์• ๋“ค์ด ์Šน๊ทœ ์š”๋ฆฌ ์†œ์”จ๊ฐ€ ๋Œ€๋‹จํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋Š”๊ตฐ.
So I heard the kids who visited Seunggyu's place said his cooking skills are amazing.
๋ฉฐ์น  ์ „์— ์œ ๋ฏผ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ง€์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ๋ดค๋Š”๋ฐ ์ž๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์•„๋Š” ์ฒ™๋„ ์•ˆ ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋Š”๊ตฐ.
So I heard that a few days ago Yumin saw Jisu, and she didn't even acknowledge her.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์ฐ ์ง‘์— ๊ฐ”๋˜ ๋‚  ๋ฏผ์ค€์ด๊ฐ€ ๋’ค๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ ์™”๋Š”๋ฐ ์•„์ฃผ ๋ฉ‹์ง€๊ฒŒ ์ฐจ๋ ค์ž…๊ณ  ์™”๋”๋ผ๋Š”๊ตฐ.
So I heard that on the day we went home early, Minjun showed up late all dressed up nicely.

-๋”๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ

I heard (someone) said..., and (relaying an experience, continuing) (-๋”๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ)
Master

Used to convey something heard, based on a direct experience, and then continue with the speaker's own thought or question.

์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ป˜์„œ ๊ฟˆ์— ํฐ ๋ณต์ˆญ์•„๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ด์‹œ๋”๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด๊ฑฐ ํƒœ๋ชฝ ์•„๋‹Œ๊ฐ€?
Mom said she saw a big peach in her dream โ€” isn't this a pregnancy dream?
๊ทธ ๋ถ„์‹์ง‘์€ ์Œ์‹์— ์กฐ๋ฏธ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋ถ“๋”๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ด์ œ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ง์•„์•ผ๊ฒ ์–ด.
I heard that snack place pours a lot of seasoning into the food, so I guess we shouldn't go there anymore.
์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋ง์—๋Š” ๋ฐฑํ™”์ ์— ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์—„์ฒญ ๋งŽ๋”๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ผ์š”์ผ์— ๊ฐ€๋Š” ๊ฑด ํ”ผํ•˜์ž.
Jisu said the department store is packed with people on weekends, so let's avoid going on Sunday.

-๋”๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”

I heard (someone) said..., so (relaying, polite) (-๋”๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”)
Master

(informal polite) Used to indirectly convey something heard, based on someone's direct experience.

์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์˜ํ™” ์žฌ๋ฏธ์—†๋”๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
I heard Jisu said that movie wasn't fun.
์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ƒ๊ธด ์‹๋‹น์€ ๊ฐ’๋งŒ ๋น„์‹ธ๊ณ  ๋ง›์ด ์—†๋”๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
I heard the new restaurant is expensive and not tasty.
๋ฏผ์ค€์ด๊ฐ€ ์ข€ ์ „์— ๊ฐ”๋‹ค ์™”๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ฐฑํ™”์ ์— ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์—„์ฒญ ๋งŽ๋”๋ผ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
Minjun just came back and said the department store is packed with people.

-๋”๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ

I'm telling you, I saw that... (basis from direct experience) (-๋”๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ)
Master

Used to convey something the speaker personally experienced before, as the reason or basis for what follows.

๊ณต๋ถ€ ์•ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ํ•ญ์ƒ ์ผ๋“ฑ์„ ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ฐ˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ๋†€๋ž์–ด.
I said Jisu, who never studies, always gets first place, and the kids in the other class were surprised.
๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ง›์žˆ๋”๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž๊ธฐ๋Š” ๋ง›์ด ์—†๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ์ดํ•ด๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ ๋œ๋Œ€.
I said I found this delicious, but my friend said they found it tasteless and don't understand why.
์œ ๋ฏผ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰์ด ์ข‹๋”๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ ์›์ด ๋นจ๊ฐ„์ƒ‰ ์ฝ”ํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ถ”์ฒœํ•ด ์คฌ์–ด.
I said Yumin liked red, so the clerk recommended a red coat.

-๋”๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”

I'm telling you, I really saw/experienced it (emphasizing, polite) (-๋”๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”)
Master

(informal polite) Used to confirm or emphasize to the listener something the speaker directly experienced before.

๋ถ€์‚ฐ์€ ์„œ์šธ์— ๋น„ํ•ด ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
I'm telling you, Busan really is warmer compared to Seoul.
์ง€์ˆ˜ ์ง‘์—๋Š” ์ˆ˜๋—๋ฌผ์ด ์•ˆ ๋‚˜์˜ค๋”๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
I'm telling you, the tap water really doesn't come out at Jisu's house.
์Šน๊ทœ๋Š” ์•„์ง ๋‘๊บผ์šด ๊ฒจ์šธ์˜ท์„ ์ž…๋”๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
I'm telling you, Seunggyu is still wearing thick winter clothes.

-๋”๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊น

I'm telling you, I really saw it (emphasizing, casual contraction) (-๋”๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊น)
Master

The more casual, contracted spoken form of -๋”๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ โ€” used to emphasize something the speaker directly saw or heard.

์„ธ์ผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ์˜ท์„ ์ข€ ์‚ฌ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋”๋‹ˆ ์˜ˆ์œ ์˜ท์€ ๋น„์‹ธ๋”๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊น.
I was going to buy some clothes since it was a sale, but I'm telling you, the pretty ones were expensive.
์ผ์ด ๋ฐ”์˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๋„์™€์ฃผ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ”๋”๋‹ˆ ์•‰์•„์„œ ์‰ฌ๋”๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊น.
They said they were busy, so I went to help, but I'm telling you, they were just sitting there resting.
์‹œํ—˜์ด ์–ด๋ ค์šธ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ•˜๋”๋‹ˆ ์ž ๋งŒ ์ž˜ ์ž๋”๋ผ๋‹ˆ๊น.
They were worried the exam would be hard, but I'm telling you, they slept just fine.

-๋”๋ผ๋งˆ๋Š”

I recall that..., but (conceding a recollection, then contrasting) (-๋”๋ผ๋งˆ๋Š”)
Master

Used to admit something the speaker recalls from before, while showing it doesn't affect or conflicts with what follows.

์–ด์ œ ์ผ์ฐ ์žค๋”๋ผ๋งˆ๋Š”, ๋˜ ๋Šฆ์ž ์„ ์ž๊ณ  ๋ง์•˜๋‹ค.
I remember going to bed early yesterday, but I still overslept again.
์ง€๊ธˆ๊ป ๋™์ƒ์ด ์–ด๋ฆฐ์• ์ธ ์ค„ ์•Œ์•˜๋”๋ผ๋งˆ๋Š”, ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์•„์ฃผ ์–ด๋ฅธ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๋”๋ผ.
I always thought my sibling was just a kid, but today they seemed very grown-up.
๊น€ ์”จ๊ฐ€ ๋Š˜ ์™„๋ฒฝ์ฃผ์˜์ž์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๊ตด๋”๋ผ๋งˆ๋Š”, ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ •๋ง ์–ด์ด์—†๋Š” ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋‹ˆ.
Mr. Kim always acted like a perfectionist, but today he made a really ridiculous mistake.

-๋”๋ผ๋ฉฐ

saying (they) directly experienced..., while (relaying + simultaneous action) (-๋”๋ผ๋ฉฐ)
Master

Used to say that someone did another action while talking about something they directly experienced.

๋จน์–ด ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ๋ง›์žˆ๋”๋ผ๋ฉฐ ํ• ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ป˜์„œ ๋‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋ณต์ˆญ์•„ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์…จ๋‹ค.
Saying he'd tried it and found it delicious, Grandpa gave me a few peaches.
๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋‹ด๋‹น์ž๊ฐ€ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋๋‚˜์ง€๋„ ์•Š์•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋Š๋”๋ผ๋ฉฐ ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ƒˆ๋‹ค.
Saying that the person in charge hung up before he even finished talking, that person got angry.
์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ „์— ๊ฐ€ ๋ดค๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ๋”๋ผ๋ฉฐ ๋‚ด๊ฒŒ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ด ์ค€ ์ง‘์ด์•ผ.
It's a place my friend recommended to me, saying they'd been there before and it was good.

-๋”๋ผ๋ฉด์„œ

you said you directly saw...! (challenging based on an experience) (-๋”๋ผ๋ฉด์„œ)
Master

Used to challenge someone by citing what they said about their own direct experience, then pointing out a contrary fact.

๋‚˜ํ•œํ…Œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ฑ…์ด ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋”๋ผ๋ฉด์„œ ์™œ ์Šน๊ทœํ•œํ…Œ๋Š” ์žฌ๋ฏธ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ง€?
You told me you found that book interesting โ€” so why did you tell Seunggyu it wasn't?
์œ ๋ฏผ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํ•œํ…Œ๋Š” ์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์˜ˆ์˜๋”๋ผ๋ฉด์„œ ๋„ˆํ•œํ…Œ๋Š” ์™œ ํ‰๋ฒ”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ ๊ฑธ๊นŒ?
Yumin told me she thought Jisu was pretty โ€” why would she tell you she was just average?
๋ฐ• ์”จ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜ํ•œํ…Œ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์‹๋‹น์ด ๊ดœ์ฐฎ๋”๋ผ๋ฉด์„œ ์ž๋„คํ•œํ…Œ๋Š” ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹จ ๋ง์ด์ง€?
So Mr. Park told me the restaurant was good, but told you it wasn't?

-๋”๋ผ์ง€๋งŒ

they say (they) saw..., but (conceding a relayed experience, then contrasting) (-๋”๋ผ์ง€๋งŒ)
Master

Used to convey another person's account of a direct experience, then add the speaker's own differing opinion.

์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ๊ฒช์–ด์•ผ ํ•  ๊ณผ์ •์ด๋”๋ผ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ณผ์ •์„ ๊ฒฌ๋”œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ช‡์ด๋‚˜ ๋ ๊นŒ์š”?
They say it's a process everyone has to go through, but how many people could really endure it?
๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ฐ• ์„ ์ƒ์ด ์ตœ๊ณ ๋”๋ผ์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์–ด.
Those people say Mr. Park was the best, but I didn't think so.
๊ทธ ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•„์ด๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ์–ด๋ฅธ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๋”๋ผ์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ์• ๋“ค์€ ์• ๋“ค์ด์ง€.
They say those kids are more mature than other kids, but kids are still kids.

-(์œผ)ใ„ด/๋Š”๋Œ”์ž

even if I say/do..., it won't amount to much (-(์œผ)ใ„ด/๋Š”๋Œ”์ž)
Master

Used to say that even if the preceding action is admitted or done, it falls short of expectations or doesn't amount to much.

์ง€๊ธˆ ์„œ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ„๋Œ”์ž ๊ธฐ์ฐจ๋Š” ์ถœ๋ฐœํ–ˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์•ผ.
Even if we rush there now, the train will probably have already left.
์ด์ œ ์™€์„œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•œ๋Œ”์ž ๋ฌด์Šจ ์†Œ์šฉ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋‹ˆ?
What good would it do to talk about it now?
์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ์•ผ์ฑ„๋ฅผ ๋จน๋Š”๋Œ”์ž ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ‘์ž๊ธฐ ํฌ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
Even if the child eats a lot of vegetables, they won't suddenly grow taller.

-(์œผ)ใ„ด/๋Š”๋Œ”๋Š”๋ฐ

they said..., but (contradicting a past statement) (-(์œผ)ใ„ด/๋Š”๋Œ”๋Š”๋ฐ)
Master

Used to convey something the speaker heard before, followed by a fact that opposes or relates to it.

์ผ๊ธฐ ์˜ˆ๋ณด์—์„œ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜จ๋Œ”๋Š”๋ฐ ๋น„ ์•ˆ ์˜ค๋„ค.
The weather forecast said it would rain today, but it's not raining.
์Šน๊ทœ๋Š” ์•„๊นŒ ๋ถ„๋ช…ํžˆ ๋„์„œ๊ด€์— ๊ฐ„๋Œ”๋Š”๋ฐ ์นดํŽ˜์—์„œ ๋ญ˜ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ง€?
Seunggyu clearly said he was going to the library earlier โ€” what's he doing at the cafรฉ?
์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ์•ผ์ฑ„๋ฅผ ์ž˜ ๋จน๋Š”๋Œ”๋Š”๋ฐ ์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ์•ˆ ๋จน์œผ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.
They said the kid eats vegetables well, but today they won't eat them.

-ใ„น๊นŒ๋งˆ๋Š”

I doubt it, but (a guess conceded, then set aside) (-ใ„น๊นŒ๋งˆ๋Š”)
Master

Used to admit a guess or doubt raised in the preceding statement, while showing it doesn't really affect what follows.

์ด๋Ÿฐ ํฐ ์ง‘์ด ๋ฌด์Šจ ์†Œ์šฉ์ผ๊นŒ๋งˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋•Œ๋Š” ์ด ์ง‘์ด ์ •๋ง ๋งˆ์Œ์— ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค.
I doubt such a big house is really useful, but back then I really liked this house.
๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋ชป๋œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ๊นŒ๋งˆ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ์ผ๋‹จ ์กฐ์‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์ข‹๊ฒ ๋‹ค.
I doubt that person would have such a bad intention, but it's still better to be careful just in case.
๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ์ •์— ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ• ๊นŒ๋งˆ๋Š” ํ˜น์‹œ๋ผ๋„ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์žˆ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ถˆ์•ˆ๊ฐ์ด ๋– ๋‚˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.
I doubt anyone would oppose that decision, but the anxiety that someone might oppose it never went away.

-ใ„ด๋Œ€์„œ์•ผ

if that's really how it is, then... (doubting/criticizing what was heard) (-ใ„ด๋Œ€์„œ์•ผ)
Master

Used to raise doubt or make a negative judgment about a fact the speaker heard or learned.

์‚ฌํƒ•์„ ๋‹ฌ๊ณ  ์‚ฐ๋Œ€์„œ์•ผ ์ถฉ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ ์ƒ๊ธธ ๋ฆฌ ์—†์ง€.
If they're really always eating candy like that, of course they'll get cavities.
๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์„œ๋‘๋ฅธ๋Œ€์„œ์•ผ ์ค€๋น„๋ฌผ์„ ์•ˆ ๋น ๋œจ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค ์ฑ™๊ธฐ๊ฒ ๋‹ˆ?
If you're really rushing that much, do you think you'll manage to bring everything without forgetting something?
์‡ผํ•‘์„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋Œ€์„œ์•ผ ์ƒํ™œ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์•ˆ ๋ถ€์กฑํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์–ด?
If you really go shopping like that, how could your living expenses not run short?

-๊ธฐ์— ๋ง์ •์ด์ง€

it's a good thing that... (otherwise it would've been bad) (-๊ธฐ์— ๋ง์ •์ด์ง€)
Master

Used to say that it was fortunate the preceding thing turned out as it did, since otherwise the result would have been bad.

์ œ๋•Œ ์น˜๋ฃŒํ–ˆ๊ธฐ์— ๋ง์ •์ด์ง€ ๋ชฐ๋ž๋‹ค๋ฉด ํฐ ๋ณ‘์ด ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
It's a good thing I got treated in time โ€” if I hadn't known, it would've become a serious illness.
์•ˆ์ „๋ฒจํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๊ธฐ์— ๋ง์ •์ด์ง€ ์•ˆ ๊ทธ๋žฌ์œผ๋ฉด ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค์ณค์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋‹ค.
It's a good thing I wore my seatbelt โ€” otherwise I would've been badly hurt.
์šฐ์‚ฐ์„ ํ•ญ์ƒ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๊ธฐ์— ๋ง์ •์ด์ง€ ์•ˆ ๊ทธ๋žฌ์œผ๋ฉด ์ด ๋น„๋ฅผ ๋‹ค ๋งž์„ ๋ป”ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
It's a good thing I always carry an umbrella โ€” otherwise I would've gotten soaked in this rain.

-๊ธด์š”

not at all! (lightly denying, polite) (-๊ธด์š”)
Master

(informal polite) Used to lightly deny or push back on what the listener just said.

์„ฑ์‹คํ•˜๊ธด์š”. ์š”์ฆ˜ ๊ฒฐ์„๋„ ์ž์ฃผ ํ•˜๊ณ , ์ˆ™์ œ๋„ ์•ˆ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
Diligent? Not at all โ€” she's been absent a lot lately, and she doesn't do her homework.
๋ชป ๋จน๊ธด์š”. ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
Can't eat it? Not at all โ€” I love it so much.
๋Œ€๋“ค๊ธด์š”. ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ œ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ๋งํ–ˆ์„ ๋ฟ์ด์—์š”.
Talked back? Not at all โ€” I just said what I thought.

-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋”๊ตฐ

I heard that... (relaying newly-learned info, casual)
Master

(informal) Used to relay something the speaker just learned by hearing it, to the listener.

์˜†์ง‘ ์•„์ด๋“ค์€ ๋งค์ผ ์‹ธ์šด๋‹ค๋”๊ตฐ.
I heard the kids next door fight every day.
์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฒŒ์จ ๊ฑท๋Š”๋‹ค๋”๊ตฐ.
I heard Jisu can already walk.
๋ฏผ์ค€์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ธ€์„ ์ž˜ ์จ์„œ ์ƒ์„ ๋ฐ›๋Š”๋‹ค๋”๊ตฐ.
I heard Minjun writes so well that he's getting an award.

-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋”๊ตฐ์š”

I heard that... (relaying newly-learned info, polite)
Master

(informal polite) Used to relay something the speaker just learned by hearing it, to the listener.

๋ฏผ์ค€์ด๋Š” ์•ผ๊ตฌ ๊ฒฝ๊ธฐ ๋ณด๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
I heard Minjun is going to watch a baseball game.
์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ชป ๋จน๋Š”๋‹ค๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
I heard Jisu can't eat meat.
์Šน๊ทœ๋Š” ์ถœ๊ทผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์‹ ๋ฌธ์„ ์ฝ๋Š”๋‹ค๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
I heard Seunggyu reads the newspaper before going to work.

-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋”๋ผ๊ณ 

I heard/recall that... (relaying, casual)
Master

(informal) Used to relay something the speaker heard directly and is now recalling.

๋ฏผ์ค€์ด๋Š” ์š”์ฆ˜ ๋‹ค์ด์–ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋”๋ผ๊ณ .
I heard Minjun's been dieting lately.
์•„๊นŒ ๋‰ด์Šค์—์„œ ๋ดค๋Š”๋ฐ ๋‚ด์ผ ๋น„๊ฐ€ ์˜จ๋‹ค๋”๋ผ๊ณ .
I saw on the news earlier that it's going to rain tomorrow.
์š”์ฆ˜์—๋Š” ์ˆ˜ํ•™์—ฌํ–‰์œผ๋กœ ์ œ์ฃผ๋„์—๋„ ๋งŽ์ด ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋”๋ผ๊ณ .
I heard a lot of school trips go to Jeju Island these days.

-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋˜

didn't you say...? (asking about something you already heard)
Master

(very informal) Used to ask about something the listener is expected to already know from having heard it before.

๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์ž˜ ์ง€ํ‚จ๋‹ค๋˜?
Didn't you say that person is always on time?
์Šน๊ทœ๋Š” ์–ธ์ œ ๊ตฐ๋Œ€์— ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋˜?
When did you say Seunggyu is going into the military?
๋ฏผ์ค€์ด์™€ ์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์ง€๊ธˆ๋„ ์ž˜ ์‚ฌ๊ท„๋‹ค๋˜?
Didn't you say Minjun and Jisu are still dating?

-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋“ ์ง€

whether... or (listing options to choose one)
Master

Used to indicate choosing one out of two given facts or options.

๋ฐ”์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ๋‹ค๋“ ์ง€ ์น˜๋งˆ๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ๋‹ค๋“ ์ง€ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•˜์„ธ์š”.
Decide whether you're buying pants or a skirt.
์˜ค๋Š˜ ์˜จ๋‹ค๋“ ์ง€ ๋‚ด์ผ ์˜จ๋‹ค๋“ ์ง€ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋งํ•ด ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
Please tell me quickly whether you're coming today or tomorrow.
๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋“ ์ง€ ๊ธฐ์ฐจ๋กœ ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋“ ์ง€ ์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ์˜ˆ์•ฝ์„ ํ•˜์ง€์š”.
We need to decide whether we're going by plane or by train to make a reservation.

-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉฐ

didn't you say...? (pointing out a contradiction)
Master

Used to question the listener or someone else by pointing out that what they said before doesn't match the current situation.

์•„์นจ ์ผ์ฐ ๋„์„œ๊ด€์— ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ์•„์ง๋„ ์•ˆ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ๋ญ˜ ํ•˜๋‹ˆ?
Didn't you say you were going to the library early this morning? What are you doing still not out the door?
๋‚ด์ผ ์ƒˆ๋ฒฝ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ๋ฐค์ด ๋Šฆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ ์™œ ์•ˆ ์ž?
Didn't you say you have to get up early tomorrow? It's late โ€” why aren't you asleep?
์˜ค๋Š˜ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚œ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ์™œ ์•ˆ ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์ง‘์— ์žˆ์–ด?
Didn't you say you're meeting a friend today? Why are you still home?

-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด์„œ

didn't you say...? (checking a claim against reality)
Master

Used to question the listener or someone else by pointing out that what they said before doesn't match the current situation.

๋„์„œ๊ด€์— ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋ฉด์„œ ์•„์ง ๋ฐฉ์— ์žˆ๋‹ˆ?
Didn't you say you were going to the library? Are you still in your room?
์ผ์ฐ ์ž”๋‹ค๋ฉด์„œ ์•„์ง๋„ ๊ฒŒ์ž„์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด?
Didn't you say you were going to sleep early? Are you still playing games?
์„ค๊ฑฐ์ง€ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด์„œ ์–ธ์ œ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „๋งŒ ๋ณด๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”?
Didn't you say you were doing the dishes? How long are you going to just watch TV?

-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค์ง€๋งŒ

they say... but (conceding, then contrasting)
Master

Used to say that although the speaker acknowledges or has heard the preceding content, the actual situation differs from it.

ํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ๋‹ค๋‹Œ๋‹ค์ง€๋งŒ ์•„์ง ๋ฒŒ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๋ชจ์–‘์ด์•ผ.
They say he has a job, but it seems like he's still not earning enough.
์Šน๊ทœ ํ˜ผ์ž ๋ฐœํ‘œ ์ค€๋น„๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋‹ค์ง€๋งŒ ์•„๋ฌด๋ž˜๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋„์™€์ค˜์•ผ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์•„์š”.
They say Seunggyu is preparing the presentation alone, but I think we should help him after all.
์—ฐ์ฃผ๋Š” ๋‚จ์ž ์นœ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋งค์ผ ๋งŒ๋‚œ๋‹ค์ง€๋งŒ ์ž ๊น์”ฉ๋ฐ–์— ๋ชป ๋ณด๋‚˜ ๋ด์š”.
They say Yeonju sees her boyfriend every day, but it seems she can only see him briefly.

-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ค์ง€์š”

isn't it true that...? (confirming known info)
Master

(informal polite) Used to ask a question confirming something the speaker already knows.

์Šน๊ทœ๋Š” ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ๊ฐ„ ๋ฏธ๊ตญ์— ์ถœ์žฅ ๊ฐ„๋‹ค์ง€์š”?
Isn't it true that Seunggyu is going on a business trip to the US for a week?
๋ณ‘์ด๋‚˜ ์บ”์€ ๋ชจ์•„์„œ ์žฌํ™œ์šฉ์„ ํ•œ๋‹ค์ง€์š”?
Bottles and cans get collected for recycling, right?
์ง€์ˆ˜ ์”จ๋Š” ์•„์ด๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‹œ๊ณจ์— ๋‚ด๋ ค๊ฐ€ ์‚ฐ๋‹ค์ง€์š”?
Isn't it true that Jisu moved to the countryside to live with her kids?

-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ต๋””๊นŒ

what did they say...? (asking about a past report, very formal)
Master

(very formal) Used to ask the listener what they heard someone say in the past.

์Šน๊ทœ๋Š” ์ž˜ ์ง€๋‚ธ๋‹ต๋””๊นŒ?
What did they say โ€” is Seunggyu doing well?
์š”์ƒˆ ๋ฏผ์ค€์ด๋Š” ๋ญ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฐ๋‹ต๋””๊นŒ?
What did they say Minjun's been up to lately?
์™œ ์ข‹์€ ์นจ๋Œ€์—์„œ ์ž๋ฉด ์ข‹์€ ๊ฟˆ์ด๋ผ๋„ ๊พผ๋‹ต๋””๊นŒ?
Did they say sleeping in a good bed gives you good dreams or something?

-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋Œ€๋„

even if... (a hypothetical has no effect)
Master

Used to say that even assuming or presenting the preceding situation, it has no effect on what follows.

์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ค€๋น„ํ•œ๋Œ€๋„ ์•ฝ์† ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋Šฆ์„ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.
Even if I get ready as fast as possible, I think I'll be late for the appointment.
๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ๋Œ์ด์ผœ ๋Œ์•„์˜จ๋Œ€๋„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์‚ฌ๊ท€์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ์–ด.
Even if he changes his mind and comes back, I won't date him again.
ํ•™์ฐฝ ์‹œ์ ˆ๋กœ ๋Œ์•„๊ฐ„๋Œ€๋„ ์ธ์ƒ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ผ์งˆ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‹ค.
Even if I went back to my school days, I didn't think my life would be any different.

-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋Œ€์•ผ

only if... (the preceding is the condition)
Master

Used to say that the preceding content is the condition for the following content.

๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•œ๋Œ€์•ผ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ ์ฃผ์ง€.
Only if you study will I buy you a computer.
๊ฐ™์ด ์—ฌํ–‰ ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์•ผ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ ํ‘œ๋ฅผ ๋ฏธ๋ฆฌ ์˜ˆ๋งคํ•  ํ…๋ฐ.
Only if we're going on the trip together would I book the plane tickets ahead of time.
๋ญ˜ ์‚ฐ๋Œ€์•ผ ๋ˆ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€. ๋ง์„ ์•ˆ ํ•˜๋‹ˆ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‚˜.
I can only give you money if you tell me what you're buying โ€” how would I know if you don't say anything?

-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋Œ€์š”

they say... (relaying what someone said, polite)
Master

(informal polite) Used to indirectly relay what someone else said.

์ • ์ž‘๊ฐ€๊ฐ€ ์š”์ฆ˜ ์ƒˆ ์†Œ์„ค์„ ์“ด๋Œ€์š”.
They say writer Jung is writing a new novel these days.
์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์ด ์˜ท์ด ์ €ํ•œํ…Œ ์ž˜ ์–ด์šธ๋ฆฐ๋Œ€์š”.
My friends say this outfit suits me well.
์ด๋ฒˆ ์ฃผ๋ง์— ๊ต์ˆ˜๋‹˜์ด๋ž‘ ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์ด ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋‹ต์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ„๋Œ€์š”.
They say the professor and students are going on a field trip together this weekend.

-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹จ

who says..., the (reported content modifying a noun, casual)
Master

(informal) Used to relay a fact or thought while modifying the following noun with it.

์˜ค๋Š˜ ์•ผ๊ทผํ•œ๋‹จ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์˜ˆ์š”?
Who's the person who said they're working overtime today?
์ด ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ์‚ฐ๋‹จ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์—†๋‹ค.
There's no one who says they'll buy this item.
์Šน๊ทœ ์”จ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์ˆ˜ ์”จ์™€ ์‚ฌ๊ท„๋‹จ ๋ง์ด ์žˆ์–ด์š”.
There's word going around that Seunggyu is dating Jisu.

-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋‹ฌ

who's expected to... (hypothesizing someone's action/words, modifying a noun)
Master

Used to hypothesize about an action or statement someone is expected to make, modifying the following noun with it.

์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ง€์ €๋ถ„ํ•œ ๊ณณ์—์„œ ์ž”๋‹ฌ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋‹ˆ?
Is there anyone who'd sleep in a place this messy?
์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ์ „๋ฌธ๊ฐ€๋ผ๋„ ์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ์„ ๋œป ์•ˆ๋‹ฌ ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์—†์„ ๊ฑฐ์•ผ.
Even an expert wouldn't be able to readily solve this problem.
๋‚ด์ผ์ด ๋“œ๋””์–ด ๋ฒผ๋ฃฉ์‹œ์žฅ์ด ์—ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚ ์ด๋„ค. ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๋†“์€ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ์‚ฐ๋‹ฌ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์„์ง€ ๋ฒŒ์จ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๊ฑฑ์ •์ด์•ผ.
Tomorrow's finally the flea market day. I'm already worried whether anyone will buy what we put out.

-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ๊ณ 

asked whether... (relaying a question)
Master

Used to relay a question the speaker or someone else asked.

์˜์‚ฌ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์ด ๋ฐฐ์˜ ์–ด๋А ๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ์•„ํŒ ๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์œผ์…จ๋‹ค.
The doctor asked which part of my stomach hurt.
์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ค๊ฐ€ ์ €๋…์„ ๋จน์—ˆ๋А๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด๋”๋ผ.
Jisu asked whether you'd eaten dinner.
์นœ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ•ด์„œ ์ง‘์—์„œ ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•˜๋А๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
My friend called and asked what I was doing at home.

-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ๋Š”๋ฐ๋„

even though (someone) asked... (a question was ignored)
Master

Used to relay a question that was asked, then say that what follows contradicts the expected response.

๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋””๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€๋ƒ๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ์Šน๊ทœ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋‹ต๋„ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค.
Even though I asked where he was going, Seunggyu doesn't even answer.
์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์•Œ์•˜๋А๋ƒ๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ์™œ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์ด ์—†์–ด!
I asked how you found out โ€” why aren't you answering?!
๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์Šน๊ทœํ•œํ…Œ ์ง€๊ธˆ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ž‘ ๋ฐฅ์„ ๋จน๋А๋ƒ๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ๋ง์„ ์•ˆ ํ•ด.
Even though I asked Seunggyu who he's eating with right now, he won't say.

-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”

they asked whether... (relaying a question, polite)
Master

(informal polite) Used to indirectly express what one wants to say by relaying a question that was heard.

๊ต์ˆ˜๋‹˜์ด ์ €๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ ์ž…์ƒ์ด๋ƒ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
The professor asked if I was a freshman.
์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์„œ์šธ ์ง‘๊ฐ’์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋น„์‹ธ๋ƒ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
My friend asked how expensive housing in Seoul is.
์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉํ•™์— ์–ด๋”” ๊ฐ”์—ˆ๋А๋ƒ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
Jisu asked where I went during vacation.

-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ๋Š”

I said, ...? (repeating an unanswered question, blunt)
Master

(very informal) Used when the listener doesn't answer a question, to emphasize the speaker asking it again.

์–ด๋””๊ฐ€ ์•„ํ”„๋ƒ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ๋Š”?
I said, where does it hurt?
๋ญ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์›ƒ๊ธฐ๋ƒ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ๋Š”?
I said, what's so funny?
์ง€์ˆ˜์•ผ, ์–ด๋””์— ๊ฐ€๋А๋ƒ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ๋Š”?
Jisu, I said, where are you going?

-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”

I'm asking again, ...? (pressing for an answer, polite)
Master

(informal polite) Used to ask again, pressing the listener, when they seemed to have no reaction or seemed doubtful about a previous question.

์ €๋ถ„์ด ๋‚จํŽธ์ด๋ƒ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”?
I'm asking, is that person your husband?
์ด ์น˜๋งˆ์™€ ๋ฐ”์ง€ ์ค‘์— ๋ญ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์˜ˆ์˜๋ƒ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”?
I'm asking, which is prettier, this skirt or these pants?
์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๋А๋ƒ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”?
I'm asking, who are you looking for here?

-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ๋‹ˆ๊น

I said, ...? (repeating an unanswered question, blunt dialect variant)
Master

(very informal) Used when the listener doesn't answer a question, to emphasize the speaker asking it again.

์˜ํ™”๋ฐฐ์šฐ ์ค‘์— ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ผ ์˜ˆ๋ป? ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ œ์ผ ์˜ˆ์˜๋ƒ๋‹ˆ๊น?
Which actress is prettiest? I said, which one is prettiest?
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ด ์™œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์šฐ์šธํ•˜๋ƒ๋‹ˆ๊น?
So I'm asking, why are you so down?
์ง€์ˆ˜์•ผ, ์ง‘๊นŒ์ง€ ํ˜ผ์ž ๊ฐ€? ํ˜ผ์ž ๊ฐ€๋А๋ƒ๋‹ˆ๊น?
Jisu, are you going home alone? I said, are you going alone?

-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ๋‹ˆ์š”

did you just ask if...?! (surprised at the question, polite)
Master

(informal polite) Used to react with surprise, or to counter, upon hearing an unexpected question.

์ง€๊ธˆ ์ง‘์— ๊ฐˆ ๊ฑฐ๋ƒ๋‹ˆ์š”?
Did you just ask if I'm going home now?!
์ •๋‹ต์ด ์ž˜๋ชป๋œ ๊ฒƒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ƒ๋‹ˆ์š”?
Are you asking if the answer might be wrong?!
๋ฒŒ์จ ์›๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์™„์„ฑํ–ˆ๋А๋ƒ๋‹ˆ์š”?
Are you asking if I've already finished the manuscript?!

-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ๋”๊ตฐ

they asked whether... (relaying a question just heard, casual)
Master

(informal) Used to relay a question the speaker just learned about, to the listener.

์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ ํ˜น์‹œ ๊ฒฝ์ƒ๋„ ์ถœ์‹ ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ƒ๋”๊ตฐ.
Jisu asked if you might be from Gyeongsang-do.
์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํšŒ์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์„œ์šธ์—์„œ ๋งŽ์ด ๋จธ๋ƒ๋”๊ตฐ.
My friend asked me if our company is far from Seoul.
์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ ๋ฎค์ง€์ปฌ์ด ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋А๋ƒ๋”๊ตฐ.
People asked whether that musical was fun.

-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ๋”๊ตฐ์š”

they asked whether... (relaying a question just heard, polite)
Master

(informal polite) Used to relay a question the speaker just learned about, to the listener.

์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๊ป˜์„œ ์˜ค๋Š˜ ํ‘œ์ •์ด ์•ˆ ์ข‹๋‹ค๊ณ  ์–ด๋”” ๋ถˆํŽธํ•˜๋ƒ๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
The teacher said I looked unwell and asked if something was bothering me.
์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋А ํšŒ์‚ฌ์— ์ทจ์งํ–ˆ๋ƒ๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
My friends asked which company I got a job at.
์—ฐ๊ทน์ด ๋ญ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋А๋ƒ๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
They asked what was so fun about the play.

-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ๋”๋‹ˆ

asked... and then (linking a past question to what followed)
Master

Used to mention a previously-asked question, then continue with a related situation.

์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ตฌ์›”์— ์•ˆ ๋ฐ”์˜๋ƒ๋”๋‹ˆ ๊ทธ๋•Œ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์œผ๋ฉด ๊ฐ™์ด ์—ฌํ–‰์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐ€์ž๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
My friend asked if I was busy in September, then said if I was free we should travel together.
๋‚˜ํ•œํ…Œ ์™œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์•„ํ”„๋ƒ๋”๋‹ˆ ์Šน๊ทœ ์—ญ์‹œ ๋Š˜ ๊ณจ๊ณจ๊ฑฐ๋ ธ๋‹ค.
He asked why I was so sick, but Seunggyu himself was always sickly too.
์กฐ์นด๊ฐ€ ์ง‘์— ๋จน์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์—†๋А๋ƒ๋”๋‹ˆ ๋ƒ‰์žฅ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์—ด๊ณ  ๋’ค์ง€๊ธฐ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
My nephew asked if there was nothing to eat at home, then started rummaging through the fridge.

-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ๋”๋ผ๊ณ 

they asked... (recalling a question you heard directly)
Master

(informal) Used to recall and relay a question the speaker heard directly.

๋‚จํŽธ์ด ๋‚˜๋ณด๊ณ  ์ƒ์‹์ธ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋ƒ๋”๋ผ๊ณ .
My husband asked if I really didn't know that basic fact.
์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“  ์ฟ ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ๋ง›์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉฐ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋ƒ๋”๋ผ๊ณ .
My friends said the cookies I made were tasty and asked how I made them.
๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์ „ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์ž๋งˆ์ž ์™œ ์ „ํ™”ํ–ˆ๋А๋ƒ๋”๋ผ๊ณ .
The moment he answered the phone, he asked why I'd called.

-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ๋˜๋ฐ์š”

they asked, if I recall... (relaying a past question, polite)
Master

(informal polite) Used to indirectly convey a previously-heard question, with a lingering, recollective tone.

์œ ๋ฏผ์ด๊ฐ€ ์š”์ฆ˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ผ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐ”์˜๋ƒ๋˜๋ฐ์š”.
Yumin asked whether our work has been really busy lately.
๊ทธ๋ถ„์ด ์ œ ํ‚ค๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋”๋‹ˆ ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜๊ป˜์„œ ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ํฌ์‹œ๋ƒ๋˜๋ฐ์š”.
They looked at my height and asked if my parents were tall.
์ง„ํ–‰์ž๊ฐ€ ์•„๊นŒ ์ด์ชฝ์— ์™€์„œ ๊ณต์—ฐ ์ˆœ์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ–ˆ๋А๋ƒ๋˜๋ฐ์š”.
The host came by earlier and asked if the performance order had been decided.

-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ๋ฐ

asked whether... (relaying a question, very informal)
Master

(very informal) Used to relay to the listener a question someone else asked.

์ด์ œ ๋„ˆ ๋Œ€ํ•™์ƒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ƒ๋ฐ.
They asked if you're not a college student now.
๊ทธ ์„ ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ ์„ฑ๊ฒฉ์ด ์›๋งŒํ•˜๋ƒ๋ฐ.
That senior asked if your personality is easygoing.
์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋ชจ์ž„์— ๋ถ€๋ชจ๋‹˜๊ป˜์„œ๋„ ์˜ค์‹œ๋А๋ƒ๋ฐ.
They asked whether your parents are also coming to today's gathering.

-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ๋””

did they ask whether...? (confirming a relayed question, very informal)
Master

(very informal) Used to confirm with the listener a question someone else asked.

์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๊ฒฉ ๊ธฐ์ค€์ด ๋ช‡ ์ ์ด๋ƒ๋””?
Did Jisu ask you what score is needed to pass?
์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋ฐฐ๊ณ ํ”„๋ƒ๋””? ์•„์นจ ์•ˆ ๋จน์—ˆ์–ด?
Did your friend ask if you're hungry? Didn't you eat breakfast?
์—„๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ์š”์ฆ˜ ๋„ˆํ•œํ…Œ ๋ฐฅ์€ ์ž˜ ๋จน๋А๋ƒ๋””?
Did Mom ask you lately whether you're eating well?

-ใ„ด/๋Š”๋Œ€

they say... (relaying, casual contraction)
Master

(informal) A contracted, conversational form used to indirectly relay something someone else said.

์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ €๋…์— ๋ท”ํŽ˜๋ฅผ ๋จน๋Š”๋Œ€.
I heard we're having a buffet tonight.
์ด๋ฒˆ ํ•™๊ธฐ ๋™์•ˆ ๊ทธ ์ฑ…์„ ๋‹ค ์ฝ๋Š”๋Œ€.
I heard he's going to finish that book this semester.
๋“œ๋ผ๋งˆ ๊ฒฐ๋ง์—์„œ ์ฃผ์ธ๊ณต์ด ๊ฒฐ๊ตญ ์ฃฝ๋Š”๋Œ€.
I heard the main character ends up dying at the end of the drama.

-๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ํ•˜๋‹ค

just do (at least this much) โ€” a resigned request (-๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ํ•˜๋‹ค)
Master

Used when the speaker isn't fully satisfied, but hopes the listener will at least do the preceding action.

์“ธ๋ฐ์—†๋Š” ์†Œ๋ฆฌ ํ•˜์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์„œ ์ž๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ํ•ด.
Stop talking nonsense and just go to sleep.
๋”ด ๋ฐ๋กœ ์ƒˆ์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ  ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋”ฐ๋ผ์˜ค๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ํ•ด.
Don't wander off, just hurry up and follow me.
์–ด๋ฅธ๋“ค ๋ง์”€ํ•˜์‹œ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ผ์–ด๋“ค์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ  ๋„Œ ์กฐ์šฉํžˆ ๋“ฃ๊ธฐ๋‚˜ ํ•ด.
Don't interrupt the adults talking, just listen quietly.

-๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋“ค๋‹ค

if it comes down to... (as the basis for a judgment) (-๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋“ค๋‹ค)
Master

Used to say that the preceding action or state is the basis for the following judgment or choice.

์„ฑ์งˆ ๋ชป๋˜๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋“ค๋ฉด ์Šน๊ทœ๋งŒํผ ๋ชป๋œ ์• ๋„ ์—†์„ ๊ฑฐ์•ผ.
If it comes down to bad temper, there's no one worse than Seunggyu.
๋จธ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋“ค์ž๋ฉด ์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ์ œ์ผ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•˜์ง€.
If it comes down to intelligence, Jisu is the smartest in our school.
๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋จน๊ธฐ๋กœ ๋“ค๋ฉด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์žˆ๋Š” ์Œ์‹ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ ๋Š” ๋ชจ์ž๋ผ.
If he really gets going eating, the food here won't be enough.

-(์œผ)ใ„น๋ฝ ๋ง๋ฝ ํ•˜๋‹ค

to almost (do something), on the verge of (-(์œผ)ใ„น๋ฝ ๋ง๋ฝ ํ•˜๋‹ค)
Master

Used to say that something is almost happening, or close to that degree.

๋Šฆ๊ฐ€์„์ด๋ผ ๋งˆ๋ฅธ ๋‚˜๋ญ‡์žŽ์ด ๋–จ์–ด์งˆ๋ฝ ๋ง๋ฝ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Since it's late autumn, the dry leaves are on the verge of falling.
๋น„๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์น˜๊ณ  ๊ตฌ๋ฆ„ ์‚ฌ์ด๋กœ ํ•ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์˜ฌ๋ฝ ๋ง๋ฝ ํ•œ๋‹ค.
The rain has stopped and the sun is just about to peek out between the clouds.
์ž ์ด ๊ฒจ์šฐ ๋“ค๋ฝ ๋ง๋ฝ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์ „ํ™”๋ฒจ์ด ์šธ๋ ค์„œ ๊นผ๋‹ค.
I had just barely started to fall asleep when the phone rang and woke me up.

-์ž๊ณ 

suggested that we... (relaying a proposal)
Master

Used to indirectly relay a suggestion or proposal.

๋‚˜๋Š” ์ง€์ˆ˜์—๊ฒŒ ๋‚ด์ผ ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ž๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ์ ˆ๋‹นํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
I suggested to Jisu that we go see a movie tomorrow, but got turned down.
์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฒซ๋ˆˆ์ด ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‚  ํ•™๊ต ์•ž์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚˜์ž๊ณ  ์•ฝ์†ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
We promised to meet in front of the school on the day of the first snow.
๋‚˜๋Š” ๊น€ ์”จ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ ์‹์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ™์ด ํ•˜์ž๊ณ  ์ œ์•ˆํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
I suggested to Mr. Kim that we have a meal together sometime.

-์ž๊ณ  ๋“ค๋‹ค

to really push to (do something) (-์ž๊ณ  ๋“ค๋‹ค)
Master

Used to say that the preceding action is being actively pushed for.

๋งˆ์Œ๋จน๊ณ  ์นญ์ฐฌํ•˜์ž๊ณ  ๋“ค๋ฉด ์„ธ์ƒ์— ์นญ์ฐฌํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ•  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์—†๋‹ค.
If you really set your mind to praising people, there's no one in the world you couldn't praise.
๋™์ƒ ๋…€์„์€ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋„˜์–ด๊ฐ€๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋” ์‹ธ์šฐ์ž๊ณ  ๋“ ๋‹ค.
Whenever I try to let it go, my younger sibling just pushes to fight more.
๋ง์ด์•ผ ์‰ฝ์ง€๋งŒ ๋ง‰์ƒ ํ•˜์ž๊ณ  ๋“ค๋ฉด ์–ด๋ ค์šด ์ผํˆฌ์„ฑ์ด์•ผ.
It's easy to say, but once you actually push to do it, it's full of difficulties.

-์ž๋Š”๋ฐ์•ผ

since (they're) proposing..., there's no choice but to (-์ž๋Š”๋ฐ์•ผ)
Master

Used to relay a proposal, then say that given such a condition, there's nothing to be done but comply.

๋‹ค๋“ค ์ผ์‹์„ ๋จน์ž๋Š”๋ฐ์•ผ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋ชจ๋‘์˜ ์˜๊ฒฌ์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ์•ผ์ง€.
Since everyone's proposing Japanese food, I guess I have to go along with the group.
๋ชจ๋‘๋“ค ๊ทธ ์ผ์„ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•˜์ž๋Š”๋ฐ์•ผ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ํ•  ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ์–ด?
Since everyone's proposing we do it together, isn't there no choice but to join in?
๋”ธ์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์ผ์ด๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋†€์ด๊ณต์›์— ๊ฐ€์ž๋Š”๋ฐ์•ผ ๋ฐ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€ ์ค˜์•ผ์ง€.
Since it's my daughter's birthday and she's proposing we go to the amusement park, I have to take her.

-์ž๋‹ˆ๊นŒ๋Š”

I said, let's...! (repeating an insistent suggestion, blunt)
Master

(informal) Used to emphasize repeatedly urging someone to do something together.

์ง‘์— ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ€์ž๋‹ˆ๊นŒ๋Š”!
I said, let's just go home already!
์ €๋…์€ ๋ฐ–์—์„œ ๋จน์ž๋‹ˆ๊นŒ๋Š”!
I said, let's eat dinner out!
์ด๋Ÿฐ ์Šฌํ”ˆ ์˜ํ™” ๋ง๊ณ  ์ฝ”๋ฏธ๋”” ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ž๋‹ˆ๊นŒ๋Š”!
I said, let's watch a comedy instead of this sad movie!

-์ž๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”

I'm saying, let's...! (repeating a suggestion, polite)
Master

(informal polite) Used to repeatedly urge someone to do something together.

๋‚ด์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๊ฐ™์ด ์šด๋™ํ•˜์ž๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
I'm saying, let's start exercising together from tomorrow.
์—ฌ๋ณด, ์ถ”์šด๋ฐ ์ง‘์— ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์ž๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
Honey, I'm saying it's cold, let's just hurry home.
์•„๋น , ์ผ์š”์ผ์— ๋†€์ด๊ณต์›์— ๊ฐ€์ž๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”.
Dad, I'm saying let's go to the amusement park on Sunday.

-์ž๋‹ˆ๊น

I said, let's...! (repeating a suggestion, blunt dialect variant)
Master

(informal) Used to emphasize repeatedly urging someone to do something together.

๋Œ€์ฒญ์†Œํ•˜๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๊ฐ™์ด ์ข€ ์น˜์šฐ์ž๋‹ˆ๊น.
It's a big cleanup, so I said let's clean together.
๋‚˜๋„ ๋ฐฐ๊ณ ํ”„๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ข€ ๋‚˜๋ˆ  ๋จน์ž๋‹ˆ๊น.
I'm hungry too, so I said let's share.
์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ํ”ผ๊ณคํ•˜๋‹ˆ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜์ž๋‹ˆ๊น.
I'm tired today, so I said let's talk about it again next time.

-์ž๋”๊ตฐ

they suggested that... (relaying a proposal just heard, casual)
Master

(informal) Used to relay a suggestion or proposal the speaker just learned about.

์—ฌ๋ณด, ์•„์ด๋“ค์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋”๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ™์ด ์‚ด์ž๋”๊ตฐ.
Honey, the kids suggested we all live together.
์œ ๋ฏผ์ด๊ฐ€ ์–ด์ œ ๊ฐœ๋ด‰ํ•œ ์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ณด์ž๋”๊ตฐ.
Yumin suggested we watch the movie that opened yesterday.
์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹ฌ์— ์—ด๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ถ•์ œ์— ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์ฐธ๊ฐ€ํ•˜์ž๋”๊ตฐ.
Jisu suggested we join the festival being held next month together.

-์ž๋”๊ตฐ์š”

they suggested that... (relaying a proposal just heard, polite)
Master

(informal polite) Used to relay a suggestion or proposal the speaker just learned about.

์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋ณต๋‚ ์ด๋‹ˆ ์‚ผ๊ณ„ํƒ•์„ ๋จน์ž๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
Since it's a boknal day, they suggested we eat samgyetang.
๋จผ ๊ณณ์ด๋‹ˆ ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ์ถœ๋ฐœํ•˜์ž๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
Since it's far away, they suggested we leave quickly.
์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ์˜ฌ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์œผ๋‹ˆ ์Œ์‹์„ ๋„‰๋„‰ํžˆ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ž๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
Since a lot of people seem to be coming, they suggested we make plenty of food.

-์ž๋”๋ผ

they suggested that... (relaying, very informal)
Master

(very informal) Used to tell or relay to the listener a suggestion or proposal someone else made.

๊น€ ๋ถ€์žฅ์ด ์ €๋…์— ๋‹จ์ฒด ํšŒ์‹์„ ํ•˜์ž๋”๋ผ.
Manager Kim suggested we have a group dinner tonight.
์ด๋ฒˆ ๋‹ฌ์€ ์ผ์ด ์ข€ ๋งŽ์œผ๋‹ˆ ์—ฌํ–‰์€ ๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹ฌ์ฏค์— ๊ฐ€์ž๋”๋ผ.
Since there's a lot of work this month, they suggested we go on the trip around next month.
์˜ค๋žœ๋งŒ์— ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์„œ ๋ฐฅ์„ ๋จน์ž๋”๋ผ.
They suggested we go out and eat for the first time in a while.

-์ž๋”๋ผ๊ณ 

they suggested... (recalling a proposal you heard directly)
Master

(informal) Used to recall and relay a suggestion or proposal the speaker heard directly.

์˜ค๋น ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋„ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งŒ๋‚˜์ž๋”๋ผ๊ณ .
My brother said next time we should meet up with you too.
๋ฏผ์ค€์ด๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์Œ์— ๋งŒ๋‚˜์„œ ๋งฅ์ฃผ๋‚˜ ํ•œ์ž” ํ•˜์ž๋”๋ผ๊ณ .
Minjun suggested we meet up sometime and grab a beer.
์ ์‹ฌ์— ๋ญ ๋จน์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์Šน๊ทœ๊ฐ€ ํ”ผ์ž๋ฅผ ๋จน์ž๋”๋ผ๊ณ .
When I asked what we should eat for lunch, Seunggyu suggested pizza.

-์ž๋˜

didn't they suggest...? (asking about a known proposal)
Master

(very informal) Used to ask about a suggestion or proposal the listener is expected to already know about.

๊ทธ ์• ๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋“ค์ด๋Š” ์–ด๋””๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ž๋˜?
Where did that kid suggest we go on the outing?
์ด๋ฒˆ ์ฃผ๋ง์—๋Š” ๋ฌด์Šจ ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ๋ณด์ž๋˜?
What show did they suggest watching this weekend?
๋จผ์ € ๊ฐ„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์–ด๋””์—์„œ ๋งŒ๋‚˜์ž๋˜?
Where did the people who left first suggest meeting?

-์ž๋˜๊ฐ€

did they suggest...? (asking about a proposal received)
Master

(informal) Used to ask about a suggestion or proposal the listener received.

์ฃผ๋ง์— ์ž์›๋ด‰์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ์–ด๋””์— ๊ฐ€์ž๋˜๊ฐ€?
Did they suggest where to go volunteer this weekend?
์—ฌ๋ฆ„ ํœด๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ž๋˜๊ฐ€?
Did they suggest how to spend the summer vacation?
ํ•„์š”ํ•œ ์‚ด๋ฆผ์„ ์–ด๋””์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์ž๋˜๊ฐ€?
Did they suggest where to buy the household items you need?

-์ž๋˜๋ฐ

they suggested..., so (linking a proposal to what follows)
Master

Used to mention a suggestion or proposal received from someone else, then continue with a related remark.

์Šน๊ทœ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด์ผ ์˜ํ™” ๋ณด๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ž๋˜๋ฐ ๋„ˆ๋„ ๊ฐˆ๋ž˜?
Seunggyu suggested going to see a movie tomorrow โ€” do you want to come too?
์ด๋ฒˆ ์ฃผ๋ง์— ๋ฏผ์ค€์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์ž๋˜๋ฐ ๋„ˆ๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋˜๋‹ˆ?
Minjun suggested meeting up this weekend โ€” do you have time?
๋‚ด์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์œ ๋ฏผ์ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜์ž๋˜๋ฐ ๋‚˜๋Š” ์œ ๋ฏผ์ด๋ž‘ ๋„์„œ๊ด€ ๊ฐ€๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์‹ซ๋‹ค.
Yumin suggested studying together from tomorrow, but I don't want to go to the library with her.

-์ž๋˜๋ฐ์š”

they suggested..., you know (relaying a proposal, polite)
Master

(informal polite) Used to indirectly express what one wants to say by relaying a suggestion or proposal received from someone else.

์Šน๊ทœ๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋ง์— ์˜ํ™” ๋ณด๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ž๋˜๋ฐ์š”.
Seunggyu suggested going to see a movie this weekend, you know.
๋™์ƒ์ด ์˜ค๋Š˜ ์ €๋…์€ ๋ฐ–์—์„œ ๋จน์ž๋˜๋ฐ์š”.
My sibling suggested eating out tonight.
์˜ฌํ•ด๋Š” ์†ก๋…„ํšŒ๋ฅผ ํ•™๊ต์—์„œ ํ•˜์ž๋˜๋ฐ์š”.
They suggested holding this year's year-end party at school.

-์ž๋ฐ

they suggested..., I heard (relaying a past proposal, very informal)
Master

(very informal) Used to relay to the listener a suggestion or proposal heard in the past.

์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ™์ด ์†Œ๊ฟ‰๋†€์ด ํ•˜์ž๋ฐ.
Jisu suggested we play house together.
์Šน๊ทœ๊ฐ€ ์—ด๋‘ ์‹œ์— ๊ฐ™์ด ์ ์‹ฌ ๋จน์ž๋ฐ.
Seunggyu suggested we eat lunch together at twelve.
๋ฐ˜์žฅ์ด ํ•œ ๋ช…๋„ ๋น ์ง์—†์ด ์šด๋™์žฅ์—์„œ ๋ชจ์ด์ž๋ฐ.
The class president suggested everyone gather at the playground without exception.

-์ž๋“ ์ง€

whether we... or (listing proposal options to choose one)
Master

Used to indicate choosing one out of two given suggestions or proposals.

์—ฐ์Šต์„ ๋” ํ•˜์ž๋“ ์ง€ ์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ๊ทธ๋งŒํ•˜์ž๋“ ์ง€ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•ด์•ผ์ง€.
We need to decide whether to practice more or stop for today.
์˜ํ™”๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ž๋“ ์ง€ ๊ณต์—ฐ์„ ๋ณด์ž๋“ ์ง€ ๋” ๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๋ ค ์ค˜.
Tell me which you'd rather see โ€” a movie or a show.
ํœด๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์‚ฐ์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ ์ง€ ๋ฐ”๋‹ค๋กœ ๊ฐ€์ž๋“ ์ง€ ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•ด ๋ด.
Tell me whether you want to go to the mountains or the beach for vacation.

-์ž๋ฉฐ

didn't you suggest...? (pointing out a contradiction)
Master

Used to question someone by pointing out that a suggestion or proposal they made before doesn't match the current situation.

๋‹ค์‹œ๋Š” ๋ณด์ง€ ๋ง์ž๋ฉฐ ์™œ ์ฐพ์•„์™”์–ด?
You said we should never see each other again โ€” why did you come find me?
๋Šฆ์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ  ์ œ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๋ชจ์ด์ž๋ฉฐ ๋„ˆ๋Š” ์™œ ๋Šฆ๋‹ˆ?
You suggested we all gather on time without being late โ€” why are you late?
์˜ค๋Š˜ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋„์„œ๊ด€์— ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ€์ž๋ฉฐ ์™œ ์—ฐ๋ฝ์ด ์—†์–ด?
You suggested we go study at the library together today โ€” why haven't you contacted me?

-์ž๋ฉด์„œ

didn't you suggest...? (checking a proposal against reality)
Master

Used to question someone by pointing out that a suggestion or proposal they made before doesn't match the current situation.

์ฃผ๋ง์— ๋งŒ๋‚˜์ž๋ฉด์„œ ์™œ ๋ฐ”์œ ์ฒ™์„ ํ•˜๋‹ˆ?
You suggested meeting this weekend โ€” why are you pretending to be busy?
๋„ˆ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋ณด๊ณ  ์นœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง€๋‚ด์ž๋ฉด์„œ ์™œ ์ธ์‚ฌ๋„ ์•ˆ ํ•˜๋‹ˆ?
You suggested we get close โ€” why don't you even say hello?
๋‹น์‹ ์€ ๋‚˜๋ณด๊ณ  ์•„์นจ ์ผ์ฐ ๊ฐ€์ž๋ฉด์„œ ์ž๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๋Šฆ์ž ์„ ์ž๋ฉด ์–ด๋–กํ•ด?
You told me to leave early in the morning โ€” how can you sleep in yourself?

-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ”

asking whether..., the (embedded question modifying a noun)
Master

Used to quote a question while modifying the following noun with it.

์•„๋‚ด์˜ ์–ธ์ œ๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ƒ” ๋ง์ด ๊ทธ์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊พธ์ง–์Œ์œผ๋กœ ๋“ค๋ ธ๋‹ค.
His wife's words asking how long he'd keep doing that sounded like scolding to him.
์Šน๊ทœ๋Š” ์•„๊นŒ ๊ฐ™์ด ์žˆ๋˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ƒ” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ์„ ๋œป ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•˜์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Seunggyu couldn't readily answer our question asking who the person with him earlier was.
๊ต์ •์—๋Š” ์–ธ์ œ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๋„ ์ถ”์› ๋А๋ƒ” ๋“ฏ์ด ๋ฒš๊ฝƒ์ด ๋งŒ๋ฐœํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Cherry blossoms bloomed in full on campus, as if asking when it had ever been so cold.

-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒ”๋‹ค

asked whether... (relaying a question, very informal)
Master

(very informal) Used to relay to the listener a question the speaker heard from someone else.

์–˜๊ฐ€ ๊ณ„์† ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ ๋‹ต์ด ๋งž์•˜๋ƒ”๋‹ค.
This kid keeps asking whose answer was right.
์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋„๋Œ€์ฒด ์ด๊ฒŒ ๋ญ๋ƒ”๋‹ค.
This person keeps asking what on earth this is.
๊น€ ํ˜•์‚ฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž๋„ค ์ง€๋‚œ ์‚ฌ๊ฑด์€ ์ž˜ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ด ๋๋А๋ƒ”๋‹ค.
Detective Kim is asking whether your last case got resolved well.

-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒฌ

asked whether... (relaying a question, casual contraction)
Master

(informal) A contracted, conversational form used to indirectly relay a question someone else asked.

๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋‚˜๋”๋Ÿฌ ํšŒ์‚ฌ์›์ด๋ƒฌ.
That person asked me if I'm an office worker.
๋‚จํŽธ์ด ์ง€์ณ์„œ ํ‡ด๊ทผํ•œ ๋‚ด ๋ชจ์Šต์„ ๋ณด๋”๋‹ˆ ๋งค์ผ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฐ”์˜๋ƒฌ.
My husband saw how exhausted I looked coming home from work and asked if I'm that busy every day.
์–ด๋ฅธ๋“ค๊ป˜์„œ ์ƒ๊ฒฌ๋ก€ ์žฅ์†Œ๋Š” ์–ด๋””๋กœ ์ •ํ•˜๋А๋ƒฌ.
The parents are asking where we've decided to hold the meet-the-family gathering.

-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒฌ์„œ

asked whether..., so (relaying a question, then continuing)
Master

Used to relay a question heard from someone else, then add on more content.

์œ ๋ฏผ์ด๊ฐ€ ์ˆ™์ œ๋Š” ๋‹ค ํ–ˆ๋ƒฌ์„œ ์•„์ง ๋ชป ํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์–ด์š”.
Yumin asked if I'd finished my homework, so I said I hadn't yet.
์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌํ–‰ ๊ฐ€์„œ ์‚ฌ์ง„์€ ๋งŽ์ด ์ฐ์—ˆ๋ƒฌ์„œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋”๋‹ˆ ๋ณด์—ฌ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๋”๋ผ๊ณ .
My friend asked if I'd taken a lot of photos on the trip, and when I said yes, they asked to see them.
๋™์ƒ์ด ๊ทธ ๊ณต์—ฐ์€ ์–ด๋• ๋А๋ƒฌ์„œ ๊ต‰์žฅํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด ์คฌ์ง€.
My sibling asked how the show was, so I told them it was amazing.

-๋ƒ/๋А๋ƒฌ์š”

they're asking whether... (relaying a question, polite)
Master

(informal polite) Used to indirectly relay a question someone else asked.

์ด์ชฝ์€ ์ œ ๋™์ƒ์ธ๋ฐ ๋ณด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๋งˆ๋‹ค ์นœ๊ตฌ๋ƒฌ์š”.
This is my younger sibling, but everyone who sees us asks if we're friends.
์•„์ด๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์‚ฐ ๋กœ๋ด‡ ์žฅ๋‚œ๊ฐ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด์„œ ๋ฉ‹์ง€๋ƒฌ์š”.
The child says it's their newly bought robot toy and everyone asks if it's cool.
์œ ๋ฏผ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ณ‘์›์— ๊ฐ€์„œ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋ฅผ ๋งž์•˜๋А๋ƒฌ์š”.
They're asking whether Yumin went to the hospital and got a shot.

-(์œผ)ใ„น๊นŒ๋งŒ

might be..., but it doesn't matter (conceding a guess, then dismissing it) (-(์œผ)ใ„น๊นŒ๋งŒ)
Master

Used to acknowledge a preceding guess or doubt, while saying it has no effect on what follows.

์–ด๋–ค ๊ฝƒ์ด ์•ˆ ์˜ˆ์ ๊นŒ๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๊ฝƒ์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ฝƒ๊ณผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋งค๋ ฅ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
Sure, what flower isn't pretty, but that flower had a charm different from other flowers.
๊ทธ์˜ ๋„์›€์ด ๋ฌด์Šจ ์†Œ์šฉ์ผ๊นŒ๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋„ ๋ฐ• ์”จ๋Š” ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ํฌ๋ง์„ ํ’ˆ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค.
His help might not amount to much, but Mr. Park still couldn't help holding a bit of hope.
๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ง›์—†๋Š” ์Œ์‹์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ• ๊นŒ๋งŒ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ์Šน๊ทœ๋Š” ๋ง›์ด ์—†์–ด๋„ ์‹ผ ๋ฐฅ์„ ์‚ฌ ๋จน์—ˆ๋‹ค.
Who would like bad-tasting food, but poor Seunggyu bought cheap meals even if they weren't tasty.

-(์œผ)ใ„น ๊ฒƒ

do..., must... (a written command/instruction) (-(์œผ)ใ„น ๊ฒƒ)
Master

Used to end a sentence with the meaning of an order or instruction, typically in written notices or rules.

์“ฐ๋ ˆ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•จ๋ถ€๋กœ ๋ฒ„๋ฆฌ์ง€ ๋ง ๊ฒƒ.
Do not litter carelessly.
ํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์€ ์šด๋™์žฅ์— ๋ชจ์ผ ๊ฒƒ.
Students must gather at the playground.
์ž์›์„ ์ ˆ์•ฝํ•  ๊ฒƒ.
Conserve resources.

-(์œผ)ใ„น๋ž€๋‹ค

I'll just... (declaring one's own intention, very casual) (-(์œผ)ใ„น๋ž€๋‹ค)
Master

Used, in a very casual tone, to reveal the speaker's own thoughts or will to do something.

๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์„œ ๊ณต๋ถ€๋‚˜ ํ• ๋ž€๋‹ค.
I think I'll just go study.
๋‚œ ์ž๊ธฐ ์ „์— ์ฑ… ์ข€ ๋ณผ๋ž€๋‹ค.
I'm going to read a bit before bed.
์ด ๊ณผ์ž๋Š” ๋ง์„ ์ž˜ ๋“ฃ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ค„๋ž€๋‹ค.
I'll just give these snacks to whoever listens well.

-(์œผ)ใ„น๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค

I will... (formally announcing one's intention) (-(์œผ)ใ„น๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค)
Master

Used to formally let the listener know what the speaker intends to do.

์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋Šฆ์–ด์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์ด์ œ ๊ทธ๋งŒ ๊ฐˆ๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
It's gotten too late, so I'll be heading out now.
๋จผ์ € ๊ฐ€์‹œ์ฃ . ์ €ํฌ๋Š” ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ๊ณ„์† ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆด๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
Please go ahead. We'll just keep waiting here.
๋‚ด์ผ ์•„์นจ ์ผ์ฐ ๋‚˜์„œ์•ผ ํ•ด์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋จผ์ € ์ž˜๋ž๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
We need to leave early tomorrow morning, so we'll go to bed first.

-์•„/์–ด ๋ฒ„๋ฆ‡ํ•˜๋‹ค

to be in the habit of... (-์•„/์–ด ๋ฒ„๋ฆ‡ํ•˜๋‹ค)
Master

Used to say that the preceding action is habitually repeated.

์†Œ๋ณ€์„ ์˜ค๋ž˜ ์ฐธ์•„ ๋ฒ„๋ฆ‡ํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์— ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š๋‹ค.
Making a habit of holding in urine for a long time isn't good for your health.
์–ด๋ ธ์„ ๋•Œ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ฑ…์„ ๋ด ๋ฒ„๋ฆ‡ํ•˜๋ฉด ๋…์„œ๊ฐ€ ์Šต๊ด€์ด ๋œ๋‹ค.
If you make a habit of reading books from a young age, reading becomes a habit.
์Šน๊ทœ๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ๋Šฆ๊ฒŒ ์ž ๋ฒ„๋ฆ‡ํ•ด์„œ ์•„์นจ์— ์ผ์ฐ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ํž˜๋“ค๋‹ค.
Seunggyu is always in the habit of going to bed late, so it's hard for him to get up early.

-์•„/์–ด ๋น ์ง€๋‹ค

to be excessively/thoroughly... (a disapproving intensifier) (-์•„/์–ด ๋น ์ง€๋‹ค)
Master

Used to say that the degree of the preceding state is so severe that it is unsatisfactory, in a disapproving tone.

์Šน๊ทœ๋Š” ๋‹ฌ์•„ ๋น ์ง„ ์ดˆ์ฝœ๋ฆฟ์ด๋‚˜ ์ผ€์ดํฌ๋งŒ ์ข‹์•„ํ•œ๋‹ค.
Seunggyu only likes chocolate or cake that's overly sweet.
๋ฐค์„ ์‚ฌ ์™”๋Š”๋ฐ ์•Œ๋งน์ด๊ฐ€ ์ž˜์•„ ๋น ์ง„ ๋ฐ๋‹ค ๋ฒŒ๋ ˆ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋จน์–ด ๋จน์„ ๊ฒŒ ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค.
I bought chestnuts, but the kernels were so tiny and even bug-eaten that there was nothing to eat.
๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋‚ก์•„ ๋น ์ง„ ๊ฐ€๋ฐฉ ๋“ค๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ์ง€ ๋ง๊ณ  ํ•˜๋‚˜ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋ผ.
Stop carrying around that worn-out bag and buy a new one.

-(์ด)๋กœ๊ตฌ๋จผ์š”

oh, it's (a noun)...! (exclaiming, after a noun) (-(์ด)๋กœ๊ตฌ๋จผ์š”)
Master

Used after a noun, in a casual polite tone, to exclaim over or draw attention to a newly learned fact.

๊ทธ ๋ง์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋กœ๊ตฌ๋จผ์š”.
Oh, so that statement isn't true after all.
์ € ์˜ˆ์œ ๊ผฌ๋งˆ ์•„๊ฐ€์”จ๊ฐ€ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜์˜ ๋”ฐ๋‹˜์ด๋กœ๊ตฌ๋จผ์š”.
Oh, so that pretty little girl is your daughter.
๋‹ค๋“ค ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์Œ์‹์ด ๋ง›์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์นญ์ฐฌ์ด ์ž์žํ•˜๋”๋‹ˆ ์ง์ ‘ ๋จน์–ด ๋ณด๋‹ˆ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋กœ๊ตฌ๋จผ์š”.
Everyone kept praising how delicious the food here is, and now that I've tried it myself, it's true.

-๋А๋ƒ๋А๋‹ˆ

asking this and that, one question after another (nagging) (-๋А๋ƒ๋А๋‹ˆ)
Master

Used to list several different questions being asked, often in a nagging or complaining tone.

์•„๋‚ด๋Š” ์™œ ์ˆ ์„ ๋งˆ์…จ๋А๋ƒ๋А๋‹ˆ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋งˆ์…จ๋А๋ƒ๋А๋‹ˆ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ž”์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋Š˜์–ด๋†“์•˜๋‹ค.
My wife went on nagging me, asking why I drank and how much I drank.
์˜ค๋žœ๋งŒ์— ๊ตํšŒ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ”๋”๋‹ˆ ์™œ ์•ˆ ๋‚˜์™”๋А๋ƒ๋А๋‹ˆ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ๋А๋ƒ๋А๋‹ˆ ์งˆ๋ฌธ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค.
When I went to church after a long time, there were lots of questions like why I hadn't come and what had happened.
์—„๋งˆ๋Š” ์˜ค๋Š˜๋„ ์™œ ๋งค์ผ ๋Šฆ๋А๋ƒ๋А๋‹ˆ ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ •์‹ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋А๋ƒ๋А๋‹ˆ ๊พธ์ค‘์„ ํ•˜์…จ๋‹ค.
Today too, Mom scolded me, asking why I'm always late and what I'm thinking.

-์œผ๋ƒ๊ฑฐ๋“ 

if asked whether... (a question as a condition, batchim stem) (-์œผ๋ƒ๊ฑฐ๋“ )
Master

Used to say that someone else's question or doubt is the condition or basis for the following content, after a consonant-final adjective stem.

๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์œผ๋ƒ๊ฑฐ๋“  ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•ด ์ฃผ๋ฉด ๋ผ.
If they ask whether you like Jisu that much, just tell them yes.
์ƒˆ๋กœ ์‚ฐ ์ž๋™์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ์ข์œผ๋ƒ๊ฑฐ๋“  ๋„“์–ด์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ช…์ด ํƒˆ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”.
If they ask whether the new car is cramped, please tell them it's spacious and many people can ride in it.
์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์˜ฎ๊ธด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ง‘์ด ๋„“์œผ๋ƒ๊ฑฐ๋“  ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋„ˆ๋„ ์ดˆ๋Œ€ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด ์ค˜.
If your friend asks whether our new place is spacious, tell them yes and that you're inviting them too.

-์œผ๋ƒ๊ณ 

asking whether... (relaying a question, batchim stem) (-์œผ๋ƒ๊ณ )
Master

Used to relay a question that the speaker or someone else asked, after a consonant-final adjective stem.

์˜์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์–ด์ œ ์กฐํ‡ดํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ  ๋ชธ์ด ์ข‹์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ดค์–ด.
Seeing that Yeongsu left early yesterday, I asked if he wasn't feeling well.
์Šน๊ทœ์—๊ฒŒ ์–ด์ œ ๊ฐ”๋˜ ์‹๋‹น์˜ ์Œ์‹์ด ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์œผ๋ƒ๊ณ  ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ดค๋”๋‹ˆ ๋ง›์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
I asked Seunggyu if the food at the restaurant he went to yesterday was good, and he said it was delicious.
๋™์ƒ์ด ์–ผ์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณ„๊ณก ์œ„๋ฅผ ๊ฑธ์–ด๋„ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์œผ๋ƒ๊ณ  ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฝ๊ฝ ์–ผ์–ด ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์„ ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์–ด.
My sibling asked whether it was okay to walk on the frozen valley, so I said it was frozen solid and would be fine.

-์œผ๋ƒ๊ณ ์š”

you're asking whether...? (re-asking, casual polite, batchim stem) (-์œผ๋ƒ๊ณ ์š”)
Master

Used, in a casual polite tone, to ask again about a question that was just asked, after a consonant-final adjective stem.

๊ฒฐํ˜ผํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ด ์–ด๋– ์„ธ์š”? ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ด์š”? ์ข‹์œผ๋ƒ๊ณ ์š”?
How do you feel about getting married? My feelings? You're asking if I'm happy?
๋ชธ์ด ์•„ํŒ ๋˜ ๊ฑด ์ข€ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์•„์ง€์…จ๋‚˜์š”? ์ง€๊ธˆ์š”? ๋ชธ์ด ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์œผ๋ƒ๊ณ ์š”?
Has your illness gotten a bit better? Now? You're asking if I'm okay?
์ด ํ˜ธ์ˆ˜๋Š” ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊นŠ์„๊นŒ์š”? ๊นŠ์ด์š”? ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๊นŠ์œผ๋ƒ๊ณ ์š”?
I wonder how deep this lake is. Depth? You're asking how deep it is?

-์œผ๋ƒ๊ธฐ์—

since (someone) asked whether... (a heard question as the reason, batchim stem) (-์œผ๋ƒ๊ธฐ์—)
Master

Used to state a question heard from someone else as the reason or basis for what follows, after a consonant-final adjective stem.

๋™์ƒ์ด ์ € ์‚ฐ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋†’์œผ๋ƒ๊ธฐ์— ์ž˜ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์–ด.
Since my sibling asked how high that mountain was, I told them I wasn't sure.
์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ˆ˜์˜์žฅ์ด ๋งŽ์ด ๊นŠ์œผ๋ƒ๊ธฐ์— ์–•๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Since my friend asked whether the pool was very deep, I answered that it was shallow.
์Šน๊ทœ๊ฐ€ ์Œ์‹์˜ ์–‘์ด ์™œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ ์œผ๋ƒ๊ธฐ์— ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ๋ฌธํ•œ ๊ฑธ ๋œ์–ด ์คฌ์–ด.
Since Seunggyu asked why the food portion was so small, I gave him some of what I ordered.

-์œผ๋ƒ๊ธธ๋ž˜

since (someone) asked whether..., casual (a heard question as the reason, batchim stem) (-์œผ๋ƒ๊ธธ๋ž˜)
Master

Used casually to state a question heard from someone else as the reason or basis for what follows, after a consonant-final adjective stem.

์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ชธ์ด ์ด์ œ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์œผ๋ƒ๊ธธ๋ž˜ ์ฃผ๋ง์— ํ‘น ์‰ฌ์–ด์„œ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์–ด.
Since my friend asked if I was okay now, I said I rested well over the weekend and I'm fine.
์‹๋‹น ์ฃผ์ธ์ด ์Œ์‹์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งต์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ƒ๊ธธ๋ž˜ ์ •์‹ ์„ ๋ชป ์ฐจ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ฃ .
Since the restaurant owner asked if the food wasn't too spicy, I said I could hardly handle it.
๋™์ƒ์ด ์ ์‹ฌ์œผ๋กœ ๊ตญ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์œผ๋ƒ๊ธธ๋ž˜ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Since my sibling asked if noodles were good for lunch, I said yes.

-์œผ๋ƒ๋Š”

asking whether... (embedded question modifying a noun, batchim stem) (-์œผ๋ƒ๋Š”)
Master

Used to quote a question while modifying the following noun with it, after a consonant-final adjective stem.

๊ธฐ์ˆ™์‚ฌ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ด ๋„“์œผ๋ƒ๋Š” ๋ฌผ์Œ์— ์ ๋‹นํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๋‹ต๋ณ€์ด ๋Œ์•„์™”๋‹ค.
In answer to the question of whether the dorm room was spacious, the reply was that it was adequate.
๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๋งŽ์œผ๋ƒ๋Š” ์ƒ์‚ฌ์˜ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹นํ˜น๊ฐ์„ ๋А๊ผˆ๋‹ค.
I felt embarrassed by my boss's question of whether I had that much free time.
๊ทธ๋Š” ์—ฐํœด๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์„œ ์ข‹์œผ๋ƒ๋Š” ๋™๋ฃŒ์˜ ๋ฌผ์Œ์— ๋‹น์—ฐํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณธ๋‹ค๋Š” ํ‘œ์ •์„ ์ง€์—ˆ๋‹ค.
At his coworker's question of whether he was happy about the holiday, he made a face like it was obvious.

-์œผ๋ƒ๋Š”๊ตฌ๋‚˜

(I see) they're asking whether... (relaying a question with surprise, batchim stem) (-์œผ๋ƒ๋Š”๊ตฌ๋‚˜)
Master

Used, very casually, to relay another person's question to the listener with a tone of realization, after a consonant-final adjective stem.

์Šน๊ทœ๊ฐ€ ๋‘˜ ์ค‘ ์–ด๋–ค ์ƒ‰์ด ์ข‹์œผ๋ƒ๋Š”๊ตฌ๋‚˜.
Oh, Seunggyu is asking which of the two colors is better.
์•„๋ฒ„๋‹˜์ด ๋„ˆ๋ž‘ ๋ง‰๋‚ด ์ค‘ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ๋” ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์œผ๋ƒ๋Š”๊ตฌ๋‚˜.
Oh, Father is asking who's shorter between you and the youngest.
๋„ˆํฌ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ์–ธ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฑํ™”์ ์— ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋งŽ์œผ๋ƒ๋Š”๊ตฌ๋‚˜.
Oh, your mother is asking when the department store is most crowded.

-์œผ๋ƒ๋Š”๊ตฐ

(I see) they're asking whether... (relaying a question, batchim stem) (-์œผ๋ƒ๋Š”๊ตฐ)
Master

Used, very casually, to relay another person's question to the listener, after a consonant-final adjective stem.

์œ ๋ฏผ์ด๊ฐ€ ์•ผ๊ตฌ์žฅ์— ๊ฐ€๋ฉด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์œผ๋ƒ๋Š”๊ตฐ.
Yumin is asking whether the baseball stadium gets that crowded.
์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌํ•œ ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ๋Š” ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ๋„“์œผ๋ƒ๋Š”๊ตฐ.
My friends are asking how spacious the apartment I moved into is.
๋‹ค๋“ค ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ผ์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜ณ์œผ๋ƒ๋Š”๊ตฐ.
Everyone is asking whether it's right to handle things this way.

-์œผ๋ƒ๋Š”๋ฐ

they're asking whether..., and (relaying a question, continuing) (-์œผ๋ƒ๋Š”๋ฐ)
Master

Used to relay a heard question while continuing with the speaker's own thought or another question, after a consonant-final adjective stem.

์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์‚ฐ ์˜ท์ด ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์œผ๋ƒ๋Š”๋ฐ ์ƒ‰๊น”์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์–ด๋‘ก๋”๋ผ๊ณ .
My friend is asking if the new clothes are okay, but the color is too dark.
์ ์›์ด ์˜ท์ด ์ž‘์œผ๋ƒ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๊ฝ‰ ๋ผ์–ด ์ž…์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์–ด.
The clerk asked if the clothes were small, and I said they were too tight to wear.
๋‹ค๋“ค ๊ทธ ์ˆ˜์—…์ด ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์œผ๋ƒ๋Š”๋ฐ ๋‚ด ์ƒ๊ฐ์—๋Š” ๋ณ„๋กœ์ธ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™๋‹ค.
Everyone is asking if that class is good, but I don't think it's that great.

-์œผ๋ƒ๋Š”๋ฐ๋„

even though (someone) is asking whether... (batchim stem) (-์œผ๋ƒ๋Š”๋ฐ๋„)
Master

Used to relay a heard question, followed by content that contradicts what would be expected, after a consonant-final adjective stem.

์™œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์–‘์ด ์ ์œผ๋ƒ๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ์™œ ๋Œ€๋‹ต์ด ์—†์–ด?
Even though I'm asking why the portion is so small, why isn't there an answer?
๋„ค๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ํ–‰๋™์ด ์˜ณ์œผ๋ƒ๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ์™œ ์•„๋ฌด ๋ง์ด ์—†๋‹ˆ?
Even though I'm asking whether what you did was right, why are you saying nothing?
๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์Šน๊ทœํ•œํ…Œ ๋ฉ”์ผ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด์„œ ์–ธ์ œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์ด ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์œผ๋ƒ๋Š”๋ฐ๋„ ๋‹ต์žฅ์„ ์•ˆ ํ•ด.
Even though I emailed Seunggyu asking when he's free, he doesn't reply.

-์œผ๋ƒ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”

they're asking whether..., you know (relaying a question, casual polite) (-์œผ๋ƒ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”)
Master

Used, in a casual polite tone, to relay a heard question, indirectly implying something further, after a consonant-final adjective stem.

๊น€ ์”จ๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌํ•œ ์ง‘์˜ ๊ฒฝ์น˜๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์œผ๋ƒ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
Mr. Kim is asking if the view from the new house is nice.
์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌํ–‰ ๊ฐ”์—ˆ๋˜ ์ œ์ฃผ๋„๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์ด ์ข‹์œผ๋ƒ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
Jisu is asking if Jeju Island, where I traveled, was really nice.
์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ช…์ ˆ ๊ท€๊ฒฝ๊ธธ ๊ณ ์† ๋„๋กœ์— ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์œผ๋ƒ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
My friend is asking how much traffic there is on the highway during the holiday return trip.

-์œผ๋ƒ๋‹ˆ

asking whether...! (reacting with feeling to a question, batchim stem) (-์œผ๋ƒ๋‹ˆ)
Master

Used to quote a question heard from the listener or someone else while expressing the speaker's own feeling about it, after a consonant-final adjective stem.

์ง์ด ์™œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์œผ๋ƒ๋‹ˆ ์ด์‚ฟ์ง์ด ์ด ์ •๋„๋ฉด ์ ์ง€ ์•Š์€๊ฐ€?
You ask why there's so much luggage โ€” for a move, isn't this actually not that much?
๋ญ๊ฐ€ ๋” ์ข‹์œผ๋ƒ๋‹ˆ ๋‚ด๊ฒ ์„ ํƒ์˜ ์—ฌ์ง€๊ฐ€ ์—†๋Š”๊ฑธ.
You ask which is better โ€” I don't really have a choice.
์ง‘์•ˆ์ผ์„ ๋•๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹ซ์œผ๋ƒ๋‹ˆ ๋‹น์—ฐํžˆ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ผ์„ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ์‹ซ์„ ๊ฒŒ ๋ญ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์–ด?
You ask if I dislike helping with housework โ€” it's just something I should naturally do, so why would I dislike it?

-์œผ๋ƒ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ

when I asked whether..., (a reaction followed after quoting a question, batchim stem) (-์œผ๋ƒ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ)
Master

Used to quote a previously asked question and continue with the reaction or answer that followed, after a consonant-final adjective stem.

๊ธธ์—์„œ ๋„˜์–ด์ง„ ์œ ๋ฏผ์ด์—๊ฒŒ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์œผ๋ƒ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์•„๋ฌด๋ ‡์ง€๋„ ์•Š์€ ๋“ฏ ๊ธˆ๋ฐฉ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋”๋ผ.
When I asked Yumin, who fell on the street, if she was okay, she got right up as if nothing happened.
๋ฐฉ์ด ์ข์œผ๋ƒ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ง‘์ฃผ์ธ์€ ๊ณ ๊ฐœ๋ฅผ ์ €์œผ๋ฉฐ ๋„“๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
When I asked if the room was small, the landlord shook his head and said it was spacious.
๋ฏผ์ค€์ด์—๊ฒŒ ์ฑ…์ด ์™œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์œผ๋ƒ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ๋Œ€๊พธ๋„ ์—†์ด ์ฑ… ํ•œ ๊ถŒ์„ ๋‚ด๋ฐ€์—ˆ๋‹ค.
When I asked Minjun why he had so many books, he silently held one out without a word.

-์œผ๋ƒ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ๋Š”

I'm asking whether..., aren't I? (emphasizing an unanswered question, batchim stem) (-์œผ๋ƒ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ๋Š”)
Master

Used casually to emphasize a question again when the listener doesn't answer, after a consonant-final adjective stem.

๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ท€์ฐฎ์œผ๋ƒ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ๋Š”?
I'm asking, am I really that annoying?
๋ญ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ด ์ข‹์œผ๋ƒ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ๋Š”?
I'm asking, what's got you in such a good mood?
๋‚˜๋Š” ๋„ˆ๋ž‘ ์นœํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ง€๋‚ด๊ณ  ์‹ถ์€๋ฐ ๋„ˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ฒด ์™œ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์‹ซ์œผ๋ƒ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ๋Š”?
I want to be close with you, so I'm asking, why exactly do you dislike me?

-์œผ๋ƒ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”

I'm asking whether..., aren't I? (casual polite, pressing for an answer, batchim stem) (-์œผ๋ƒ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”)
Master

Used, in a casual polite tone, to press for an answer again when the listener seems unresponsive or doubtful, after a consonant-final adjective stem.

๋‚˜์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์ ์ด ์‹ซ์œผ๋ƒ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”?
I'm asking, what exactly about me do you dislike?
๋ชป ๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด์š”? ๋ฌธ ์—ด์–ด๋„ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์œผ๋ƒ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”?
Didn't you hear me? I'm asking if it's okay to open the door.
๋Œ€์ฒด ๋‚ด ์ผ์— ์™œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋งŽ์œผ๋ƒ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”?
I'm asking, why exactly are you so interested in my business?

-์œผ๋ƒ๋‹ˆ๊น

I'm asking whether..., aren't I? (casual, pressing for an answer, batchim stem) (-์œผ๋ƒ๋‹ˆ๊น)
Master

Used casually to press for an answer again when the listener doesn't respond to a question, after a consonant-final adjective stem.

์™œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ด ์ข‹์œผ๋ƒ๋‹ˆ๊น?
I'm asking, why are you in such a good mood?
๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ž‘์œผ๋ƒ๋‹ˆ๊น?
I'm asking, how short is that guy exactly?
๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ด์‚ฌ ๊ฐ„ ์ง‘์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ข์œผ๋ƒ๋‹ˆ๊น?
So I'm asking, how small is the new place you moved into?

-์œผ๋ƒ๋‹ˆ์š”

what do you mean, asking whether...? (surprised reaction, batchim stem) (-์œผ๋ƒ๋‹ˆ์š”)
Master

Used, in a casual polite tone, to express surprise or push back after hearing an unexpected question, after a consonant-final adjective stem.

๊ฑ”์˜ ๋น„๋ฐ€์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์œผ๋ƒ๋‹ˆ์š”?
What do you mean, do I want to know their secret?
๋ฐฅ์˜ ์–‘์ด ๋งŽ์œผ๋ƒ๋‹ˆ์š”? ์ด ์ •๋„๋ฉด ์ ๋‹นํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋‚˜์š”?
What do you mean, is the portion too much? Isn't this about right?
๊ธฐ๋ถ„์ด ์ข‹์œผ๋ƒ๋‹ˆ์š”? ํ•  ์ผ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋งŽ์•„์„œ ํ”ผ๊ณคํ•ด์š”.
What do you mean, am I in a good mood? I'm tired because I have too much to do.

-์œผ๋ƒ๋”๊ตฐ

(I heard) they asked whether... (relaying a question heard before, plain low) (-์œผ๋ƒ๋”๊ตฐ)
Master

Used casually to relay a question the speaker newly learned about from hearing it, after a consonant-final adjective stem.

๋ถ€์žฅ๋‹˜๊ป˜์„œ ์š”์ฆ˜ ํ•  ์ผ์ด ๋งŽ์œผ๋ƒ๋”๊ตฐ.
I heard the department head was asking if there's a lot of work these days.
์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ป˜์„œ ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ ๋ณธ ๋ฐฉ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค ์ž‘์œผ๋ƒ๋”๊ตฐ.
I heard Mother was asking if all the rooms she looked at were small.
ํ˜•์ด ๋‚˜ํ•œํ…Œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์‚ฐ ์ฐจ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์œผ๋ƒ๋”๊ตฐ.
I heard my brother asking me if the new car was really that good.

-์œผ๋ƒ๋”๊ตฐ์š”

Conveying a heard question (-์œผ๋ƒ๋”๊ตฐ์š”)
Master

Attached to a consonant-stem adjective to convey a question the speaker just heard, in an informal-polite register.

๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์œผ๋ƒ๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
They said there's apparently so much going on.
์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ป˜์„œ ์ด์‚ฌํ•  ์ง‘ ์ •์›์ด ๋„“์œผ๋ƒ๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
My mother asked if the garden of the house we're moving to is spacious.
์Œ์‹์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ƒ๋”๊ตฐ์š”.
They asked if the food wasn't too little.

-์œผ๋ƒ๋”๋‹ˆ

Mentioning an earlier question, then continuing (-์œผ๋ƒ๋”๋‹ˆ)
Master

Attached to a consonant-stem adjective to mention a question asked earlier and continue talking about a related situation.

๊ฐ๊ธฐ์— ๊ฑธ๋ ค ์ฝœ๋ก๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์ž ์Šน๊ทœ๊ฐ€ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์œผ๋ƒ๋”๋‹ˆ ๋”ฐ๋œปํ•œ ์ฐจ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
When I coughed from a cold, Seunggyu asked if I was okay and gave me warm tea.
๋‚จํŽธ์ด ์–ด์ œ๋Š” ๊ตญ์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์งœ์ง€ ์•Š์œผ๋ƒ๋”๋‹ˆ ์˜ค๋Š˜์€ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์‹ฑ๊ฒ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•œ๋‹ค.
My husband asked yesterday if the soup wasn't too salty, and today says it's too bland.
์ “๊ฐ€๋ฝ์„ ๋“ค๊ณ  ๋จธ๋ญ‡๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ์ž ์นœ๊ตฌ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜์ฐฌ์ด ์ ์œผ๋ƒ๋”๋‹ˆ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜ ๋ฐ˜์ฐฌ์„ ๋” ๋ฐ›์œผ๋Ÿฌ ๊ฐ”๋‹ค.
When I hesitated holding my chopsticks, my friend asked if there wasn't enough side dish and got up to get more.

-์œผ๋ƒ๋”๋ผ๊ณ 

Recalling a question you heard in person (-์œผ๋ƒ๋”๋ผ๊ณ )
Master

Attached to a consonant-stem adjective, in an informal-casual register, to recall a question the speaker directly heard someone ask.

์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋ณด๊ณ  ๋ˆˆ์ด ์™œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋†’์œผ๋ƒ๋”๋ผ๊ณ .
Jisu asked me why my standards are so high.
์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ๋‚˜๋ณด๊ณ  ๋‚จ์˜ ์ผ์— ์™œ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์ด ๋งŽ์œผ๋ƒ๋”๋ผ๊ณ .
My friends asked me why I'm so interested in other people's business.
๊ธธ์„ ๊ฐ€๋‹ค ๋„˜์–ด์กŒ๋”๋‹ˆ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋‹ค๋“ค ๋‹ฌ๋ ค์™€์„œ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์œผ๋ƒ๋”๋ผ๊ณ .
I fell while walking, and everyone ran over asking if I was okay.

-์œผ๋ƒ๋˜๋ฐ

Mentioning someone's question, relating it to what follows (-์œผ๋ƒ๋˜๋ฐ)
Master

Attached to a consonant-stem adjective to mention a question received from someone and relate it to the content that follows.

๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ต์ˆ˜๋‹˜๊ป˜์„œ ์ด ์ˆ˜์—… ์ˆ˜๊ฐ• ์‹ ์ฒญ ์ธ์›์ด ์ ์œผ๋ƒ๋˜๋ฐ ๋ช‡ ๋ช…์ฏค ์‹ ์ฒญํ–ˆ์–ด?
Another professor asked if the enrollment for this class was low โ€” about how many signed up?
์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๊ป˜์„œ ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์€ ์ข€ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์œผ๋ƒ๋˜๋ฐ ์ด์ œ ๋‹ค ๋‚˜์•˜์–ด?
The teacher asked how your health was โ€” are you all better now?
์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋ด„์— ๊ฝƒ ์„ ๋ฌผ๋ฐ›๋Š” ๊ฑฐ ์ข‹์œผ๋ƒ๋˜๋ฐ ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฝƒ์ด ์ข‹์•„?
Jisu asked if you'd like receiving flowers as a gift in spring โ€” which flowers do you like?

-์œผ๋ƒ๋˜๋ฐ์š”

Indirectly conveying a question, trailing off (-์œผ๋ƒ๋˜๋ฐ์š”)
Master

Attached to a consonant-stem adjective, in an informal-polite register, to indirectly convey a question heard earlier by leaving the sentence unfinished.

์Šน๊ทœ ์”จ๊ฐ€ ์ง€์ˆ˜ ์”จ ํ‚ค๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ž‘์œผ๋ƒ๋˜๋ฐ์š”.
Seunggyu asked how short Jisu is...
์ด๋ฒˆ์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์ง€์€ ์•„ํŒŒํŠธ๋Š” ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ๊ณต๊ฐ„์ด ๋„“์œผ๋ƒ๋˜๋ฐ์š”.
Someone asked if the newly built apartment has a spacious interior...
์•„๊นŒ ๋ณธ์‚ฌ์—์„œ ์ „ํ™”ํ•˜๋”๋‹ˆ ๊ธฐ๋…ํ’ˆ ์ˆ˜๋Ÿ‰์ด ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋งŽ์œผ๋ƒ๋˜๋ฐ์š”.
Head office called earlier asking if there are a lot of souvenirs here...

-์œผ๋ƒ๋ฐ

Relaying someone else's question, very informal (-์œผ๋ƒ๋ฐ)
Master

Attached to a consonant-stem adjective, in a very formal/highly addressee-lowering register, to convey a question asked by another person to the listener.

์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„ค๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ„ ์—ฌํ–‰์ด ์ข‹์œผ๋ƒ๋ฐ.
My friend asked whether the trip you went on was good.
๊น€ ์”จ๊ฐ€ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฐ€์ ธ๊ฐ„ ์ง์ด ์™œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ ์œผ๋ƒ๋ฐ.
Mr. Kim asked why the luggage I brought was so little.
์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜๋ณด๊ณ  ์ถ•์ œ์— ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋งŽ์œผ๋ƒ๋ฐ.
Jisu asked me whether there were a lot of people at the festival.

-์œผ๋ƒ๋””

Confirming someone else's question, very informal (-์œผ๋ƒ๋””)
Master

Attached to a consonant-stem adjective, in a very formal/highly addressee-lowering register, to confirm to the listener the content of a question asked by another person.

๊ฑ”๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆํ•œํ…Œ ๋ฒš๊ฝƒ ๋†€์ด๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์œผ๋ƒ๋””?
Did they ask you whether the cherry blossom outing was fun?
์นœ๊ตฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ๋ณด๊ณ  ๊ณผ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์œผ๋ƒ๋””?
Did your friend ask you whether you had a lot of homework?
์Šน๊ทœ๊ฐ€ ๋„ˆ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ˆ์ด ๋งŽ์œผ๋ƒ๋””?
Did Seunggyu ask you whether you had a lot of money?

-์œผ๋ƒ๋ฉฐ

Asking while doing something at the same time (-์œผ๋ƒ๋ฉฐ)
Master

Attached to a consonant-stem adjective to indicate that someone asked a question while doing a certain action at the same time.

์•„๋ฒ„์ง€๊ป˜์„œ ๋ชธ์€ ์ด์ œ ๊ดœ์ฐฎ์œผ๋ƒ๋ฉฐ ์•ฝ์„ ๊ผญ ์ฑ™๊ฒจ ๋จน์œผ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•˜์…จ๋‹ค.
My father asked if I was feeling better now and told me to be sure to take my medicine.
๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‚ด๊ฒŒ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ป˜์„œ ์ˆ™์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์œผ๋ƒ๋ฉฐ ๊ณผ์ผ์„ ์ฃผ์…จ๋‹ค.
While I was studying, my mother asked if I had a lot of homework and gave me some fruit.
์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ ์‚ฐ ์ฝ”ํŠธ์˜ ์ƒ‰์ด ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ์ง™์œผ๋ƒ๋ฉฐ ์˜ท์žฅ์—์„œ ๊บผ๋‚ด ๋ณด์—ฌ ์ฃผ์—ˆ๋‹ค.
Jisu asked if the color of the coat she bought was too dark, and took it out of the closet to show me.

-์œผ๋ƒ๋ฉด

Assuming a question was asked, then continuing (-์œผ๋ƒ๋ฉด)
Master

Attached to a consonant-stem adjective to assume the preceding statement was heard as a question, and continue the sentence.

๋‚˜๋”๋Ÿฌ ์™œ ์ด๋ฆฌ ์š•์‹ฌ์ด ๋งŽ์œผ๋ƒ๋ฉด ๋‚˜๋„ ํ•  ๋ง์ด ์—†๋‹ค.
If someone asks me why I'm so greedy, I have nothing to say either.
์•„์ด์—๊ฒŒ ์—„๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์œผ๋ƒ ์•„๋น ๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์œผ๋ƒ๋ฉด ๋‹นํ™ฉํ•œ๋‹ค.
If you ask a child whether they like mom or dad better, they get flustered.
๊ธ€์ด ์™œ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์งง์œผ๋ƒ๋ฉด ํœด๋Œ€ํฐ์œผ๋กœ ์“ธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ธธ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ•œ์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋Œ€๋‹ตํ•  ์ˆ˜๋ฐ–์— ์—†๋‹ค.
If asked why the writing is so short, I have no choice but to answer that the length you can type on a phone is limited.

-์œผ๋ƒ๋ฉด์„œ

Asking while doing something, emphatic (-์œผ๋ƒ๋ฉด์„œ)
Master

Attached to a consonant-stem adjective to indicate that someone asked a certain question while doing a certain act at the same time.

์กฐ์นด๊ฐ€ ํ•ด์ˆ˜์š•์žฅ์˜ ๋ฌผ์ด ๊นŠ์œผ๋ƒ๋ฉด์„œ ์ˆ˜์˜๋ณต์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐˆ์•„์ž…์—ˆ๋‹ค.
My nephew asked if the water at the beach was deep and changed into his swimsuit.
์–ด๋ฆฐ ๋™์ƒ์ด ์•„๋น ์™€ ์—„๋งˆ ์ค‘ ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์ข‹์œผ๋ƒ๋ฉด์„œ ํ•œ ๋ช…๋งŒ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
My little sibling asked who I liked better, dad or mom, and told me to pick just one.
๊น€ ์”จ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋™์•ˆ ์ˆ˜์ง‘ํ•œ ์šฐํ‘œ๊ฐ€ ๋งŽ์œผ๋ƒ๋ฉด์„œ ๋ณด์—ฌ ๋‹ฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Mr. Kim asked if I had collected a lot of stamps and asked me to show them.

-์œผ๋ƒ์ง€๋งŒ

Admitting a question but disagreeing (-์œผ๋ƒ์ง€๋งŒ)
Master

Attached to a consonant-stem adjective to indicate that the speaker admits a preceding question or objection, but the following content is unrelated to or contrary to it.

์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์€ ํ˜ผ์ž ์‚ฌ๋Š” ์ง‘์ด ๋ฌด์—‡ ํ•˜๋Ÿฌ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋„“์œผ๋ƒ์ง€๋งŒ ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ํ˜ผ์ž ์‚ด์•„๋„ ์ข์€ ์ง‘์€ ๋‹ต๋‹ตํ•ด์„œ ์‹ซ๋‹ค.
My friends ask why a place for living alone needs to be this big, but even living alone, I hate a cramped house.
์•„๋น ๋Š” ๋‚˜์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ข‹์œผ๋ƒ์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋‚˜๋ฅผ ๋” ์ข‹์•„ํ•œ๋‹ค.
My dad asks me if I like that person that much, but actually that person likes me more.
๋‹ค๋“ค ๋‚จํ•™์ƒ๋“ค ์•ž์—์„œ ์™œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ˆ˜์ค์œผ๋ƒ์ง€๋งŒ ๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‚จํ•™์ƒ๋“ค์„ ๋Œ€ํ•˜๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ์–ด๋ ต๋‹ค.
Everyone asks why I'm so shy in front of the boys, but I find it hard to deal with them.

-(์œผ)๋งˆ๊ณ 

Relaying a promise (-(์œผ)๋งˆ๊ณ )
Master

An expression used to convey the content of a promise made to another person.

๋‚˜๋Š” ์Šน๊ทœ์—๊ฒŒ ์–ธ์  ๊ฐ€ ๊ผญ ์€ํ˜œ๋ฅผ ๊ฐš์œผ๋งˆ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์Šน๊ทœ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ํ•„์š” ์—†๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
I told Seunggyu I would surely repay his kindness someday, but he said there was no need.
๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€๋Š” ์ฐธ์œผ๋งˆ๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ๋” ์ด์ƒ์€ ๋ชป ์ฐธ๊ฒ ๋‹ค.
I said I would endure it up to this point, but I can't take it anymore.
์„ ๋ฌผ๋กœ ๋ฐ›์€ ์ฑ…์ด๋ผ ์ฝ์œผ๋งˆ๊ณ  ์•ฝ์†ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ ์ง€๋ฃจํ•ด์„œ ์ฝ๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ํž˜๋“ค๊ตฌ๋‚˜.
Since it was a book I got as a gift, I promised to read it, but it's so boring it's hard to read.

-(์œผ)๋ จ๋‹ค

Stating one's own resolve (-(์œผ)๋ จ๋‹ค)
Master

An expression used to indicate the speaker's will or resolve to do something.

๊ณ ๊ธฐ์˜ ์งˆ๊ธด ๋ถ€์œ„๋Š” ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋จน์œผ๋ จ๋‹ค.
I'll be the one to eat the tough part of the meat.
๋ด„์—๋Š” ๋งˆ๋‹น์— ์ƒ์ถ”๋ฉฐ ๊นป์žŽ์„ ์ข€ ์‹ฌ์œผ๋ จ๋‹ค.
In spring, I'm going to plant some lettuce and perilla leaves in the yard.
๋‹ค์Œ ๋‹ฌ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ์€ํ–‰์— ์ ๊ธˆ์„ ๋„ฃ์œผ๋ จ๋‹ค.
Starting next month, I'm going to put money into a savings account.

-(์œผ)๋ ต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ

Do you intend to...? (formal) (-(์œผ)๋ ต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ)
Master

A very formal expression used to ask whether the listener has the intention or wish to do the act mentioned in the preceding statement.

์™œ ๋ˆ์„ ๋ชจ์œผ๋ ต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
Why do you intend to save money?
์–ธ์ œ๊นŒ์ง€ ์ด ์ผ์„ ์ฐธ์œผ๋ ต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
Until when do you intend to endure this?
๋ญ˜ ์ž˜๋ชปํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ž๊พธ ์ˆจ์œผ๋ ต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
What did you do wrong that you keep intending to hide?

-๋˜์ง€์š”

Recalling a vague past doubt, politely (-๋˜์ง€์š”)
Master

An expression used, in an informal-polite register, to indicate a vague suspicion, guess, or assumption while recalling a past incident.

๋‚ด์ผ ๋– ๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ์—ˆ๋˜์ง€์š”?
Wasn't it that we were leaving tomorrow?
๋™์ฐฝํšŒ์— ์Šน๊ทœ๊ฐ€ ์™”์—ˆ๋˜์ง€์š”?
Did Seunggyu come to the reunion, I wonder?
๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งŒ๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒ ๋˜์ง€์š”?
I wonder if we'll be able to meet that person again?

-๋˜๊ฑธ์š”

Saying a newly-learned fact with admiration (-๋˜๊ฑธ์š”)
Master

An expression used, in an informal-polite register, when the speaker says a newly learned fact with admiration or surprise.

๊ทธ ๋ถ„์€ ๋“ฃ๋˜ ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฏธ์ธ์ด์‹œ๋˜๊ฑธ์š”.
She was really beautiful, just as I'd heard.
์ด๋ฒˆ์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“  ๊ณต์›์€ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋„“๋˜๊ฑธ์š”.
The newly built park this time was incredibly spacious.
๊ทธ์˜ ๊ฐ•์—ฐ์€ ๋ชจ๋“  ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋น ์ ธ๋“ค๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค๋˜๊ฑธ์š”.
His lecture really drew everyone in.

-(์œผ)๋žด๋งˆ๋Š”

Admitting something, but it doesn't matter (-(์œผ)๋žด๋งˆ๋Š”)
Master

A literary expression used to indicate that although the speaker accepts the preceding statement, it does not affect what follows.

์ด๋ฒˆ ํ–‰์‚ฌ์˜ ๊ด€๋žŒ๊ฐ์ด ๋ช‡ ๋ช…์ธ์ง€ ์ง€๊ธˆ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์•Œ๋žด๋งˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€์ถฉ์ด๋ผ๋„ ์„ธ์„œ ์•Œ๋ ค ์ฃผ์ž.
There's no way to know right now how many visitors this event has, but let's at least count roughly and let them know.
์ด ์ผ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฑ…์ž„์ด ์–ด์ฐŒ ๋‚˜๋งŒ์˜ ๋ชซ์ด๋žด๋งˆ๋Š” ์ฐจ๋ผ๋ฆฌ ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ํ˜ผ์ž ์ฑ…์ž„์ง€๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‚ซ๋‹ค.
The responsibility for this isn't only mine, but it's better if I just take it on alone.
์‹ค์ˆ˜ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ์–ด๋”” ์žˆ์œผ๋žด๋งˆ๋Š” ๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด๋ฒˆ์— ์ •๋ง ํฐ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
There's no one who doesn't make mistakes, but I made a really big mistake this time.

-(์ด)๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค

Rather than saying it's... (-(์ด)๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค)
Master

Attached to a noun/copula to indicate that the following statement is more appropriate than calling it the preceding thing.

์ด๊ฑด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ด๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋ถ€ํƒ์ธ๋ฐ์š”, ์ด ์ฑ…์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๊ฒฌ์„ ๋ง์”€ํ•ด ์ฃผ์‹ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ์„ธ์š”?
This is more of a favor than a question โ€” could you tell me your opinion of this book?
์ด๊ฑด ์žฌ๋ฏธ์žˆ๋Š” ์†Œ์„ค์ด๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ๊ฐ๋™์ ์ธ ์†Œ์„ค์ด๋‹ค.
This is more of a moving novel than a fun one.
์Šน๊ทœ์˜ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์€ ์‚ฌ๋ฌด์‹ค์ด๋ผ๊ธฐ๋ณด๋‹ค ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์‹ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ํ•ด์•ผ ํ•  ์ •๋„๋กœ ์ฑ…๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์•˜๋‹ค.
Seunggyu's office had so many books it should be called a research lab rather than an office.

-(์œผ)์‡ผ

Friendly command (moderately honorific) (-(์œผ)์‡ผ)
Master

A formal, moderately addressee-raising expression used to give an order in a friendly, familiar way.

๋นจ๋ฆฌ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ๋จน์œผ์‡ผ.
Eat up quickly.
์ž ์‹œ๋งŒ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์žˆ์œผ์‡ผ.
Wait just a moment.
๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์˜จ ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ž ์‹œ ๋†“์œผ์‡ผ.
Set the things you brought down here for a moment.

-(์ด)๋ผ๊ณ ๋Š”

Nothing but... (emphatic mention) (-(์ด)๋ผ๊ณ ๋Š”)
Master

Attached to a noun (with ์ด after a batchim) to emphatically mention something, usually followed by a negative or limiting statement.

์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์›Œ๋‚™ ์น˜์•„ ๊ด€๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์ž˜ํ•ด์„œ ์น˜๊ณผ๋ผ๊ณ ๋Š” ๊ฐ€ ๋ณธ ์ ๋„ ์—†๋‹ค.
Jisu takes such good care of her teeth that she's never even been to a dentist.
์ง‘์— ๋จน์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋ผ๋ฉด๋ฐ–์— ์—†์—ˆ๋‹ค.
There was nothing to eat at home but instant noodles.
์˜ฌํ•ด ๋“ค์–ด ์ฝ์€ ์ฑ…์ด๋ผ๊ณ ๋Š” ๋”ฑ ํ•œ ๊ถŒ๋ฟ์ด๋‹ค.
The only book I've read this year is just one.

-(์ด)๋ผ๊ณค

Contracted form of -(์ด)๋ผ๊ณ ๋Š” (-(์ด)๋ผ๊ณค)
Master

A contracted, more casual variant of -(์ด)๋ผ๊ณ ๋Š” โ€” used the same way, to emphatically mention something.

์ฃผ๋ง์— ์—ฌ์ž ์นœ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋‚˜๋ฉด์„œ ๋ˆ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ์จ์„œ ๋‚จ์€ ์šฉ๋ˆ์ด๋ผ๊ณค ๋งŒ ์›๋ฟ์ด์•ผ.
I spent so much money meeting my girlfriend this weekend that the only allowance I have left is ten thousand won.
์˜ค๋Š˜ ๋„ˆ๋ฌด ๋ฐ”๋น ์„œ ๋จน์€ ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณค ์ปคํ”ผ ํ•œ ์ž”์ด ๋‹ค์•ผ.
I was so busy today that all I ate was a cup of coffee.
๋ฏผ์ค€์•„, ๋„ˆ๋Š” ์–ด์ฉœ ๊ณต๋ถ€ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ชจ์Šต์ด๋ผ๊ณค ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ˆ?
Minjun, why can't I ever see you studying?

-๋”๋ž€๋‹ค

Recalling and relaying a heard fact, very informal (-๋”๋ž€๋‹ค)
Master

A very formal, highly addressee-lowering expression used to think about and describe a fact the speaker knows from having heard it before.

๊ทธ ์• ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๊ฐ์€ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋ชป ํ–ˆ๋”๋ž€๋‹ค.
They say that kid never even thought of that.
๋ฐ• ์‚ฌ์žฅ์ด ์˜ค์ „์— ์ด๊ณณ์— ์™€์„œ ์—…๋ฌด๋Š” ์ž˜ ๋˜์–ด ๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š”์ง€ ํ™•์ธ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ”๋”๋ž€๋‹ค.
They say Mr. Park came here in the morning and checked whether work was going well.
์Šน๊ทœ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ผ์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํž˜๋“ค ์ค„ ๋ชฐ๋ž๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋”๋ž€๋‹ค.
They say Seunggyu didn't know that would be so hard.

-๋”๋ž๋‹ˆ๊นŒ

Asking about someone's own recalled experience, very formal (-๋”๋ž๋‹ˆ๊นŒ)
Master

A very formal, highly addressee-raising expression used to ask about a certain experience someone had directly.

์ด๋ฒˆ ์ „์‹œํšŒ๋Š” ์ข‹์•˜๋”๋ž๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
Was this exhibition good, as you experienced it?
์ƒˆ๋กœ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ•œ ์ผ์€ ์ž˜ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋”๋ž๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
Does the newly started job seem like it'll go well, as you saw it?
์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚œ์ฃผ์— ๋งŒ๋‚œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ์–ด๋–ป๋”๋ž๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
How was the person Jisu met last week, as you saw it?

-๋”๋ž˜(์š”)

Relaying someone else's past experience (-๋”๋ž˜(์š”))
Master

An expression used to convey the experience of another person that the speaker had heard of before โ€” the plain form is informal-casual, the -์š” form is informal-polite.

์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋•Œ์˜ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฝ์น˜๋ฅผ ์žŠ์„ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๊ฒ ๋”๋ž˜.
Jisu said she'll never be able to forget that view.
์œ ๋ฏผ์ด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ์„ ์ •๋ฆฌํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ”๋Š”๋ฐ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ป˜์„œ ๋ฒŒ์จ ์ •๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•ด ๋†“์œผ์…จ๋”๋ž˜.
Yumin said she went in to clean her room, but her mom had already cleaned it.
์ง€์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์ง€๋‚œ ์ผ์ฃผ์ผ๊ฐ„ ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ์—ฐ๋ฝ์„ ํ•ด ๋ด๋„ ์—ฐ๋ฝ์ด ๋˜์ง€ ์•Š๋”๋ž˜์š”.
Jisu said no matter how much she tried to reach them this past week, she couldn't get through.

-๋”๋ž€

Recalling and modifying a following noun (-๋”๋ž€)
Master

An expression used to tell the listener a certain incident that the speaker knows from having heard it, while modifying the noun that follows.

๋ฏผ์ค€์ด๊ฐ€ ์•„๋ฌด๋ฆฌ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ๋„ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ชป ๋“ฃ๋”๋ž€ ์–˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์—ˆ์–ด.
I heard the story that no matter how loudly Minjun called, that person couldn't hear.
๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ํ™€์—ฐ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๋”๋‹ˆ ๋‘ ๋‹ฌ์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๋„๋ก ์•„๋ฌด ์—ฐ๋ฝ์ด ์—†๋”๋ž€ ๊ฒƒ์ด์•ผ.
The thing is, that person suddenly disappeared and there's been no contact for two months.
๊ทธ์˜ ๋ง์€ ๋›ฐ์–ด๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ณด์˜€๋˜ ๊ทธ ์•„์ด์˜ ์ง€๋Šฅ์ด ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์•„์ด๋“ค๊ณผ ๋ณ„๋ฐ˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅด์ง€ ์•Š๋”๋ž€ ์–˜๊ธฐ์˜€๋‹ค.
What he said was that the child's intelligence, which had seemed outstanding, wasn't really that different from other children's.

-(์œผ)๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ 

Conveying one's resolve (-๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ )
Master

An expression used to convey the content of one's intention or resolve.

๋‚˜๋Š” ๋ชธ์ด ์•ˆ ์ข‹์œผ์‹  ํ• ๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ์ž์ฃผ ์ฐพ์•„๋ตˆ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์Œ๋จน์—ˆ๋‹ค.
I resolved to visit my grandmother, who isn't feeling well, often.
์ง€์ˆ˜๋Š” ์„œ๋ฅธ์ด ๋˜๊ธฐ ์ „๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๊ฟˆ์„ ์ด๋ฃจ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์งํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Jisu vowed to achieve her dream before turning thirty.
๋‚˜๋Š” ์ด๋ฒˆ์—๋Š” ๊ผญ ๊ทธ ์ฑ…์„ ๋‹ค ์ฝ์œผ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐ์‹ฌํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
I resolved that this time I would definitely finish reading that whole book.

-(์œผ)๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋Š”

Conveying resolve while modifying a noun (-๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋Š”)
Master

An expression used to convey the content of one's intention or resolve, while modifying the following noun.

์Šน๊ทœ๋Š” ๋‚ด์ผ์€ ๊ผญ ์ผ์ฐ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๋‹ค์ง์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Seunggyu made a resolution to definitely wake up early tomorrow.
๋‚˜๋Š” ๊ฑด๊ฐ•์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋‚ด์ผ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ๋Š” ๊ผญ ์•„์นจ ์šด๋™์„ ํ•˜๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์‹ฌ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
For my health, I made a decision to definitely exercise every morning starting tomorrow.
๋ฏผ์ค€์ด๋Š” ๋‚˜์œ ์Šต๊ด€์„ ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ๊ณ ์ณ ๋จน์œผ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒฐ์‹ฌ์„ ํ–ˆ๋‹ค.
Minjun made a resolution to definitely fix his bad habit.
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